Engineering Proceedings, Volume 96, 2025

In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the Volume Editors certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have undergone peer review administered by the Volume Editors [...]

Based on the dimensions of the small Xanten catapult, this study reconstructs a full-scale model to validate its manufacturing techniques and evaluate its effectiveness. The process underscores the role of experimental archaeology: the activity facil...

The conservation of cultural heritage is fundamental, and it is difficult to predict how heritage objects will relate with structural damages. For these objects, the most used process for the analyses involves NURBS models that may introduce an exces...

During Sulla’s siege of Pompeii in 89 BC projectiles were launched using Roman artillery, leaving visible craters on the fortified walls. The city was later buried by the eruption in 79 AD, preserving both its architectural layout and the damag...

This study investigates the potential of reality-based 3D digital modeling, acquired for scientific purposes, to enhance the understanding and accessibility of ballistic imprints on Pompeii’s city walls. These impact marks, attributed to the Su...

In line with the research objectives of the SCORPiò-NIDI project, we aim to implement a software platform showcasing the digital models developed during the project. The goal is to develop dynamic and interactive user experiences, expanding ac...

A straightforward method for determining the causes of impact relics left by ancient projectiles on the city walls of Pompeii is proposed based on principles of plasticity and fracture mechanics. The inverse analysis begins with the measured craters...

Thanks to Pompeii’s burial under Vesuvio’s 79 AD eruption deposits, the ballistic imprints on its northern defensive perimeter are uniquely attributable to Sulla’s siege of 89 BC. These impact marks were digitally documented using i...

This study examines the first systematic documentation of a series of small impact marks on the northern walls of Pompeii, interpreted as the result of Roman metal dart projectiles launched during the Sullan siege in 89 BC. Using high-resolution, rea...

A well-equipped legionary army prepared to lay siege to Pompeii. Among the weapons deployed along the northern stretch of the city walls were battering rams and mobile siege towers equipped with ballistae and scorpions. The impact marks from Republic...

This paper presents the documentation, study activities, and possible applications of 3D digital models for the analysis and reconstruction of some examples of spheroidal stone projectiles—launched during the Sullan siege in 89 BC—now pre...

This volume brings together the reflections of those who have been committed to building a dialogue around the results achieved (and currently underway) by the research project “Comparative Analysis and Certified Reconstructions for a correct e...