Search Results (249)

Geoarchaeological work and excavations of the Helike Project over the last 30 years in the Helike coastal plain, Gulf of Corinth, have yielded abundant evidence on ancient settlements, as well as the surrounding landscape and environmental changes that resulted from geological phenomena and catastrophic events. The research methods applied by the Helike Project followed a multidisciplinary approach, including combined archaeological excavations and palaeoseismological trenching, geophysical prospection, archaeometric, environmental, and soil micromorphology analyses, and computer-based landscape modelling. A wealth of settlement remains that were unearthed across the plain, ranging in date from the Early Helladic period (3rd millennium BC) to the Late Antiquity (5th century AD), indicates that the ancient inhabitants of the area chose to always resettle in the area by adjusting their ways of living to the geomorphology and natural hazards, prevailing each time. Our results show that disasters in the area increased between the Geometric and Roman times due to severe earthquakes that occurred approximately every 300 years. In particular, archaeological and geological finds recovered from the Late Classical–Hellenistic Helike settlement, which was revived in the western part of the plain shortly after the disastrous 373 BC earthquake, have enriched our knowledge regarding the historical seismicity of the region and past human–environment relationships. Full article

For archaeological studies, the expected outcome of a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey is a series of time-slices (or depth-slices) that mark the position of buried structures at different depths. The clarity of these time-slices is strongly site-dependent and is particularly worsened in the presence of even small percentages of clay, which strongly attenuates the GPR signal. This is the condition affecting the Greek–Roman archaeological site of Tindari (Sicily, Italy). Here, we performed a multichannel GPR survey particularly focusing on a residential insula. In order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, we tested two processing strategies: a conventional in-line stacking and a new concept of off-line stacking. This last was performed dividing spatially adjacent channels of the GPR multichannel system into groups and stacking the signals of each group at each specific location. We observed that off-line stacking improves the signal-to-noise ratio in 2D sections and time-slices quality. Comparisons showed that off-line stacking has a clear advantage over traditional in-line stacking, at least for the specific application reported in this paper. Off-line stacking of GPR multichannel systems is, therefore, simple but very effective in increasing the investigation depth, especially in challenging environments. Full article

La Vispesa is an archaeological settlement occupied from the First Iron Age to the Imperial Roman Period. The objectives of this study were to (i) perform a geomorphological characterization of the site; (ii) place it in its regional context; (iii) obtain values of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) to characterize the construction materials; (iv) assess the chronological data obtained; (v) establish the origin of the sandstones used; and (vi) assess the application of these techniques at archaeological sites. UCS estimations were produced for the preserved walls using a Schmidt hammer, and two groups of samples were identified. In these samples, stones from the Iberian Epoch walls were considerably weathered, while the Roman ashlars were well preserved as they were built from better-quality material that produced high UCS values. In addition, measurements of various sandstone outcrops probably used as quarries were made to compare values. Only one sandstone outcrop had estimations that could relate to the provision of raw material for the Roman period, while other estimations are compatible with Iberian walls. The application of this methodology proves to be highly beneficial for the analysis and comprehension of ancient constructions. Full article

A multiproxy methodology has been employed to characterise two granite anchors discovered on the seabed near the island of Nueva Tabarca (Alicante, Southeast Spain). According to the significant archaeological context where they were found, the studied anchors can be dated from the Roman ages (late Republican period). One of the most interesting aspects is the absence of regional geological outcrops with rocks compatible with the granite used in the production of the anchor, which shows a foreign origin consistent with the connection of the anchor to maritime transport across the Mediterranean Sea. The lack of precise information about the artifact’s origin underscores the interest and need for the application of petrological techniques to determine its provenance. The methodology utilised encompasses five distinct techniques: (1) non-destructive textural analysis using X-ray microcomputed tomography; (2) K–Ar dating; (3) petrological characterisation through optical microscopy; (4) geochemical characterisation using X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry. The results allow for a comparison of the anchor rock’s characteristics with various granite outcrops along the Mediterranean coasts (Eastern, Central, and Western sectors), suggesting potential source areas based on petrological compatibility with the material under study. The findings point to the origin of the Nueva Tabarca granite anchor being granite outcrops in Southern Italy (Calabria), reinforcing the connection between the Spanish southeastern coasts and Southern Italy. These results highlight the utility and significance of multiproxy petrological methodologies in the geoarchaeological study of decontextualised artifacts. Full article

In the field of building archaeology, the analysis of wall surfaces represents a fundamental tool for the study of an architecture and its construction phases. In fact, masonry stores valuable information regarding not only used materials and construction techniques but also transformations happen over time for natural events or anthropic interventions. The traditional approach to the analysis of building materials is mainly based on direct observation and manual annotations based on orthophotos obtained through photogrammetric surveys. This process, while providing a high degree of accuracy and understanding, is extremely time- and resource-consuming. In addition, the lack of standardised procedures for the statistical analysis of measurements leads to data that are difficult to compare for different contexts. Time and subjectivity are ultimately the two main limitations that most hinder the diffusion of the mensiochronological approach and for this reason, the most recent artificial intelligence solutions for the segmentation and extraction of measurements of individual masonry components will be addressed. Finally, a workflow will be presented based on image segmentation using machine learning models and the automatic extraction and statistical analysis of measurements using a script designed specifically by the author for the mensiochronological analysis of Roman brick masonry. Full article

The eastern half of the Roman Empire between the end of the 5th c. and the end of the 11th c. CE (customarily referred to as the Byzantine Empire) experienced several significant fluctuations in its political and economic fortunes. Climate change, disease, hostile invasions, internal strife, and subtle longer-term shifts in social and economic structures, as well as cultural ideological identities, have all been invoked to explain this pattern, yet much remains unclear. This paper comments briefly on the palaeoclimatological, palaeoenvironmental, archaeological, and historical evidence for two periods in their broader context. It points out the limitations and challenges inhering in the different types of data; it reinforces the point that changes in climate, rather than having “negative” or “positive” impacts or directly causing societal change, indirectly facilitate or frame longer-term societal transformations. As the evidence for the two case studies indicates, even at the micro-level, it remains extremely difficult in the present state of our knowledge to draw firm conclusions about the role played by climate in stimulating societal change. Full article

This study investigates the potential of reality-based 3D digital modeling, acquired for scientific purposes, to enhance the understanding and accessibility of ballistic imprints on Pompeii’s city walls. These impact marks, attributed to the Sullan siege of 89 BC, were caused by projectiles launched by Roman elastic torsion weapons. High-resolution models were acquired through integrated 3D survey techniques to create both virtual and physical replicas. These assets enhance museum accessibility, offering interactive digital content and tactile 3D-printed replicas for visually impaired and mobility-restricted visitors. The findings highlight the role of digital heritage in archaeological research, conservation, and public engagement, bridging the gap between academic study and inclusive cultural dissemination. Full article

Based on the dimensions of the small Xanten catapult, this study reconstructs a full-scale model to validate its manufacturing techniques and evaluate its effectiveness. The process underscores the role of experimental archaeology: the activity facilitates a dynamic sequence of queries, guides the interpretation of signs—not merely physical ones—refines the perception of the cognitive model, and relies on an interdisciplinary approach and strategy. The reconstruction fosters social engagement and scientific dialogue, supporting the adoption of new strategies for knowledge transmission and cultural valorization. The conclusions of this study contribute to the debate on the causes of damage inflicted by the Roman legions on the perimeter walls of Pompeii. Full article

This study examines the first systematic documentation of a series of small impact marks on the northern walls of Pompeii, interpreted as the result of Roman metal dart projectiles launched during the Sullan siege in 89 BC. Using high-resolution, reality-based 3D models, comparative analysis, and reverse modeling techniques, the research explores the hypothesis that a distinctive fan-shaped configuration of quadrangular indentations may have been produced by a repeating catapult, known as the polybolos. The integration of close-range photogrammetry, laser scanning, and digital reconstruction tools demonstrates how virtual casts and comparative modeling can contribute to archaeological interpretations of ancient projectile weaponry. Full article

A set of eleven luxury glass archaeological objects dated to the 3rd century (Roman period) and excavated in Troia, Portugal, were treated in order to restore their shapes and decorative features. In this paper, the different stages of the treatment are presented and discussed. The treatment phases—cleaning, fragments’ assembly, and development of support structures for the objects in need—had to be adapted and the treatment outline had to be revised along the process because of the heavily weathered glass that showed extreme fragility. The treatment highlights the internal support structures—consisting of thin and light structures built with thin canes of glass—that were developed in borosilicate glass for three of the archaeological objects, ensuring their physical stability for handling and future exhibition. The structures were then attached to the archaeological glass with Paraloid B72 adhesive. The treatment of these outstanding artefacts and, in particular, the development of these structures heavily depended on interdisciplinary and teamwork that resulted in the completion of the treatment for all objects ensuring their future exhibition. Full article

The Roman site at Makariopolsko village in Northeastern Bulgaria has been identified as a ceramic production center, featuring single- and double-chamber kilns, abundant ceramic material, and a nearby water source. Geological assessments also reveal local clay deposits. Previous archaeological studies have noted similar Roman production sites in the region, primarily focusing on the study of the kilns and the macroscopic description and classification of the ceramics. However, there has been a lack of research into the pottery’s composition and the sourcing of raw materials, which is essential for understanding the area’s cultural and economic context. This study aims to determine the raw material and firing temperature of the ceramic from the site at Makariopolsko village. Clay samples (both raw and fired at 1100 °C) and ceramic were subjected to chemical, statistical, phase X-ray structural, and thermal analyses. The findings indicate the use of calcareous illite–kaolinitic clay, sourced locally, with an added sandy component. The ceramics were fired at temperatures of 570–760 °C and 920–945 °C. These results, which support the site’s identification as a pottery production center, highlight advanced pottery skills and the dual functional capabilities of the kilns. Additionally, they pave the way for further research into regional production center relationships. Full article

A comprehensive geophysical survey, combining magnetic gradiometry and ground-penetrating radar (GPR), was undertaken at the Roman fort of Aquis Querquennis to map buried archaeological structures, including potential walls and internal divisions, within its unexcavated areas. This research significantly enhances the understanding of the fort’s previously incomplete layout. The synergistic integration of geophysical data provides detailed spatial data of the buried archaeology, facilitating informed dissemination of the site’s historical significance and guiding the planning of future archaeological investigations. Full article

This study examines the Roman burgus and medieval lowland castle ‘Zullestein’ near Biblis (Bergstraße district/Hessen/Germany) and its surrounding fluvio-scape. The aim of the study is to reassess the appearance of the fortifications and the surrounding area at the confluence of the River Weschnitz and the River Rhine based on the excavation results from the 1970s and current geoarchaeological research on site. Our approach encompasses electrical resistivity tomography, direct push sensing, sediment coring and the use of a high-resolution digital elevation model in combination with historical depictions of the Zullestein site from the 17th century AD. The findings of this integrative approach indicate that the Roman fort was likely located at a secondary channel of the River Rhine. With the renewed occupation of the Zullestein site by Lorsch Abbey during Carolingian times and the expansion into a lowland castle in the 11th century, the site was now located at the Weschnitz mouth into the Rhine, likely as part of anthropogenic interventions related to the Weschnitz fluvioscape. Traces of the final phase of the castle at the time of the Thirty Years’ War can still be seen in the terrain today and their attribution to individual elements of the historical account can be confirmed by the geoarchaeological results. The combination of methods presented in this study is a suitable option if excavations are not possible. Full article

In July 2024, the “Investigating the Archaeology of Death in Pompeii Research Project” carried out a scientific and methodical excavation of the areas outside two of the gates to the city of Pompeii. One of them is the funerary area of Porta Nola (next to the tomb of Obellio Firmo) and the other is outside Porta Sarno area (east of the tomb of Marcus Venerius Secundius). The investigated funerary area to the east of Porta Sarno corresponds with the area excavated in 1998 for the construction of the double Circumvesuviana rails. The 1998 excavations recorded the presence of more than 50 cremation burial sites, marked by stelae (columelle) and a monument with an arch, which are delineated by a boundary wall. The tombs were initially dated to the Late Republican period. In order to carry out comprehensive studies of the funerary area uncovered in 1998, a four metre by four metre trench was stratigraphically excavated. This investigation allowed mapping of the area and the carrying out of archaeological analysis and bioarchaeological studies in order to answer the questions that guided our archaeological research, such as whether the funerary area was abandoned and, if so, when? What was the chronological succession, monumentality, and prestige of this funerary space? Was it a single family and private funerary enclosure, or was it an open public space? How were this funerary area and the spaces destined to preserve the memory of the deceased managed? How were the funerary and mortuary rituals and gestures articulated and what did they consist of? Our methodical excavation discovered a monumental tomb which allows us to answer many of the questions raised by our research. This extraordinary monument consists of a wide wall with several niches containing the cremated remains of the deceased built into its structure and which is crowned by a relief of a young couple. The symbolism of the carved accessories of the wife may identify her as a priestess of Ceres. Additionally, the quality of the carving in the sculptures and their archaic characteristics suggest a Republic period dating, which is uncommon in southern Italy. Full article

This article presents the results of high-resolution multimodal remote sensing surveys which were performed in the Roman city of Caesarea Maritima at the sunken Herodian harbour of Sebastos. A joint team of scholars from the Universities of Malta and Haifa conducted the surveys at the area of the harbour’s entrance in order to answer questions related to its original architecture, long-term functioning, and gradual degradation processes. The core methodology employed comprised teams of divers performing a meticulous photogrammetric survey in order to generate a high-resolution 3D plan of the harbour’s entrance. The results present two different architectural styles on either side of the harbour entrance, which suggests two different building stages, potentially deriving from a late renovation attempt. The current state of the entrance channel, still deep and wide enough for the passage of vessels despite collapse and sedimentation processes, suggests the long-term functionality of the entrance, even while other parts of the harbour have structurally deteriorated and gone out of use. Full article