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Search Results (826)

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Keywords = biomass-derived materials

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14 pages, 3968 KiB  
Article
White-Rot Fungal Pretreatment for High-Performance Bamboo-Derived Carbon-Based Supercapacitor Electrodes
by Jian Zhang, Lin Lin, Tianyao Jiang, Jiaming Cao, Jun Zhang, Jing Qin and Hengnan Liang
Molecules 2025, 30(16), 3430; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163430 - 20 Aug 2025
Abstract
Bamboo, as a rapidly renewable biomass material, has garnered significant attention in contemporary research due to its cost effectiveness as a viable source for supercapacitor electrode materials. However, untreated bamboo as an electrode material often leads to poor connectivity and uneven pore distribution. [...] Read more.
Bamboo, as a rapidly renewable biomass material, has garnered significant attention in contemporary research due to its cost effectiveness as a viable source for supercapacitor electrode materials. However, untreated bamboo as an electrode material often leads to poor connectivity and uneven pore distribution. This study introduces a novel approach by using bamboo-derived biological carbon as a conductive substrate, subjecting it to carbonization through white-rot fungal pretreatment to enhance the pore structure and then loading it with nano-MnO2 sheets via a hydrothermal process. The result is a binderless, self-supporting supercapacitor electrode material, denoted as MnO2/hyphae/bamboo-derived carbon (HBC-2M). When compared to untreated bamboo carbon (HBC-0), HBC-2M exhibits an increased number of energy storage sites, enhanced electrolyte ion transport channels, and superior electrochemical performance. HBC-2M achieves a maximum mass-specific capacitance of 133.69 F·g−1 and a maximum area-specific capacitance of 2367.95 mF·cm−2 and retains approximately 87.46% of its capacitance after 2000 cycles. This research suggests a promising future for bamboo charcoal in supercapacitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into High Performance Carbon-Based Electrode Materials)
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24 pages, 4005 KiB  
Article
Separation of the Biofuel Methyl Ethyl Ketone from Aqueous Solutions Using Avocado-Based Activated Carbons: Synthesis Conditions and Multilayer Adsorption Properties
by Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Avila, Eduardo Ledea-Figueredo, Lizbeth Liliana Díaz-Muñoz, Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet, Ismael Alejandro Aguayo-Villarreal, Laura Gabriela Elvir-Padilla and Carlos Javier Durán-Valle
Molecules 2025, 30(16), 3426; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163426 - 20 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study reports the separation of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), a relevant compound in the biorefinery context, from aqueous solutions using activated carbons derived from avocado seed biomass. Two synthesis routes were explored via chemical and thermal activation with H2SO4 [...] Read more.
This study reports the separation of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), a relevant compound in the biorefinery context, from aqueous solutions using activated carbons derived from avocado seed biomass. Two synthesis routes were explored via chemical and thermal activation with H2SO4 and KOH. A Taguchi experimental design was applied to tailor synthesis conditions, with MEK adsorption capacity as the target property. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were evaluated to determine the thermodynamic behavior of MEK separation using the best-performing activated carbons. The carbon activated with H2SO4 achieved the highest adsorption capacity (142 mg g−1) at 20 °C and pH 4, surpassing KOH-based materials. This enhanced performance correlated to increased surface area and acidic oxygenated functionalities. However, higher pH and temperature reduced the adsorption efficiency for all adsorbents. Comprehensive characterization was performed using XRD, XRF, FTIR, SEM, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, pH at point of zero charge, and surface acidity/basicity analysis via Boehm titration. Thermodynamic data and surface characterization indicated that MEK adsorption occurs via a double-layer mechanism dominated by electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. The findings highlight an optimized approach for tailoring avocado-based activated carbons to efficiently recover MEK from aqueous media, supporting its potential application in downstream purification of fermentation broths for biofuel production and energy transition processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Carbon Materials: Preparation and Application)
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31 pages, 7440 KiB  
Review
Breaking the Polarization Bottleneck: Innovative Pathways to High-Performance Metal–Air Batteries
by Biao Ma, Deling Hong, Xiangfeng Wei and Jiehua Liu
Batteries 2025, 11(8), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11080315 - 19 Aug 2025
Abstract
Metal–air batteries have excellent theoretical energy density and economic advantages through abundant anode materials and open cathode structures. However, the actual energy efficiency of metal–air batteries is much lower than the theoretical value due to the effect of polarization voltage during battery operation, [...] Read more.
Metal–air batteries have excellent theoretical energy density and economic advantages through abundant anode materials and open cathode structures. However, the actual energy efficiency of metal–air batteries is much lower than the theoretical value due to the effect of polarization voltage during battery operation, limiting the power output and thus hindering their practical application. This review systematically dissects the origins of polarization: slow oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) kinetics, interfacial resistance, and mass transfer bottlenecks. We highlight cutting-edge strategies to mitigate polarization, including atomic-level engineering of air cathodes (e.g., single-atom catalysts, low Pt catalysts), biomass-derived 3D porous electrodes, and electrolyte innovations (additives to inhibit corrosion, solid-state electrolytes to improve stability). In addition, breakthroughs in metal–H2O2 battery design using concentrated liquid oxygen sources are discussed. Together, these advances alleviate the battery polarization bottleneck and pave the way for practical applications of metal–air batteries in electric vehicles, drones, and deep-sea devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Batteries: 10th Anniversary)
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29 pages, 17228 KiB  
Review
Biomass-Derived Carbon Dots: Preparation, Properties, and Applications
by Qinfeng Liu, Huan Chen, Ruiyu Mi, Xin Min, Minghao Fang, Xiaowen Wu, Zhaohui Huang and Yangai Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161279 - 19 Aug 2025
Abstract
With the intensification of the global energy crisis, green, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly biomass materials have become the focus of research. Among them, biomass-derived carbon dots (B-CDs), a novel class of sustainable zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, attract significant interest due to their environmental friendliness, [...] Read more.
With the intensification of the global energy crisis, green, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly biomass materials have become the focus of research. Among them, biomass-derived carbon dots (B-CDs), a novel class of sustainable zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, attract significant interest due to their environmental friendliness, low toxicity, and unique optical properties. Research findings indicate that B-CDs, utilizing biomass materials as carbon sources, demonstrate significant potential in numerous application fields through structural design and photo-functionalization. However, the underlying mechanisms and formation processes of B-CDs remain inadequately elucidated, and systematic summarization still requires further refinement. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the synthesis methods, precursor structures, formation mechanisms, luminescent properties, and prevailing applications of B-CDs, with a particular emphasis on recent advances in their use for sensing, anti-counterfeiting, bioimaging, and optronics. In addition, the challenges encountered in performance-oriented controllable preparation and large-scale production were also clarified. This comprehensive review provides a theoretical foundation for further research and multidisciplinary applications of B-CDs, thereby contributing to promoting large-scale commercialization and industrial implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass-Based Functional Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Application)
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28 pages, 1557 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimization of Raw Mix Design and Alternative Fuel Blending for Sustainable Cement Production
by Oluwafemi Ezekiel Ige and Musasa Kabeya
Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7438; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167438 - 17 Aug 2025
Viewed by 252
Abstract
Cement production is a carbon-intensive process that contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. Approximately 50–60% of these emissions result from limestone calcination, while 30–40% result from fossil fuel combustion in kilns. This study presents a multi-objective optimization (MOO) framework that integrates raw [...] Read more.
Cement production is a carbon-intensive process that contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. Approximately 50–60% of these emissions result from limestone calcination, while 30–40% result from fossil fuel combustion in kilns. This study presents a multi-objective optimization (MOO) framework that integrates raw mix design and alternative fuel blending to simultaneously reduce production costs and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions while maintaining clinker quality. A hybrid Genetic Algorithm–Linear Programming (GA-LP) model was developed to navigate the balance between economic and environmental objectives under stringent chemical and operational constraints. The approach models the impact of raw materials and fuel ash on critical clinker quality indices: the Lime Saturation Factor (LSF), Silica Modulus (SM), and Alumina Modulus (AM). It incorporates practical constraints such as maximum substitution rates and specific fuel compositions. A case study inspired by a medium-sized African cement plant demonstrates the utility of the model. The results reveal a Pareto front of optimal solutions, highlighting that a 20% reduction in CO2 emissions from 928 to 740 kg/ton clinker is achievable with only a 24% cost increase. Optimal strategies include 10% fly ash and 30–50% alternative fuels, such as biomass, tire-derived fuel (TDF), and dynamic raw mix adjustments based on fuel ash contributions. Sensitivity analysis further illustrates how biomass cost and LSF targets affect clinker performance, emissions, and fuel shares. The GA-LP hybrid model is validated through process simulation and benchmarked against African case studies. Overall, the findings provide cement producers and policymakers with a robust decision-support tool to evaluate and adopt sustainable production strategies aligned with net-zero targets and emerging carbon regulations. Full article
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19 pages, 1125 KiB  
Review
Lignocellulosic Waste-Derived Nanomaterials: Types and Applications in Wastewater Pollutant Removal
by Farabi Hossain, Md Enamul Hoque, Aftab Ahmad Khan and Md Arifuzzaman
Water 2025, 17(16), 2426; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162426 - 17 Aug 2025
Viewed by 281
Abstract
Industrial wastewater pollution has reached acute levels in the environment; consequently, scientists are developing new sustainable treatment methods. Lignocellulosic biomass (LB) stands as a promising raw material because it originates from agricultural waste, forestry residues, and energy crop production. This review examines the [...] Read more.
Industrial wastewater pollution has reached acute levels in the environment; consequently, scientists are developing new sustainable treatment methods. Lignocellulosic biomass (LB) stands as a promising raw material because it originates from agricultural waste, forestry residues, and energy crop production. This review examines the application of nanomaterials derived from lignocellulosic resources in wastewater management, highlighting their distinctive physical and chemical properties, including a large surface area, adjustable porosity structure, and multifunctional group capability. The collection of nanomaterials incorporating cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with lignin nanoparticles, as well as biochar and carbon-based nanostructures, demonstrates high effectiveness in extracting heavy metals, dyes, and organic pollutants through adsorption, membrane filtration, and catalysis mechanisms. Nanomaterials have benefited from recent analytical breakthroughs that improve both their manufacturing potential and eco-friendly character through hybrid catalysis methods and functionalization procedures. This review demonstrates the ability of nanomaterials to simultaneously turn waste into valuable product while cleaning up the environment through their connection to circular bioeconomic principles and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This review addresses hurdles related to feedstock variability, production costs, and lifecycle impacts, demonstrating the capability of lignocellulosic nanomaterials to transform wastewater treatment operations while sustaining global sustainability. Full article
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22 pages, 1967 KiB  
Review
Carbon-Based Heterogeneous Catalysis for Biomass Conversion to Levulinic Acid: A Special Focus on the Catalyst
by Laura G. Covinich, Nicolás M. Clauser and María C. Area
Processes 2025, 13(8), 2582; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082582 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 340
Abstract
The conversion of cellulosic biomass into renewable chemicals can serve as a sustainable resource for levulinic acid (LA) production. LA yield is significantly influenced by reaction temperature, reaction time, substrate concentration, active sites, catalyst amount, catalyst porosity, and durability. Beyond the features of [...] Read more.
The conversion of cellulosic biomass into renewable chemicals can serve as a sustainable resource for levulinic acid (LA) production. LA yield is significantly influenced by reaction temperature, reaction time, substrate concentration, active sites, catalyst amount, catalyst porosity, and durability. Beyond the features of the catalyst, such as acidity, porosity, functional groups, and catalytic efficiency, the contact between the solid acid catalyst and the solid substrate is of vital importance. Solid-based catalysts show remarkable catalytic activity for cellulose-derived LA production, thanks to the incorporation of functional groups. For a solid carbon-based catalyst to be effective, a synergistic interaction between the binding domain (functional groups capable of anchoring cellulose to the catalyst surface, such as chloride groups, COOH, or OH) and the hydrolysis domain (due to their ability to cleave glycosidic bonds, such as in SO3H) is essential. As a relatively new market niche, carbon-based catalyst supports are projected to reach a market value of nearly USD 125 million by 2030. This review aims to highlight the advantages and limitations of carbon-based materials compared to conventional catalysts (including metal oxides or supported noble metals, among others) in features like catalytic activity, thermal stability, and cost, examine recent advancements in catalyst development, and identify key challenges and future research directions to enable more efficient, sustainable, and scalable processes for LA production. The novelty of this review lies in its focus on carbon-based catalysts for LA production, emphasizing their physical and chemical characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processes in 2025)
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34 pages, 10992 KiB  
Article
Graphene-like Carbon Materials from King Grass Biomass via Catalytic Pyrolysis Using K3[Fe(CN)6] as a Dual Catalyst and Activator
by Alba N. Ardila Arias, Erasmo Arriola-Villaseñor, Madelyn Ortiz-Quiceno, Lucas Blandón-Naranjo and José Alfredo Hernández-Maldonado
C 2025, 11(3), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/c11030062 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 276
Abstract
The potential of king grass biomass as a precursor for carbon-based materials was evaluated through comprehensive physicochemical characterization. The biomass showed high fixed carbon content, reactive oxygenated groups, and favorable atomic ratios, supporting its suitability for conversion into porous carbon structures. This study [...] Read more.
The potential of king grass biomass as a precursor for carbon-based materials was evaluated through comprehensive physicochemical characterization. The biomass showed high fixed carbon content, reactive oxygenated groups, and favorable atomic ratios, supporting its suitability for conversion into porous carbon structures. This study focused on the synthesis of graphene-like materials via high-temperature pyrolysis (~1000 °C), employing FeCl3 and potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]) as catalytic agents. Although FeCl3 is widely studied, it showed limited capacity to promote graphitic ordering. In contrast, K3[Fe(CN)6] exhibited a synergistic effect, combining iron-based catalytic species (Fe, Fe3C) and potassium-derived activating compounds (K2CO3), which significantly enhanced graphitization and porosity. Characterization by Raman spectroscopy, XRD, and SEM confirmed that materials synthesized with K3[Fe(CN)6] presented improved crystallinity, lower defect densities (ID/IG = 0.37–1.11), and distinct 2D bands (I2D/IG = 0.32–0.80), indicating the formation of few-layer graphene domains. The most promising structure was obtained from cellulose treated with alkaline peroxide and deoxygenated prior to pyrolysis with K3[Fe(CN)6], showing properties comparable to commercial graphene. BET analysis revealed surface areas up to 714.50 m2/g. While non-catalyzed samples yielded higher mass, the catalytic approach with K3[Fe(CN)6] demonstrates a sustainable and efficient pathway for producing graphene-like carbon materials from lignocellulosic biomass. Full article
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17 pages, 599 KiB  
Review
Bioeconomy-Based Approaches for the Microbial Valorization of Citrus Processing Waste
by Ioannis Stavrakakis, Paraschos Melidis, Nektarios Kavroulakis, Michael Goliomytis, Panagiotis Simitzis and Spyridon Ntougias
Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081891 - 13 Aug 2025
Viewed by 235
Abstract
The citrus processing industry is an economically important agro-industrial sector worldwide; however, it produces significant amounts of waste annually. The biorefinery concept and the recovery of bio-based materials from agro-industrial residues, including citrus processing waste, are emphasized in the European Green Deal, reflecting [...] Read more.
The citrus processing industry is an economically important agro-industrial sector worldwide; however, it produces significant amounts of waste annually. The biorefinery concept and the recovery of bio-based materials from agro-industrial residues, including citrus processing waste, are emphasized in the European Green Deal, reflecting the EU’s commitment to fostering circularity. Biotreatment of citrus processing waste, including bioconversion into biomethane, biohydrogen, bioethanol and biodiesel, has been applied to valorize biomass for energy recovery. It can also be composted into a valuable soil conditioners and fertilizers, while raw and fermented citrus residues may exhibit phytoprotective activity. Citrus-derived residues can be converted into materials such as nanoparticles with adsorptive capacity for heavy metals and recalcitrant organic pollutants, and materials with antimicrobial properties against various microbial pathogens, or the potential to remove antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) from wastewater. Indeed, citrus residues are an ideal source of industrial biomolecules, like pectin, and the recovery of bioactive compounds with added value in food processing industry. Citrus processing waste can also serve as a source for isolating specialized microbial starter cultures or as a substrate for the growth of bioplastic-producing microorganisms. Solid-state fermentation of citrus residues can enhance the production of hydrolytic enzymes, with applications in food and environmental technology, as well as in animal feed. Certain fermented products also exhibit antioxidant properties. Citrus processing waste may be used as alternative feedstuff that potentially improves the oxidative stability and quality of animal products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earth Systems: Shaped by Microbial Life)
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24 pages, 6733 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Starting Plant Material on Ni@C-Type Composites’ Characteristics
by Kamil Dudek, Stanisław Małecki, Kamil Kornaus and Piotr Żabiński
Materials 2025, 18(16), 3784; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18163784 - 12 Aug 2025
Viewed by 336
Abstract
This study describes the development and characterization of materials based on activated carbon (AC). Pellets composed of dried biomass of willow, knotweed, and maple were formed and pyrolyzed to obtain different types of AC. Nickel (Ni) nanoparticles were synthesized on these materials using [...] Read more.
This study describes the development and characterization of materials based on activated carbon (AC). Pellets composed of dried biomass of willow, knotweed, and maple were formed and pyrolyzed to obtain different types of AC. Nickel (Ni) nanoparticles were synthesized on these materials using a bottom-up strategy by impregnating the carbons with a nickel nitrate solution. To characterize the surface and structure of these materials, SEM, MP-AES, and DSC-TGA techniques were employed. The ash content was analyzed to determine the input of mineral components in the carbons. The DSC-TGA results showed good thermal stability for each of the carbons, even at a temperature of 800 °C. BET analysis was also conducted, and the isotherms revealed well-developed surfaces for most of the specimens. The high efficiency of the impregnation process was confirmed by the MP-AES results: 165 mg of Ni was deposited on 1 g of carbon derived from maple leaves. The adsorbed Ni was well distributed across the carbon surfaces, as demonstrated in micrographs taken with the SEM-EDS apparatus. A comparison with similar materials reported in other studies was also performed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials)
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19 pages, 1464 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Extraction and Multimodal Characterization of Fungal Chitosan from Agaricus bisporus
by Inês C. G. Sousa, Samiris C. Teixeira, Marinaldo V. de Souza, Maria B. M. Conde, Gabriela R. Bailon, Samuel H. S. Cardoso, Leandro D. Araújo, Eduardo B. de Oliveira, Sukarno O. Ferreira, Taíla V. de Oliveira and Nilda de F. F. Soares
Foods 2025, 14(16), 2785; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14162785 - 11 Aug 2025
Viewed by 452
Abstract
Biologically derived polymers, such as chitosan, have gained attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials for food and biomedical applications. Fungal-derived chitosan offers notable advantages over crustacean-based chitosan, including a renewable origin and lower allergenic potential. In this study, chitosan was extracted from [...] Read more.
Biologically derived polymers, such as chitosan, have gained attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials for food and biomedical applications. Fungal-derived chitosan offers notable advantages over crustacean-based chitosan, including a renewable origin and lower allergenic potential. In this study, chitosan was extracted from fungal biomass through a sequential process comprising demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. The extracted material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential measurement, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and color analysis. Compared to commercial chitosan, the fungal chitosan exhibited lower crystallinity and thermal stability, as well as a more porous surface morphology. Its degree of deacetylation and surface charge suggest promising potential for use in biodegradable films and functional materials. These findings highlight the feasibility of using fungal biomass as a sustainable and valuable source of chitosan for technological applications. Full article
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25 pages, 745 KiB  
Review
Design and Application of Superhydrophobic Magnetic Nanomaterials for Efficient Oil–Water Separation: A Critical Review
by Rabiga M. Kudaibergenova, Elvira A. Baibazarova, Didara T. Balpanova, Gulnar K. Sugurbekova, Aizhan M. Serikbayeva, Marzhan S. Kalmakhanova, Nazgul S. Murzakasymova, Arman A. Kabdushev and Seitzhan A. Orynbayev
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3313; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153313 - 7 Aug 2025
Viewed by 572
Abstract
Superhydrophobic magnetic nanomaterials (SHMNMs) are emerging as multifunctional platforms for efficient oil–water separation due to their combination of extreme water repellency, strong oil affinity, and external magnetic responsiveness. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in the design, synthesis, and environmental [...] Read more.
Superhydrophobic magnetic nanomaterials (SHMNMs) are emerging as multifunctional platforms for efficient oil–water separation due to their combination of extreme water repellency, strong oil affinity, and external magnetic responsiveness. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in the design, synthesis, and environmental application of SHMNMs. The theoretical foundations of superhydrophobicity and the physicochemical behavior of magnetic nanoparticles are first outlined, followed by discussion of their synergistic integration. Key fabrication techniques—such as sol–gel synthesis, electrospinning, dip-coating, laser-assisted processing, and the use of biomass-derived precursors—are critically assessed in terms of their ability to tailor surface morphology, chemical functionality, and long-term durability. The review further explores the mechanisms of oil adsorption, magnetic separation, and material reusability under realistic environmental conditions. Special attention is paid to the scalability, mechanical resilience, and environmental compatibility of SHMNMs in the context of water treatment technologies. Current limitations, including reduced efficiency in harsh media, potential environmental risks, and challenges in material regeneration, are discussed. This work provides a structured overview that could support the rational development of next-generation superhydrophobic materials tailored for sustainable and high-performance separation of oil and organic pollutants from water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Superhydrophobic Materials and Their Application)
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15 pages, 3139 KiB  
Review
From Agro-Industrial Waste to Natural Hydrogels: A Sustainable Alternative to Reduce Water Use in Agriculture
by César F. Alonso-Cuevas, Nathiely Ramírez-Guzmán, Liliana Serna-Cock, Marcelo Guancha-Chalapud, Jorge A. Aguirre-Joya, David R. Aguillón-Gutiérrez, Alejandro Claudio-Rizo and Cristian Torres-León
Gels 2025, 11(8), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080616 - 7 Aug 2025
Viewed by 368
Abstract
The increasing demand for food necessitates that agri-food systems adopt innovative techniques to enhance food production while optimizing the use of limited resources, such as water. In agriculture, hydrogels are being increasingly used to enhance water retention and reduce irrigation requirements. However, most [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for food necessitates that agri-food systems adopt innovative techniques to enhance food production while optimizing the use of limited resources, such as water. In agriculture, hydrogels are being increasingly used to enhance water retention and reduce irrigation requirements. However, most of these materials are based on synthetic polymers that are not biodegradable. This raises serious environmental and health concerns, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable, biodegradable alternatives. Biomass-derived from agro-industrial waste presents a substantial potential for producing hydrogels, which can effectively function as water collectors and suppliers for crops. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the application of agro-industrial waste for the formulation of hydrogels. Additionally, it offers a critical analysis of the development of hydrogels utilizing natural and compostable materials. Agro-industrial and food waste, which are rich in hemicellulose and cellulose, have been utilized to enhance the mechanical properties and water absorption capacity of hydrogels. These biomaterials hold significant potential for the development of effective hydrogels in agricultural applications; they can be either hybrid or natural materials that exhibit efficacy in enhancing seed germination, improving water retention capabilities, and facilitating the controlled release of fertilizers. Natural hydrogels derived from agro-industrial waste present a sustainable technological alternative that is environmentally benign. Full article
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17 pages, 3870 KiB  
Review
Eco-Friendly, Biomass-Derived Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
by Yeong-Seok Oh, Seung Woo Seo, Jeong-jin Yang, Moongook Jeong and Seongki Ahn
Coatings 2025, 15(8), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080915 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 439
Abstract
This mini-review emphasizes the potential of biomass-derived materials as sustainable components for next-generation electrochemical energy storage systems. Biomass obtained from abundant and renewable natural resources can be transformed into carbonaceous materials. These materials typically possess hierarchical porosities, adjustable surface functionalities, and inherent heteroatom [...] Read more.
This mini-review emphasizes the potential of biomass-derived materials as sustainable components for next-generation electrochemical energy storage systems. Biomass obtained from abundant and renewable natural resources can be transformed into carbonaceous materials. These materials typically possess hierarchical porosities, adjustable surface functionalities, and inherent heteroatom doping. These physical and chemical characteristics provide the structural and chemical flexibility needed for various electrochemical applications. Additionally, biomass-derived materials offer a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to traditional components, promoting green chemistry and circular resource utilization. This review provides a systematic overview of synthesis methods, structural design strategies, and material engineering approaches for their use in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs), and supercapacitors (SCs). It also highlights key challenges in these systems, such as the severe volume expansion of anode materials in LIBs and the shuttle effect in LSBs and discusses how biomass-derived carbon can help address these issues. Full article
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42 pages, 1506 KiB  
Review
Direct Air Capture Using Pyrolysis and Gasification Chars: Key Findings and Future Research Needs
by Wojciech Jerzak, Bin Li, Dennys Correia da Silva and Glauber Cruz
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4120; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154120 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 416
Abstract
Direct Air Capture (DAC) is gaining worldwide attention as a negative emissions strategy critical to meeting climate targets. Among emerging DAC materials, pyrolysis chars (PCs) and gasification chars (GCs) derived from biomass present a promising pathway due to their tunable porosity, surface chemistry, [...] Read more.
Direct Air Capture (DAC) is gaining worldwide attention as a negative emissions strategy critical to meeting climate targets. Among emerging DAC materials, pyrolysis chars (PCs) and gasification chars (GCs) derived from biomass present a promising pathway due to their tunable porosity, surface chemistry, and low-cost feedstocks. This review critically examines the current state of research on the physicochemical properties of PCs and GCs relevant to CO2 adsorption, including surface area, pore structure, surface functionality and aromaticity. Comparative analyses show that chemical activation, especially with KOH, can significantly improve CO2 adsorption capacity, with some PCs achieving more than 308 mg/g (100 kPa CO2, 25 °C). Additionally, nitrogen and sulfur doping further improves the affinity for CO2 through increased surface basicity. GCs, although inherently more porous, often require additional modification to achieve a similar adsorption capacity. Importantly, the long-term stability and regeneration potential of these chars remain underexplored, but are essential for practical DAC applications and economic viability. The paper identifies critical research gaps related to material design and techno-economic feasibility. Future directions emphasize the need for integrated multiscale research that bridges material science, process optimization, and real-world DAC deployment. A synthesis of findings and a research outlook are provided to support the advancement of carbon-negative technologies using thermochemically derived biomass chars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section B3: Carbon Emission and Utilization)
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