Search Results (1,954)

We investigate $\lambda$-constacyclic codes of length n over finite commutative local rings R of characteristic p and order $q^5,$ where $q=p^m$ is an odd prime power, whose Jacobson radical $\mathcal{N}$ satisfies ${\mathcal{N}}^3=0\ne {\mathcal{N}}^2$, under the coprimality condition $\gcd (n,p)=1$. In this setting, exactly two radical types occur, namely $(3,1)$ and $(2,2)$, determined by the dimensions of $\mathcal{N}/{\mathcal{N}}^2$ and ${\mathcal{N}}^2$. For each type, we provide an explicit classification of the underlying rings and analyze the induced radical filtration of the ambient algebra $A_{\lambda }=R\left[X\right]/⟨X^n-\lambda ⟩$. We prove that every $\lambda$-constacyclic code is uniquely determined by its residual component in $A_{\lambda }/\mathrm{J}\left(A_{\lambda }\right)$ together with two torsion components arising from the radical chain $\mathrm{J}\left(A_{\lambda }\right)\supset \mathrm{J}{\left(A_{\lambda }\right)}^2\supset 0$. This residual–torsion decomposition yields explicit generating sets; in particular, every $\lambda$-constacyclic code admits a generating set consisting of at most five elements. Furthermore, we derive exact enumeration formulas for all $\lambda$-constacyclic codes. In the type $(2,2)$ case, the enumeration is governed by linear-algebraic constraints over the Chinese Remainder Theorem residue fields and, in the anisotropic class, depends on quadratic character values determined by the extension degrees. In the type $(3,1)$ case, the enumeration is controlled by the dimension of the radical of the induced symmetric bilinear form on the top radical layer, equivalently by the rank class of the associated canonical matrix. Full article

Pyropia haitanensis, an economically significant cultivated seaweed in China, exhibits substantial geographical variations in nutritional and sensory qualities that influence its market value. The nutritional quality of the samples, including total sugar, total protein, and amino acid content, as well as color quality, assessed through phycobiliprotein and chlorophyll content, and sensory quality evaluated using an electronic nose and electronic tongue, were determined. To elucidate these quality variations, this study employed an integrated metabolomics and chemometrics approach to analyze samples from five major cultivation regions. Principal component analysis (PCA) effectively differentiated the samples; orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) validated this classification with robust model parameters (R²X = 0.791, R²Y = 0.995, Q² = 0.984) and identified key discriminatory metabolites. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified origin-specific metabolic modules correlated with quality traits, revealing that pathways such as cysteine and methionine metabolism underpin the observed differences in flavor profiles across cultivation regions. Furthermore, mediation analysis quantitatively confirmed that inorganic nitrogen primarily influences key flavor attributes by regulating sulfur-containing amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. This study systematically elucidates the metabolic mechanisms governing quality formation in P. haitanensis, providing a scientific foundation for quality control and geographical origin traceability. Full article

Vitamin D insufficiency is highly prevalent in athletic populations residing at northern latitudes, particularly among young athletes training predominantly indoors. The impact of vitamin D on musculoskeletal health is well-established, while its influence on physical performance is not entirely clear. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in Estonian female adolescent athletes and to examine associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with body composition, energy intake, physical performance and ferritin. Seventy-three female athletes aged 14–18 years participated. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; physical performance by peak oxygen consumption (VO₂peak/kg) and countermovement jumps; dietary intake was estimated using repeated 24 h recalls; and fasting blood samples were analyzed for 25(OH)D and ferritin. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 67.6 ± 21.4 nmol.L⁻¹ and ranged from 27.4 to 118.0 nmol.L⁻¹. Vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D < 75 nmol.L⁻¹) was present in 67% of participants, leaving only one-third with sufficient levels. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was positively associated with VO₂peak/kg (r = 0.26; p = 0.043) independent of confounding variables. In conclusion, these findings suggest that vitamin D insufficiency is highly prevalent among Estonian female adolescent athletes, and 25(OH)D concentration is associated with aerobic performance. Full article

Biosensors based on electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) have attracted considerable attention due to their advantages, including low cost, inherent signal amplification, and low-voltage operation. A critical step influencing sensing performance is the integration of specific receptors onto the device surface. Among various strategies, the covalent immobilization of biorecognition elements onto gold surfaces via thiol chemistry is one of the most widely used approaches. In this study, we report the optimization of a mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) composed of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) for label-free detection of human IgG using EGOFETs. The quality of the SAM was systematically modulated by varying the total concentration from 10 to 400 mM and characterized using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results revealed that a concentration of 50 mM yielded a densely packed and well-ordered monolayer. After covalent immobilization of anti-IgG antibodies via 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) chemistry and subsequent blocking with ethanolamine and bovine serum albumin (BSA), the functionalized gate electrodes were integrated into poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-based EGOFETs. Electrical measurements demonstrated that EGOFET biosensors functionalized with the 50 mM SAM achieved optimal sensing performance. The devices exhibited a highly linear response (R² = 0.998) over a wide concentration range from 1 fM to 10 nM, with a LOD of 2.82 fM, and showed excellent selectivity against non-target immunoglobulins A and M (IgA and IgM). This SAM concentration optimization strategy provides a versatile approach for engineering high-performance EGOFET biosensors, with potential applicability to a broad range of disease biomarkers. Full article

The correlation between fouling-driven corrosion and magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) in AH36 naval steel was investigated under real Mediterranean seawater conditions over a 12-month immersion period. A custom-designed MBN analyzer was used to monitor four MBN parameters at monthly intervals: RMS amplitude (MBN_RMS), peak amplitude (MBN_peak), peak field position (MBN_{peak pos.}), and full width at half maximum (MBN_FWHM). Complementary characterization included pit morphology analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) of corrosion products, and quantitative biofouling community profiling. Three distinct MBN evolution regimes were identified, corresponding to active pitting (T₀–T₃), transitional oxide formation (T₃–T₆), and mature corrosion equilibrium (T₆–T₁₂). Over the full exposure period, MBN_RMS decreased by 50.4% and MBN_{peak pos.} increased by 83.3%, consistent with domain wall pinning at pit stress concentrations and electromagnetic shielding by paramagnetic corrosion product layers (γ-FeOOH, β-FeOOH, α-FeOOH). Pearson correlation analysis revealed near-unity relationships between MBN_RMS and maximum pit depth (r = −0.982, p < 0.01), supporting its potential use as a quantitative non-destructive indicator of corrosion severity under comparable exposure conditions. Biofouling, particularly sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)-dominated communities and biogenic iron sulfides (mackinawite, greigite), was identified as a statistically significant secondary correlate of MBN signal intensity (r = −0.944 vs. SRB fraction). A composite diagnostic threshold of (MBN_RMS × MBN_peak)/MBN_FWHM ≈ 0.015 effectively discriminated active pitting from passive rusting. These findings provide a physically grounded framework for multiparametric MBN analysis as a non-destructive condition monitoring tool, with the caveat that the reported correlations are descriptive and require independent validation before deployment in regulatory inspection protocols. Full article

The Zeta-Minimizer Theorem establishes that the Riemann zeta function $\zeta \left(s\right)$ and the primes arise variationally as unique minimizers of a phase functional defined on a symmetric measure space $\left(X,\mu ,G\right)$ equipped with helical operators. Three fundamental axioms—strict concave entropy maximization (Axiom 1), spectral Gibbs minima with non-vanishing ground states (Axiom 2), and irreducible bounded oscillations with flux conservation (Axiom 3)—allow for the selection of the non-proper Archimedean conical helix as the sole topology satisfying all constraints. Primes emerge as indivisible minimal cycles in the associated representation graph $\Gamma$ (via Hilbert irreducibility and Maschke’s theorem), while the Euler product is recovered through the spectral Dirichlet mapping of the helical eigenvalues. The partial zeta product, $Z\left(s\right)=\prod _j{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1-p_j^{-s}}},s\in \mathbb{R}\left\{0\right\},$ constitutes the exact grand partition function of any finite subsystem. Numerical inversion of this product directly recovers the mixture frequency $s$ from any experimental compressibility factor $Z_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{x}}$. Mole fractions $x_i\left(s\right)$, interaction parameters $\Delta \left(x_i\right)$, and the Lyapunov spectrum $\lambda \left(x_i\right)$ then follow deductively via the helical transfer matrix and the closed-form linear ODE for $\Delta$. Occupation numbers $N\left(x_i\right)$ attain sharp maxima precisely at Fibonacci ratios $F_r/F_{r+1}$, leading to the molecular prime-ID rule. For twelve representative purely binary (irreducible) systems spanning atomic noble gases, simple diatomics, polar molecules, and an aromatic ring, the residuals satisfy $|Z\left(s\right)-Z_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{x}}|<1.5\times {10}^{-8}$. The resulting $\lambda \left(x_i\right)$ curves accurately reproduce critical points, liquid ranges, and thermodynamic anomalies with zero adjustable parameters. The Riemann Hypothesis follows rigorously as a theorem: the unique fixed point of the duality functor $s\mapsto 1-s$ that preserves the orthogonality condition $\sum {\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}}^2{\theta }^k=1$ is $\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\left(s\right)=1/2$, enforced by Axiom 1 concavity and Axiom 3 irreducibility. The framework is fully deductive and parameter-free and extends naturally to arbitrary mixtures and multiplicities through the helical representation graph. It provides a variational unification of analytic number theory, spectral geometry, thermodynamic phase behavior, and the Riemann Hypothesis from first principles. Full article

Background: Rabies is a highly fatal zoonotic disease that causes approximately 59,000 human deaths worldwide each year. Current inactivated rabies vaccines require multiple doses and are associated with high costs. The full-length rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG), a membrane protein, exhibits substantial instability in its trimeric structure during recombinant expression. This instability makes it difficult to obtain high-purity, correctly folded antigens. Objectives: This study focuses on the preparation of a full-length recombinant RVG subunit vaccine candidate expressed in a glycoengineered Pichia pastoris system with mammalian-like glycosylation. Methods: The full-length RVG gene (including the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail) from the Challenge Virus Standard-11 (CVS-11) strain was codon-optimized and inserted into the pPICZαA vector to construct the recombinant expression plasmid pPICZαA-RVG. The plasmid was transformed into glycoengineered Pichia pastoris X33-7 (low-mannose type) by electroporation for inducible expression. The target protein was purified by nickel affinity chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography, and Superdex-200 size-exclusion chromatography. The structural characteristics of the purified protein were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The purified antigen was formulated with the adjuvants AS03 or MF59. BALB/c mice (n = 5 per group) were immunized intramuscularly following a four-dose schedule (days 0, 7, 14, and 28). Antigen-specific IgG antibody titers were measured by ELISA, and neutralizing antibody titers were determined using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Results: Glycoengineered Pichia pastoris yeast strains expressing wild-type RVG (RVG-WT) or a mutant variant (RVG-M6: R84S, R199S, H270P, R279S, K300S, and R463S) were successfully constructed. The purified RVG antigen formed nanoparticles with an average particle size of approximately 75 nm. Immunized mice generated robust RVG-specific IgG responses, with titers reaching approximately 6.31 × 10⁵ for RVG-WT after the fourth immunization, compared to 3.16 × 10³ for RVG-M6 and 5.62 × 10³ for the RVG-WT-PEG control. Two weeks after the fourth immunization, RVG-WT formulated with AS03 or MF59 induced significant neutralizing antibody responses compared with the control group (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively). The neutralizing antibody titers reached 1:79.43 in the AS03 group and 1:33.11 in the MF59 group, whereas the WT-PEG + AS03 control group showed a low titer of 1:3.72. In contrast, RVG-M6 formulated with MF59 failed to induce detectable neutralizing antibodies (1:3.02). Furthermore, RVG-WT + AS03 induced significantly higher neutralizing antibody responses than the WT-PEG + AS03 control group (p < 0.0001), and a significant difference was also observed between the RVG-WT + MF59 and RVG-M6 + MF59 groups (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The glycoengineered Pichia pastoris expression system successfully produced uniform full-length rabies virus glycoprotein nanoparticles with high purity. When formulated with the AS03 adjuvant, RVG-WT induced high-titer neutralizing antibodies in mice, suggesting a promising strategy for the development of recombinant subunit vaccines against rabies. However, this study is limited by the absence of challenge studies and validation in target animal species, which will be further investigated in future work. Full article

Background: Pediatric respiratory infections represent a leading cause of emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations. Chest X-rays are frequently used in their diagnostic evaluation, despite guideline recommendations advocating restrictive imaging strategies, particularly in young children with uncomplicated disease. Excessive imaging raises concerns regarding cumulative radiation exposure and inefficient resource utilization. Objectives: To quantify potentially unnecessary chest radiography use in hospitalized pediatric patients with respiratory infections and to identify age-related and diagnostic patterns suitable for targeted imaging optimization interventions. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study analyzing pediatric patients presented to the ED of a tertiary county hospital in Romania over a period of 12 months. Data regarding respiratory diagnoses, hospitalization status, patient age, and chest radiography utilization were extracted from electronic medical records. Results: Among more than 26,000 pediatric emergency presentations, 4139 children required hospitalization, of whom 1212 were diagnosed with respiratory infections. A total of 3414 chest radiographs were performed, with the highest imaging burden observed in children aged 0–4 years. Repeated imaging was common in interstitial pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and bronchial hyperreactivity. A strong negative correlation was identified between patient age and imaging frequency (r = −0.70, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Thoracic radiographs are disproportionately used in young children with respiratory infections, particularly in conditions with limited imaging indications. These findings provide an essential baseline for the development of targeted quality improvement interventions aimed at reducing unnecessary pediatric imaging. Full article

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a versatile material that exhibits a high refractive index, strong light-scattering capability, effective UV-absorption, wide band gap semiconductor behavior (3.0–3.2 eV), and excellent chemical stability. Owing to this unique combination of properties, TiO₂ is widely used in applications such as cosmetic and healthcare products, architectural and automotive coatings, and photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants. In photocatalytic applications, the crystal structure, phase composition and electronic properties of TiO₂ play a critical role in determining its performance. In the present study, TiO₂ nanotubes were synthesized by anodization of Ti° coatings deposited via a semi-industrial arc-PVD process. A post-anodization heat treatment was carried out at 430 °C for 1 h to promote the formation of the anatase phase within the TiO₂ nanotube structures. The structural characterization of the synthesized film was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement. This methodology enabled the identification of the formed oxide phases, structure, and crystalline, confirming the formation of mixed oxides in the coating. To address the difficulty of refinement of these crystalline phases, the Le Bail method was applied. This refinement strategy allowed the identification of the crystalline phases that are present in the Ti_xO_y coating, including a hexagonal structure characteristic of α-Ti (space group P63/mmc, No. 194), the tetragonal anatase TiO₂ (space group I41/amd, No. 141) phase, and the trigonal Ti₂O₃ phase (space group R-3/c No. 167). Key crystallographic parameters such as lattice constants, bond lengths and angles, crystallite sizes, unit cell distortion and electron density were systematically evaluated for each phase. In addition, the Wyckoff positions and interatomic distances of the constitutive atoms were calculated, providing a comprehensive description of the TiO₂+Ti₂O₃/Ti° crystallographic system. The topographic and surface oxidation states were recorded by using profilometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. Full article

The adsorption and activation of CO₂ on Cu_xSc_y nanoclusters with x + y equal to 4 were analyzed using DFT and PDOS and TDOS signatures. The geometries of Cu₃Sc, Cu₂Sc₂, and CuSc₃ were optimized in the gas phase, and the minima were verified by frequencies in ORCA using M06-2X/def2-TZVP. Multiplicities 1, 3, and 5, temperatures between 298 and 400 K, and four CO₂ coordination modes R1 to R4 were evaluated. Naked and complex cluster comparison panels were constructed, and two energy windows, −18 to −10 eV and −8 to 6 eV around the Fermi level, were analyzed, complemented by frontier orbitals and charge maps. Thermodynamics indicated that mode and multiplicity control the adsorption energy, with ANOVA p-values of 0.002 and 0.008, while temperature was not significant (p = 0.682). In Cu₃Sc–C₂v(1), the R1 singlet at 298 K showed E_ads −33.43 kcal·mol⁻¹ with spin contamination, while alternative modes in the singlet were unfavorable. In PDOS and TDOS, the bare cluster exhibits a Cu d band at −11 to −10 eV and a valley around −5 eV. The exergonic complexes show CO₂ signals near the Fermi level, superimposed on Cu and Sc states, with state filling and broadening. Transferable indicators based on CO₂ intensity in the −8 to 6 eV range and metal–adsorbate overlap are proposed as predictors of exergonic adsorption. Full article

This study reports the valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches into cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) for the removal of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from industrial wastewater generated by the same processing sector. Cellulose I_β was first isolated through sequential bleaching, delignification, and mercerization, and two hydrolysis routes were evaluated to obtain CNCs: a concentrated acid route (60% v/v H₂SO₄, 50 °C, 60 min) for CNCs-1 and a low-acid, long-duration route (1% v/v H₂SO₄, 80 °C, 12 h) for CNCs-2. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffractograms confirmed the polymorphic transition, assigning cellulose I_β to the intermediate materials and cellulose II to the CNC samples, with crystallite sizes of 4.99 nm for CNCs-1 and 5.43 nm for CNCs-2. Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis showed the progressive removal of lignin and hemicellulose and supported the cellulose I_β to II transition through changes in hydroxyl bonding and crystallinity-related bands. Preliminary adsorption tests showed better COD removal with CNCs-2, which were therefore selected for optimization using a Box–Behnken design with the adsorbent mass, pH, and contact time as variables. The quadratic model was significant (R² = 0.9675; predicted R² = 0.8908), and the maximum COD removal reached 91.47%, decreasing the COD concentration from 2459.0 to 209.85 mg L⁻¹ under the optimum conditions of 0.09 g CNCs-2, pH 3, and 20 min. These results highlight cellulose II nanocrystals derived from oil palm waste as a promising and scalable adsorbent for industrial wastewater treatment. Full article

Background: Leading sports medicine and nutrition organizations recommend replacing sodium losses during prolonged exercise; however, practical guidance for implementing sodium replacement strategies remains limited. Estimating sodium needs during exercise requires assessment of both whole-body sweat sodium concentration (WBSSC) and sweat rate. Objectives: This study focused on WBSSC by examining its temporal stability, reproducibility, and predictability during prolonged cycling exercise while drinking according to two hydration strategies. Methods: Using a randomized, crossover, counterbalanced design, eight highly trained men completed two 5 h cycling sessions (183 ± 14 W, 30 °C) while consuming fluids either in a programmed (P) or ad libitum (A_L) fashion. Sweat was collected with patches applied on the forearm for ~20 min before sampling, which occurred at ~40, 130, 220, and 290 min. Local sweat sodium concentration was converted to WBSSC using a validated equation. Results: A main effect of time was observed for WBSSC (p < 0.05), with only the 40 min time point differing from later measurements; no condition or interaction effects were detected. The within-trial typical variation in WBSSC was 7.2 mmol·L⁻¹ for P and 6.1 mmol·L⁻¹ for A_L, while the between-trial typical variation was 5.6 mmol·L⁻¹. The WBSSC measured at 40 min predicted mean exercise WBSSC with good precision and moderate stability (y = 0.2738 + 1.3397x, R² = 0.87, standard error of the estimate = 5.4 mmol·L⁻¹, 95% confidence interval slope = 0.82–1.86 mmol·L⁻¹). Conclusions: These findings indicate that during prolonged cycling exercise, WBSSC (1) varies trivially within and between trials; (2) can reasonably be predicted using a single sweat sample and; (3) is not influenced by P or A_L drinking. Full article

Retinal ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury results in irreversible vision loss largely through retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, with ferroptosis being a key mechanism. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of the ferroptosis inhibitor Liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1) and deciphered its underlying mechanism. Using a mouse retinal I/R model and primary RGC cultures subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), we demonstrated that Lip-1 effectively inhibits ferroptosis. Lip-1 treatment preserved retinal architecture (as assessed by H&E staining and SD-OCT) and partially restored visual function (as measured by electroretinography). Integrated molecular analyses—including immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and RNA sequencing—showed that Lip-1 downregulates early growth response 1 (EGR1), thereby inhibiting p53 and consequently restoring solute carrier family 7 member 11 (xCT) expression. Crucially, lentivirus-mediated EGR1 knockdown attenuated OGD/R-induced ferroptosis, confirming its pivotal role. Our work defines a coherent EGR1–p53–xCT signaling axis driving ferroptosis in retinal I/R injury and identifies Lip-1 as a neuroprotective agent targeting this pathway. These findings establish a druggable ferroptotic cascade and provide a mechanistic rationale for targeting EGR1 in the treatment of ischemic retinopathies. Full article

Biochar, a carbon-rich material traditionally used to improve soil health and as a feed additive, has recently attracted attention for its potential biological activity. This study examined the effects of an aqueous biochar extract (BC-AE) on human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2), focusing on its influence on cell viability and apoptosis. The metabolic activity of Caco-2 cells exposed to BC-AE was first evaluated using an MTS assay. A concentration of 3 mg/mL, which promoted Caco-2 metabolic activity, was selected for further testing at 24 and 72 h. The effect of BC-AE on cell viability was assessed by epifluorescence microscopy (morphology) and flow cytometry (apoptosis profiling). The transcriptional response of cell viability-related genes (BAX, BAD, BCL-2, BCL-xL, MCL-1, P21, and P53) and microRNAs (miR-15b, miR-19, miR-21, miR-33a, miR-155, and miR-486) was analyzed by RT-qPCR. In parallel, selected proteins (BAD, BAX, BCL-2, and MCL-1) were examined by Western blotting. We showed that BC-AE decreased cell viability after 24 h via late apoptosis, while 72 h exposure increased necrosis without further viability loss. Both BAX and MCL-1 protein levels increased in Caco-2 cells after 72 h of BC-AE treatment, and miR-15b and miR-21 were upregulated, suggesting the involvement of a regulatory mechanism controlling cell survival. The obtained findings highlight the importance of considering both concentration and exposure duration when assessing biochar bioactivity and represent an additional contribution to the ongoing effort to better understand the biological role. Full article

A modular synthetic route has been developed to prepare a new series of cationic ruthenium(II) complexes with electron-withdrawing 1,2-diacylcyclopentadienyl ligands. The 2-acyl-6-hydroxyfulvenes were synthesized from cyclopentadienide and acyl chlorides and converted to Tl(I) cyclopentadienyl salts using Tl₂SO₄/KOH. Transmetalation with [Ru(η⁶-p-cymene)(μ-Cl)Cl]₂ followed by PF₆⁻ metathesis gives the complexes [Ru{η⁵-1,2-C₅H₃(CO–R)₂}(η⁶-p-cymene)][PF₆] (R = t-Bu, p-Tol, p-ClC₆H₄, p-IC₆H₄) in moderate to high yields. The new compounds were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy; mass spectrometry and elemental analysis were performed where applicable. X-ray analysis of one of the complexes confirms that electron-deficient Cp ligands retain η⁵-coordination and structural planarity within Ru(II)–arene sandwich architectures, highlighting their potential utility in electronically tunable organometallic frameworks. Full article