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This paper presents an architecture and strategy for on-orbit software updating of satellite payload control systems, based on a tightly coupled DSP and FPGA design. The architecture achieves tight coupling between the DSP and FPGA via the XINTF interface, integrating the DSP program and data into the FPGA bitstream. This enables synchronous updating of both chips with a single software package, significantly reducing both uplink data volume and update time. The system features a dual-flash redundant boot design and a mutual supervision mechanism between the DSP and FPGA, enabling cross-monitoring and autonomous reset, thereby significantly enhancing the system’s fault tolerance and reliability in orbit. Experimental results demonstrate a substantial improvement in fault recovery, with the weighted mean recovery time reduced from 27.09 s to 1.56 s, a relative improvement of 94.25% compared to conventional methods. Ground-based environmental tests confirm the system’s stability and engineering viability under extreme space conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)

35 pages, 2985 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decarbonizing Coastal Shipping: Voyage-Level CO₂ Intensity, Fuel Switching and Carbon Pricing in a Distribution-Free Causal Framework

by Murat Yildiz, Abdurrahim Akgundogdu and Guldem Elmas

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020723 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Coastal shipping plays a critical role in meeting maritime decarbonization targets under the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) and the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS); however, operators currently lack robust tools to forecast route-specific carbon intensity and evaluate the causal benefits of fuel switching. This study developed a distribution-free causal forecasting framework for voyage-level Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) intensity using an enriched panel of 1440 real-world voyages across four Nigerian coastal routes (2022–2024). We employed a physics-informed monotonic Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) model trained under a strict leave-one-route-out (LORO) protocol, integrated with split-conformal prediction for uncertainty quantification and Causal Forests for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects. The model predicted emission intensity on completely unseen corridors with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 40.7 kg CO₂/nm, while 90% conformal prediction intervals achieved 100% empirical coverage. While the global average effect of switching from heavy fuel oil to diesel was negligible (≈−0.07 kg CO₂/nm), Causal Forests revealed significant heterogeneity, with effects ranging from −74 g to +29 g CO₂/nm depending on route conditions. Economically, targeted diesel use becomes viable only when carbon prices exceed ~100 USD/tCO₂. These findings demonstrate that effective coastal decarbonization requires moving beyond static baselines to uncertainty-aware planning and targeted, route-specific fuel strategies rather than uniform fleet-wide policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Maritime Logistics and Low-Carbon Transportation)

19 pages, 547 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Procrastination and Perceived Academic Achievement: The Mediating Role of Internet Addiction

by Maria Edita Huanambal-Pérez, Elias Javier Calixtro-Ruiz, Denis Frank Cunza-Aranzábal and Carlos D. Abanto-Ramírez

Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010106 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Academic achievement serves as a crucial indicator of quality within higher education. In this context, internet addiction and procrastination emerge as significant factors influencing student performance. However, existing literature has predominantly focused on objective and comparative metrics, such as grades, thereby limiting the exploration of the subjective dimension from the student’s perspective. This research aims to investigate the mediating role of internet addiction (IA) in the relationship between academic procrastination (AP) and self-perceived academic achievement (AA) among Peruvian university students. Employing an explanatory and cross-sectional design, data were collected from 525 university students aged 18 to 40 years, utilizing validated instruments such as the Internet Addiction Questionnaire, the University Academic Performance Scale, and the Academic Procrastination Scale. The findings revealed a negative influence of AP on AA (b = −0.385, p < 0.001, 95% CI [−1.457, −0.991]), a positive influence of AP on IA (b = 0.205, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.341, 0.886]), and a positive influence of IA on AA (b = 0.326, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.239, 0.441]). IA partially and competitively mediates 12.5% of the relationship between AP and AA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Education and Psychology)

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36 pages, 5408 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Risk-Informed Framework for Public Safety Around Dams

by Tareq Salloum and Ernest Forman

CivilEng 2026, 7(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng7010005 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a quantitative framework for assessing and managing public-safety
risks around dams. The framework integrates a hazard–event–objective–control structure
with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to transform qualitative judgments into
quantitative risk measures. Likelihoods, consequences, and overall risk are expressed on a
ratio scale, allowing results to be aggregated, compared, and communicated in monetary
terms. Probabilistic simulation accounts for uncertainty and generates outputs such as
Value-at-Risk (VaR), loss-exceedance curves, and societal F–N charts, providing a clear
picture of both expected and extreme outcomes. Optimization identifies control portfolios
that achieve the greatest risk reduction for available budgets. A hypothetical dam case
study demonstrates the framework’s application and highlights its ability to identify highvalue
safety investments. The framework offers dam owners and regulators a transparent,
data-driven basis for prioritizing public-safety improvements and supports both facilitylevel
(micro) and program-level (macro) decision-making consistent with international
risk-tolerability and ALARP principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Studies and Innovative Approaches to Sustainable Communities, Buildings, Cities and Infrastructure)

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14 pages, 2967 KB

Open AccessArticle

Kinetics of MM1.S Multiple Myeloma Cells in a 3D Polymer Particle Culture System with Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Bortezomib

by Shin Aizawa, Miyuki Yuda, Shuichi Hirai, Isao Tsuboi, Takashi Koike, Yoshihiro Hatta, Katsuhiro Miura and Masahiro Yasuda

Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19010122 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems use polymer particles with a bone marrow stroma cell feeder layer to reproduce a biostructural hematopoiesis state more effectively than in conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture methods. The 3D culture maintains normal hematopoiesis, resulting in prolongation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation, while the bone marrow stromal cells in the culture alter the growth of leukemic cells and protect them from anticancer agents. However, the effect of stromal cells on hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation and neoplastic cells, including leukemia, in 3D culture is still a point of contention. Methods: We assessed the mechanism of two different bone-marrow-derived stromal cells (i.e., MS-5 and Tst-4) with different characteristics by using a feeder layer in the 3D culture to compare their supportive action on leukemic cells, focusing on the role of 3D cultures constructed with bone marrow stromal cells in leukemic cell growth. Multiple myeloma cells are strongly related to stromal cells in their proliferation; hence, cloned MM1.S cells derived from multiple myeloma were cocultured in 3D, and their cell growth was examined. We also examined the effect of the antineoplastic agent bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, in the 3D culture system with a different stromal cell feeder. Results and Conclusions: When MM1.S myeloma cells were cultured with MS-5 stroma in 3D conditions, cell growth was found to be slow compared with that in 2D culture, as well as with those in both the 2D and 3D cocultures with Tst-4 stroma. Additionally, the MS-5 cells in the 3D culture protected the MM1.S cells from the cytocidal effect of the bortezomib treatment. Different MM1.S cell kinetics were observed depending on the stromal cells used, suggesting their inherent and complicated characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D and 3D Culture Systems: Current Trends and Biomedical Applications)

20 pages, 1258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Hydrogen Blending on High-Rise Building Gas Distribution Systems: Case Studies in Weifang, China

by Yitong Xie, Xiaomei Huang, Haidong Xu, Guohong Zhang, Binji Wang, Yilin Zhao and Fengwen Pan

Buildings 2026, 16(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020294 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Hydrogen is widely regarded as a promising clean energy carrier, and blending hydrogen into existing natural gas pipelines is considered a cost-effective and practical pathway for large-scale deployment. Supplying hydrogen-enriched natural gas to buildings requires careful consideration of the safe operation of pipelines and appliances without introducing new risks. In this study, on-site demonstrations and experimental tests were conducted in two high-rise buildings in Weifang to evaluate the impact of hydrogen addition on high-rise building natural gas distribution systems. The results indicate that hydrogen blending up to 20% by volume does not cause stratification in building risers and leads only to a relatively minor increase in additional pressure, approximately 0.56 Pa/m for every 10% increase in hydrogen addition. While hydrogen addition may increase leakage primarily in aging indoor gas systems, gas meter leakage rates under a 10% hydrogen blend remain below 3 mL/h, satisfying safety requirements. In addition, in-service domestic gas alarms remain effective under hydrogen ratios of 0–20%, with average response times of approximately 19–20 s. These findings help clarify the safety performance of hydrogen-blended natural gas in high-rise building distribution systems and provide practical adjustment measures to support future hydrogen injection projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Building Sector for Achieving Net Zero Emission by 2050)

30 pages, 6245 KB

Open AccessArticle

Learning to Engineer: Integrating Robotics-Centred Project-Based Learning in Early Undergraduate Education

by Pg Emeroylariffion Abas

Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010105 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Engineering programmes have been giving more weight to experiential learning, largely because many students still find it difficult to see how classroom theory connects to the work that engineers handle on the ground. With this in mind, a robotics-centred Project-based Learning (PBL) module was introduced to first-year general engineering students as part of the faculty’s engineering spine. The module asks students to design, build, and program small autonomous robots capable of navigating and competing in a set arena. Even a simple task of this kind draws together multiple strands of engineering. Students shift between sketching mechanical layouts, wiring basic circuits, writing code, testing prototypes, and negotiating the usual challenges that arise when several people share responsibility for the same piece of hardware. To explore how students learned through the module, a mixed-methods evaluation was carried out using survey responses alongside reflective pieces written by the students themselves. Certain patterns appeared repeatedly. Many students felt that their technical skills had grown, particularly in breaking down a messy problem into smaller, more workable components. Teamwork also surfaced as a prominent theme. Groups often had to sort out issues such as a robot veering off course due to a misaligned sensor or a block of code producing unpredictable behaviour. These issues were undoubtedly challenging for the students, but they also had a certain pedagogical flavour, with many students describing them as a source of frustration as well as a learning opportunity. Later iterations of the module may benefit from more targeted support at key stages. Despite the many challenges, robotics has been shown to be an attractive way for students to step into engineering practice. The project helped them build technical capability, but it also encouraged habits that matter just as much in real work, such as planning, communicating clearly, and returning to a problem until it behaves as expected. Taken together, the experience offers useful guidance for curriculum designers seeking to create early learning environments that feel authentic and manageable and for motivating students who are just beginning their engineering journey. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering Education: Innovation Through Integration)

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21 pages, 4327 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Data Fusion-Based Bearing Load Prediction Model for Elastically Supported Shafting Systems

by Ziling Zheng, Liang Shi and Liangzhong Cui

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020733 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

To address the challenge of bearing load monitoring in elastically supported marine shafting systems, a multi-data fusion-based prediction model is constructed. In view of the small-sample nature of measured bearing load data, transfer learning is adopted to migrate the physical relationships embedded in finite element simulations to the measurement domain. A limited number of actual samples are used to correct the simulation data, forming a high-fidelity hybrid training set. The system—supported by air-spring isolators mounted on the raft—is divided into multiple sub-regions according to their spatial layout, establishing local mappings from air-spring pressure variations to bearing load increments to reduce model complexity. On this basis, a Stacking ensemble learning framework is further incorporated into the prediction model to integrate multi-source information such as air-spring pressure and raft strain, thereby enriching the model’s information acquisition and improving prediction accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed transfer learning-based multi-sub-region bearing load prediction model performs significantly better than the full-parameter input model. Furthermore, the strain-enhanced Stacking-based multi-data fusion bearing load prediction model improves the characterization of shafting features and reduces the maximum prediction error. The proposed multi-data fusion modeling strategy offers a viable approach for condition monitoring and intelligent maintenance of marine shafting systems. Full article

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14 pages, 4978 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pressure Dependence of Pure Zirconium Liquid–Solid Phase Transition

by Lin Lang, Zhiyuan Xu, Kun Qian, Chang Li and Zhuoliang Yu

Metals 2026, 16(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16010078 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted at a cooling rate of 1.0 × 10¹¹ K/s to investigate the solidification mechanism of zirconium (Zr) under high pressure. Three distinct pressure-dependent regimes are identified: crystallization into a body-centered cubic (BCC) phase below 27.5 GPa, vitrification between 27.5 and 65 GPa, and crystallization into an A15 phase above 65 GPa. The volume change during crystallization is found to reverse at critical pressures of 5 and 103 GPa, and anomalous behavior is observed at the phase boundaries: at 27.5 and 65 GPa, the volume varies continuously despite a sharp drop in potential energy, whereas at 65 GPa, the volume decreases abruptly while the energy changes smoothly. Structural analysis indicates that evolution in the low-pressure regime is governed by atomic configurations extending to the second-neighbor shell, while at high pressures, nearest-neighbor interactions become dominant. This work clarifies the microstructure–pressure relationship during metallic solidification, providing insights into controlling phase transitions under extreme conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys)

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28 pages, 9738 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Evaluation of an Underactuated Rigid–Flexible Coupled End-Effector for Non-Destructive Apple Harvesting

by Zeyi Li, Zhiyuan Zhang, Jingbin Li, Gang Hou, Xianfei Wang, Yingjie Li, Huizhe Ding and Yufeng Li

Agriculture 2026, 16(2), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16020178 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

In response to the growing need for efficient, stable, and non-destructive gripping in apple harvesting robots, this study proposes a novel rigid–flexible coupled end-effector. The design integrates an underactuated mechanism with a real-time force feedback control system. First, compression tests on ‘Red Fuji’ apples determined the minimum damage threshold to be 24.33 N. A genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to optimize the geometric parameters of the finger mechanism for uniform force distribution. Subsequently, a rigid–flexible coupled multibody dynamics model was established to simulate the grasping of small (70 mm), medium (80 mm), and large (90 mm) apples. Additionally, a harvesting experimental platform was constructed to verify the performance. Results demonstrated that by limiting the contact force of the distal phalange region silicone (DPRS) to 24 N via active feedback, the peak contact forces on the proximal phalange region silicone (PPRS) and middle phalange region silicone (MPRS) were effectively maintained below the damage threshold across all three sizes. The maximum equivalent stress remained significantly below the fruit’s yield limit, ensuring no mechanical damage occurred, with an average enveloping time of approximately 1.30 s. The experimental data showed strong agreement with the simulation, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 5.98% for contact force and 5.40% for enveloping time. These results confirm that the proposed end-effector successfully achieves high adaptability and reliability in non-destructive harvesting, offering a valuable reference for agricultural robotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

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29 pages, 7062 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Clostridial Neurotoxins: Passage of the Intestinal Barrier and Targeting of Specific Neuronal Cells

by Michel R. Popoff

Toxins 2026, 18(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins18010035 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Clostridial neurotoxins, botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are potent toxins responsible for severe diseases, botulism and tetanus, respectively. BoNTs associate with non-toxic proteins (non-toxic non-hemagglutinin, hemagglutinins, and OrfXs), which protect BoNTs against acidic pH and protease degradation and facilitate BoNT passage through the intestinal barrier. TeNT enters motor neurons and undergoes a retrograde axonal transport until the target inhibitory interneurons in the central nervous system. BoNTs and TeNT recognize specific cell surface receptors which consist of complex sets of protein(s)-glycan-gangliosides and determine specific cell entry pathways. Recent data on structural and functional investigations of BoNT and TeNT receptors bring a better understanding of toxin trafficking in the host and entry into target neuronal cells, which is useful for the development of updated strategies of prevention and treatment of the corresponding diseases. Since clostridial neurotoxins, notably BoNTs, are important therapeutic tools, detailed knowledge of their activity opens the way of the development of engineered molecules for specific clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Toxins)

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19 pages, 699 KB

Open AccessArticle

Good Dietary Control Significantly Improves Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters and Liver Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—A Pilot Study

by Bogusława Luzak, Patrycja Szymańska and Marcin Kosmalski

Nutrients 2026, 18(2), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020222 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze dietary and lifestyle adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) under the care of a diabetes clinic. Methods: The study included two groups: patients under the close control of a dietitian (n = 50) who followed a standard (DD) or fiber-enriched diabetic diet (FD), and patients under the care of a diabetes clinic without close supervision of a dietitian (n = 50). Results: After 3 months, both DD and FD significantly improved metabolic control in the patients under the care of a dietitian. However, FD was slightly better compared to DD (BMI reduction by an average of 2.4% (95% CI: 1.6%; 3.1%) for DD vs. 4.8% (95% CI: 3.6%; 6.0%) for FD; waist circumference decreasing 2.0% (95% CI: 1.2%; 3.4%) for DD vs. 3.5% (95% CI: 2.6%; 4.3%) for FD, p < 0.01; glycemia reduction 19.9% (95% CI: 14.8%; 25.0%) for FD vs. 5.6% (95% CI: 1.9%; 9.3%) for DD, p < 0.001; GGTP activity reduction 35.7% (95% CI: 28.9%; 42.5%) for FD vs. 1.8% (95% CI: −15.2%; 18.3%) for DD, p < 0.001). In addition, only half of the patients without the close supervision of a dietitian declared adherence to the diet. Most respondents had a satisfactory level of nutritional knowledge, but the analysis indicates the weakly marked influence of the protective features of nutrition as well as evidence of the low contribution of an unhealthy diet. Conclusions: Considering the level of nutritional knowledge and low awareness of their health condition in many patients, visits to the doctor and brief nutrition education are not enough for dietary care in T2DM patients. A dietitian’s care is necessary to improve their health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietetic Care in Primary Care and Prevention)

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24 pages, 416 KB

Open AccessArticle

The EU–Mercosur Agreement: An Opportunity or a Threat to the Sustainability of the European and Polish Fruit and Vegetable Sector?

by Łukasz Zaremba and Weronika Asakowska

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020724 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study examines the potential implications of the EU–Mercosur free trade agreement for the Polish horticultural sector, with particular emphasis on sustainability, trade competitiveness, and structural complementarities between the regions. Drawing on production, trade, and demographic data for the EU, Poland, and Mercosur countries, the analysis evaluates the alignment of horticultural supply and demand structures, the degree of intra-industry exchange, and the economic conditions shaping bilateral trade. The research applies the Grubel–Lloyd index and a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) gravity model to assess the determinants of Poland’s horticultural exports to Mercosur. The results indicate that trade remains predominantly inter-industry, reflecting substantial differences in agricultural specialisation and regulatory frameworks. At the same time, rising income levels in Mercosur, together with selected product-level complementarities, indicate emerging export opportunities for Poland. Poland’s trade with the Southern Common Market remains mainly as inter-industry, with the greatest export potential concentrated in high-value-added processed goods. Divergent sustainability standards, particularly in pesticide use, environmental regulation, and carbon-intensive transport, pose structural challenges that may affect the competitiveness and environmental footprint of expanded trade. Overall, the findings provide evidence that closer integration with Mercosur may support export diversification, but requires careful alignment with the EU’s sustainability objectives to ensure resilient and environmentally responsible development of the horticultural sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

36 pages, 881 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Transformation, Strategic Alignment Capability, and Sustainable Competitive Advantage: The Case of the UAE

by Madhad Ali Said Al Jabri and Abdelmounaim Lahrech

Systems 2026, 14(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010073 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Firms globally are transforming digitally to enhance performance through building differentiated organizational capabilities within their digital ecosystem to maximize value. Drawing from the dynamic capability theory, this study aims to investigate the sources of sustainable competitive advantage, based on data from the UAE, by examining the impact of strategic orientations on firms’ survival through integrated strategic capabilities, adaptive marketing capability, and market ambidexterity. The choice of the UAE was based on two rational reasons. First, the adoption of new technologies is excelling in the UAE’s competitive environment especially AI, cloud, and data solutions across services industries, e.g., ICT, Telecom, Aviation, etc. Second, the government drives the digital economy to enhance the country’s positioning globally. Following a quantitative approach with a sample size of 185 service firms operating in the UAE, the study identifies how strategic orientations enable service firms’ long-term survival. Moreover, it assesses the moderating role of digital transformation between strategic orientations and sustainable competitive advantage through integrated strategic capabilities. Thus, it provides a better understanding of the dynamic capabilities of firms transforming digitally. The study revealed that strategic orientations positively enable the development of integrated strategic capabilities. The latter mediate significantly between strategic orientations and sustainable competitive advantage. It confirms that digital transformation is strengthening the relationship between strategic orientations and sustainable competitive advantage through the integrated strategic capabilities. The study contributes to evolving new forms of integrated strategic capabilities as sources for sustainable competitive advantage. It confirms the adaptive marketing capability and market ambidexterity integration and thus enriches the dynamic capability theory and ambidexterity theory body of knowledge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

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21 pages, 2312 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Hatching of Scylla paramamosain Embryos: Insights from Developmental and Transcriptomic Analyses

by Zhiqiang Liu, Qi Gou, Xueyang Wang, Wei Wang, Lingbo Ma and Keyi Ma

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020714 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Scylla paramamosain is a commercially important crab species widely cultured in China. However, artificial breeding remains limited by the high mortality of ovigerous females and asynchronous embryo hatching. In vitro embryo hatching has emerged as a promising alternative, yet its practical feasibility and underlying molecular mechanisms have not been systematically investigated. In this study, we examined the developmental characteristics of S. paramamosain embryos under different temperature regimes and hatching modes, evaluated embryo viability following maternal death, and compared transcriptomic profiles of Zoea I larvae between in vitro and maternal hatching. Our results demonstrated that temperature had a pronounced effect on embryogenesis and survival, with 27–30 °C identified as the optimal range for development and hatching. Both low and high temperature extremes markedly reduced embryo survival. Developmental trajectories were largely comparable between in vitro and maternal hatching, confirming the reliability and feasibility of the in vitro approach. Embryos collected within 4 h after maternal death exhibited high hatching success, whereas those obtained after 8 h failed to hatch. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 3505 differentially expressed genes, including 1933 upregulated and 1572 downregulated, which were significantly enriched in pathways related to cell cycle regulation, energy metabolism, immune defense, and ion transport. These findings implied that in vitro embryos could maintain developmental competence by stabilizing genomic integrity, reallocating energy resources, and activating stress responsive mechanisms. This study provides the first comprehensive evidence supporting the feasibility of in vitro embryo hatching in S. paramamosain and offers practical insights for optimizing temperature regimes, improving the utilization of maternal resources, and advancing large scale seedstock production in Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

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