Search Results (974)

This study reports the synthesis, characterization, DFT calculations and in vitro antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antiproliferative evaluation of La(III), Eu(III), and Gd(III) metal complexes with ampicillin. The compounds were characterized by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), indicating a 2:1 metal-to-ligand ratio with ampicillin, and likely, a coordination through carbonyl, carboxylic and β-lactam groups, with the general formula [Ln₂(L)(Cl)₅(H₂O)_x] (Ln = La(III), Eu (III), Gd (III), and x = 2 for La(III), 5 for Eu(III) and Gd(III), L-ampicillin anion). Antimicrobial studies showed activity against ampicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 15.6 µg·mL⁻¹) but no activity against Escherichia coli. In cytotoxicity studies, all complexes inhibited B16-F10 (murine melanoma) proliferation, with GI₅₀ values around 140 µg·mL⁻¹. Against U251 (glioma) cell line, only [Eu₂(L)(Cl)₅(H₂O)₅] exhibited cytotoxicity activity, GI₅₀ = 104 µg·mL⁻¹, and notably, [Eu₂(L)(Cl)₅(H₂O)₅] was active against MCF7 (breast carcinoma) with a GI₅₀ = 8.1 µg·mL⁻¹. However, all complexes exhibited high cytotoxicity in NIH-3T3 cells (GI₅₀ = 0.030–2.90 µg·mL⁻¹), indicating limited selectivity between normal and cancer cells. Nevertheless, except for the La complex, most compounds were less cytotoxic than doxorubicin, highlighting the need for further optimization to improve selectivity. Full article

Rare earth hafnates (RE₂Hf₂O₇; RE = La, Gd, Nd, Eu, etc.) with low thermal conductivity and excellent high-temperature stability are indispensable key materials in extreme environments and high-tech fields. In this work, a dense molten salt method (DMS) was developed for mass preparation of hafnate powders including La₂Hf₂O₇, Nd₂Hf₂O₇, Gd₂Hf₂O₇, Eu₂Hf₂O₇, and even (La_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Eu_0.2Gd_0.2)₂Hf₂O₇, which only allowed the trace salt volatilization, while the internal salt “micro-pools” significantly promoted the in-situ formation of target products at relatively lower temperatures. Using La₂Hf₂O₇ as an example, it could be successfully prepared at 1100 °C with 1:1 mass ratio of salt to reactant, both of which are much lower than those of traditional “powdery” molten salt method. Furthermore, only ~6 wt.% of salt loss was detected in current dense route, while it was as high as ~80 wt.% in the traditional one. A large-scale synthesis of RE₂Hf₂O₇ powder by DMS may be achievable by stacking these dense blocks in a tunnel kiln, suggesting its potential applicability and scalability toward industrial production. Full article

Four perovskite manganite samples, La_0.80Ag_0.20MnO₃ (LA), La_0.78Eu_0.02Ag_0.20MnO₃ (LEA), La_0.80Pb_0.05Ag_0.15MnO₃ (LPA), and La_0.77Eu_0.03Pb_0.05Ag_0.15MnO₃ (LEPA), were prepared by the Pechini sol–gel method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and a magnetic property measurement system. A systematic investigation was conducted into the individual effects of Eu and Pb doping, as well as their co-doping, on the microstructural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of the materials. The results show that all samples are mainly composed of a rhombohedral perovskite phase with the R$\overline{3}$c space group, accompanied by a trace amount of Ag. Addition of Eu³⁺ and Pb²⁺ induces lattice contraction and expansion, respectively. Under the same processing conditions, the average crystallite and particle sizes of the LEA sample (45.3 nm and 0.18 μm) are smaller than those of the other three samples (69.6~80.6 nm and 0.38~0.44 μm), indicating that the introduction of Eu alone suppresses crystallization ability, which can be avoided through Eu/Pb co-doping. All samples undergo a second-order ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition, and the Curie temperature T_C shifts to either lower or higher temperatures upon the introduction of Eu or Pb alone (from 310.8 K to 298.0 K or 318.0 K, respectively), which is attributed to the variation of the Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ double-exchange (DE) interaction resulting from the ionic size mismatch and lattice distortion. In the LPA sample, an additional contribution arises from the altered Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ ratio and enhanced DE interaction caused by the substitution of Pb²⁺ for Ag⁺. By modifying the Eu/Pb ratio, the T_C of the LEPA sample was tuned to 299.3 K, and its maximum magnetic entropy change was enhanced to 3.90 J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹ ($∆$H = 2 T). These results indicate that multicomponent synergistic regulation can improve the magnetocaloric performance of La-based perovskite manganites, providing a useful strategy for the development of room-temperature magnetic refrigeration materials. Full article

The Qingshankou Formation shales in the southeastern uplift of the Songliao Basin provide an ideal archive for constraining the controls of paleoenvironment on organic matter enrichment. Taking the shale succession at the Niaohexiang section of Binxian as the study object, we combined field sampling with TOC measurements, whole-rock X-ray diffraction, and major, trace, and rare earth element analyses. The strata are dominated by black shale and dark gray mudstone, with mineral assemblages composed mainly of clay, felsic, and carbonate minerals; argillaceous shale exceeds 60%. Normal alkanes display a post-peak distribution with C₂₇ as the dominant peak, low Pr/Ph ratios, and gammacerane index values of 0.18–0.26. Regular steranes are generally V-shaped, whereas some samples show high C₂₉ sterane contents and a reversed L-shaped pattern. Major elements are dominated by SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, trace elements such as Sr and Ba are relatively enriched, and rare earth elements show light REE enrichment with a pronounced negative Eu anomaly. These signatures indicate an upper-crustal felsic provenance and a continental island arc tectonic setting. Organic matter contents are low and derived mainly from terrestrial higher plants with minor aquatic input. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction suggests deposition in a freshwater to slightly brackish, semi-arid, anoxic-reducing shallow lacustrine setting with relatively low productivity, whereas dolostone formed under more saline, arid, and more productive conditions. Climatic fluctuations, salinity variations, and alternating redox states jointly controlled organic matter enrichment, and late-stage lacustrine salinization and anoxia associated with dolostone horizons enhanced organic matter preservation. Full article

Small long-lifetime pressurized water reactors (PWRs) impose higher requirements on the reactivity compensation capacity, power distribution control precision, and long-term burnup adaptability of burnable poisons due to their compact core volume and extended operational lifetime demands. Traditional experience-dependent design of burnable poison combinations struggles to balance multi-objective requirements and easily overlooks the compatibility of different burnable poison combinations, leading to issues such as uneven reactivity release, excessive fluctuations, or insufficient burnup depth in the designed schemes. To address these challenges, this study introduces the reference point-based non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-III) into the optimization design of burnable poison material combinations for small long-lifetime PWRs. Combined with deterministic methods, a multi-objective optimization model is established with core objectives, including controlling initial excess reactivity, reducing reactivity fluctuations, and improving burnup depth. The decision variables include the types of burnable poison materials, their combination ratios, the arrangement of poison-containing fuel plates, and the loading form of the burnable poisons. The calculation results show that the combination of Gd₂O₃ and B₄C exhibits the best comprehensive performance as burnable poisons; the combined application of Er₂O₃, Eu₂O₃, Sm₂O₃, ²³¹Pa, ²⁴¹Am, ²⁴⁰Pu, and ²³⁷Np requires further research in conjunction with core schemes; and Dy₂O₃ is not suitable as a burnable poison combination material. Full article

Nanosomes—lipid vesicles at the nanoscale—enable the encapsulation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic actives and are increasingly used as skin delivery systems in cosmetic products. Alongside nanoemulsions, polymer nanocapsules, and inorganic nanoparticles (e.g., TiO₂, ZnO, Ag), they can enhance solubility, stability, residence time, and local bioavailability while enabling controlled release. This review summarizes nanocarrier structures, preparation concepts, and skin penetration pathways (transepidermal intercellular/transcellular and transappendageal), and discusses formulation factors that modulate delivery. We highlight applications in UV protection, anti-aging, and fragrance retention, focusing on lipid-based systems (liposomes/nanosomes, ethosomes, niosomes). Safety considerations are critically appraised with reference to EU and FDA frameworks, including physicochemical characterization, dermal penetration, irritation/sensitization, and genotoxicity testing. While most data indicate limited penetration through intact skin for particles ≥20 nm, enhanced uptake may occur under specific conditions (very small size, barrier impairment, mechanical stress), warranting careful risk assessment. We conclude with regulatory and sustainability perspectives and outline research priorities for long-term toxicology, in-use exposure, and standardization of methods. Full article

Submarine volcanic-hosted iron oxide deposits are critical archives for reconstructing the interplay between hydrothermal activities and marine redox conditions, yet the genesis of these deposits remains controversial. Here, we present a comprehensive geochronological and geochemical study on the Shikebutai iron deposit in the Western Tianshan, northwestern China, to constrain the mineralization age, the source of iron, and deposit genesis. The stratiform-to-lenticular orebodies are hosted within the Late Carboniferous marine volcanic–sedimentary sequence of the Yishijilike Formation. The iron ores consist primarily of hematite and quartz, with minor siderite and barite, exhibiting massive to locally banded textures. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of the overlying andesite yields an age of 315.8 ± 1.5 Ma, consistent with the Sm–Nd isochron age of the iron ore samples (319 ± 26 Ma), precisely constraining the mineralization age to the Late Carboniferous (ca. 315–320 Ma). The geochemical compositions of the iron ore samples indicate negligible syn-depositional detrital contamination, as evidenced by low Al₂O₃ (<1.00 wt%) and TiO₂ (<0.20 wt%) contents. Low abundances of trace elements, including Sr (0.33–31.18 ppm), Hf (0.05–1.77 ppm) and Rb (1.49–39.02 ppm), further support the minimal detrital influence. Geochemical signatures, such as pronounced positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu = 1.62–7.12, mean 4.14), LREE enrichment ((La/Yb) _(PAAS) = 0.58–4.78), and near-chondritic Y/Ho ratios (mean 28.5), suggest a significant high-temperature (>250 °C) hydrothermal contribution. Moreover, the ε_Nd(t) values of iron ore samples (+1.99 to +2.93) are comparable to those of coeval andesites (+2.75 to +3.44) but exceed those of associated metasiltstones (+0.41 to +0.95), suggesting that ore-forming materials were derived from hydrothermal fluids leaching juvenile crust. The Shikebutai iron deposit exhibits geochemical and mineralogical similarities to modern Red Sea and East Pacific Rise metalliferous sediments, establishing the deposit as a product of active vent-proximal hydrothermal systems rather than marine chemical sediments such as banded iron formations. Full article

A structurally complex Paleozoic succession in southwestern Sinai hosts uranium and associated metals, and brittle deformation controls fluid flow and ore localization. The study integrates structural mapping with mineralogical, geochemical, and radiometric data to evaluate how fault architecture controls uranium and polymetallic mineral occurrences in the east Abu Zeneima area. Eleven representative samples were collected from major fault zones and host lithofacies, and 652 ground gamma-ray spectrometric measurements were acquired across mineralized localities and Paleozoic stratigraphic units. Heavy mineral separation, SEM–BSE/EDX, X-ray diffraction, and whole-rock geochemistry were used to identify ore and accessory phases and quantify their elemental composition. The middle carbonate member of the Um Bogma Formation is the primary host lithology and contains primary U dispersed within carbonaceous sandy dolostone and locally abundant secondary U phases coexisting with Cu–Fe–Mn phases and REE-bearing silicates and phosphates. Uranium enrichment (locally >2900 ppm eU) in the targeted anomalous samples shows a positive association with P₂O₅ and a weaker positive association with ΣREEs. Together with SEM–BSE/EDX and XRD identification of uranyl phosphates and REE-bearing accessory minerals, these observations suggest that phosphate-bearing secondary phases and REE-rich accessories locally contributed to uranium hosting. Seventy-four radioactive anomalies are predominantly associated with normal faults and are concentrated along fault cores and highly fractured downthrown blocks, especially along a NW–SE trend that forms the main mineralized corridor. The study findings emphasize the importance of fault zone architecture for targeting new uranium resources in Paleozoic basins. Full article

The West Kunlun represents one of the largest and most economically significant rare metal metallogenic belts in NW China. The newly discovered Dahongliutandong Li deposit is the first Li deposit identified within the Permian Huangyangling Group in this region, and its discovery has important implications for regional lithium exploration. In this study, whole-rock major and trace-element geochemistry and cassiterite U–Pb isotope data from both Li-poor and Li-rich pegmatites of the Dahongliutandong deposit were analyzed to constrain the mineralization age and tectonic setting. Geochemically, the pegmatites are characterized by high SiO₂ (70.57–78.50 wt%), low TiO₂, MnO, and MgO (<0.2 wt%), and strongly peraluminous signatures (A/CNK = 1.45–1.95). They exhibit coherent chondrite-normalized REE patterns with LREE enrichment and negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.03–0.77), along with consistent enrichment in LILEs (e.g., Rb, U, K) and depletion in HFSEs (e.g., Nb, Ti) on primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams, suggesting a common magmatic source or evolutionary path. Cassiterite U–Pb dating yielded consistent lower-intercept ages of 208 ± 11 Ma (MSWD = 0.86) for Li-poor pegmatites and 206 ± 5 Ma (MSWD = 1.7) for Li-rich pegmatites, both indicating Late Triassic mineralization. Combined with regional geology, these data suggest that Li mineralization was likely related to post-collisional extension following the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. This study provides new insights into regional rare metal mineralization in the West Kunlun orogenic belt. Full article

Low-cost air quality sensors enable dense urban monitoring networks but require calibration against reference-grade instruments. While machine learning calibration is well-established for co-located sensor pairs, applying these calibrations to sensors deployed far from any reference station—the operational reality for most network sensors—lacks systematic methodology. We address this gap using 24 months of hourly data (August 2023–July 2025) from Sofia, Bulgaria, where five official reference stations (Executive Environmental Agency) operate alongside 22 AirThings low-cost sensors, four of which are co-located. Random Forest models achieved $R^2\in (0.53,0.75)$ across PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and O₃, representing from 40% (for O₃) to 408% (for PM_2.5) improvement over Multiple Linear Regression baselines. Using leave-one-station-out spatial cross-validation, we derived pollutant-specific uncertainty growth rates ($\alpha$) from 3.84% to 5.62% per km, characterizing how calibration uncertainty increases with distance from reference stations (statistically significant for PM₁₀ and O₃, $p<0.05$). Applied to 18 non-co-located sensors, the framework generated 1.2 million calibrated hourly measurements with 95% prediction intervals over the study period. Co-location sites spaced 6 km apart achieve a less than 30% uncertainty increase at network midpoints, within EU Air Quality Directive thresholds for indicative monitoring. These empirically derived $\alpha$ parameters enable network planners to predict measurement reliability at arbitrary sensor locations without ground-truth validation, providing evidence-based guidance for cost-effective hybrid monitoring network design. Full article

Dahua in Guangxi is an important soft jade mining area in southern China. Despite this, research on the nephrite from this region, particularly on the coloring mechanism of black nephrite, remains limited. This study systematically investigates the gemological, mineralogical, and geochemical properties of black nephrite from Dahua. Petrographic analysis reveals that tremolite is the primary mineral, with clinochlore and apatite as associated minerals. Tremolite (SiO₂: 58.00 wt%; MgO: 24.75 wt%; CaO: 12.46 wt%) in Dahua nephrite is close to the theoretical values of tremolite. Chlorite thermometry indicates formation temperatures of 240 °C and 328 °C. Geochemical analysis of the samples shows enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs), flat heavy rare earth element (HREEs) patterns, and Ce and Eu anomalies. The Mg²⁺/(Mg²⁺ + Fe²⁺) ratio was below 0.06. In the c(Ca²⁺), c(Mg²⁺), and c(Fe²⁺ + Fe³⁺) ternary diagram, the amphibole plots close to the Dahua green nephrite, suggesting a similar genetic environment and supporting a contact metasomatic origin for the amphibole. Combined with the geological setting, mineralization was driven by hydrothermal fluids from diabase magma, which introduced Si and heat, with Ca and Mg being mobilized from the dolomitic limestone host rocks. These findings contribute to the understanding of nephrite formation in Dahua, distinguishing it from nephrite from other regions and providing a foundation for future studies on the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of nephrite. Full article

Background/Objectives: The medical mushroom Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Caterpillar Fungus), known for its ability to enhance “vitality,” is one of the most popular medicines in Asian traditional medical systems. According to the Chinese Pharmacopeia, O. sinensis is standardized for its adenosine content, the precursor of ATP, which mediates numerous physiological and pathological processes in many diseases. The related fungus of order Hypocreales, Cordyceps militaris, and its major bioactive constituents, 3′-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin), also exhibit pleiotropic biological activities. This review aims to provide a rationale for the adaptogenic and resilience-supporting effects of these medicinal fungi and to align food and drug regulation in Western countries. Methods: In this narrative review, we integrated results from chemical, pharmacokinetic, network pharmacology, preclinical, and clinical studies of O. sinensis, C. militaris, and cordycepin using network pharmacology and bioinformatics tools. Results: Across studies, recurrent mechanistic hubs included PI3K–Akt, AMPK–mTOR, MAPK, NF-κB, apoptosis, and adaptive stress-response signaling pathways, linking immune regulation and metabolic homeostasis. Experimental studies confirmed modulation of cytokine production, kinase signaling, and mitochondrial regulators. Clinical meta-analyses demonstrate consistent adjunctive benefits in renal and pulmonary disorders, although heterogeneity in preparation and methodological limitations remains significant. The review reveals controversy regarding the bioavailability of cordycepin in vivo and its concentration in vitro studies, raising the hypothesis that cordycepin may act as a driver, triggering the organism’s adaptive stress response in stress-induced and aging-related diseases. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that systemic cordycepin concentrations after oral administration remain in the nanomolar range, suggesting that some predicted molecular interactions may occur indirectly or through systems-level mechanisms. The review, for the first time, suggests establishing a regulatory category for resilience-supporting physiological modulators to align food and drug regulation in the EU with contemporary systems biology, thereby complementing the work of EFSA, EMA, FDA, and Asian authorities. Conclusions:O. sinensis, C. militaris, and 3-deoxyadenosine share a common adaptogenic mechanism for maintaining homeostasis of cellular and integrated biological system functions. The systems-level network analysis and reductionistic molecular ligand preceptor pharmacology provide complementary approaches for understanding the multi-target bioactivity of these fungi. This review clarifies conceptual and regulatory barriers to recognizing resilience-supporting interventions and informs future regulatory innovation. Full article

The Guposhan ore field, located in the Nanling metallogenic belt, is well known for large-scale Sn-W mineralization genetically linked to the Late Jurassic Guposhan pluton. The Lisong pluton, a product of regional magmatism, occurs in the central part of the Guposhan ore field. However, the critical factors responsible for the absence of intensive Sn polymetallic mineralization in the Lisong pluton remain poorly understood. Our geochronological results show that the coarse-grained hornblende-bearing and hornblende-free biotite monzogranites of the Lisong pluton were emplaced at 162.9 ± 1.5 Ma and 162.2 ± 2.3 Ma, respectively, which are contemporaneous with the Guposhan pluton. Geochemically, these intrusions are characterized by high SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and total alkalis (K₂O + Na₂O), high Ga/Al ratios (3.09–3.69), and peraluminous compositions (A/CNK = 1.15–1.23), consistent with high K calc-alkaline A-type granites. Similar to the adjacent Guposhan pluton, the Lisong granites yield variable _εHf(t) values from −3.0 to 5.7, apatite ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.69747–0.71190, and old two-stage Hf model ages (T_DM2) of 0.85–1.40 Ga. These features suggest that the Lisong and Guposhan granites may share a common magma source involving mixing of crustal and mantle-derived melts. Apatite grains from the Lisong granites display negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.03–0.22) and near-normal to positive Ce anomalies (δCe = 0.99–1.07), which we interpret to reflect plagioclase fractional crystallization and reduced melt conditions, respectively. Bulk rock geochemistry and multi-element systematics of the Lisong granites indicate that they represent early-stage magmatic products. Their relatively low differentiation signatures were unfavorable for Sn enrichment and mineralization in the melt, which likely explains the lack of intensive Sn polymetallic mineralization in the Lisong pluton. Full article

Glasses with compositions (52.5 − x/2)B₂O₃:(12.5 − x/2)SiO₂:25La₂O₃:5ZnO:5CaO:0.5Eu₂O₃:xWO₃, x = 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 20 (mol%) were prepared by conventional melt-quenching method and investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, DSC analysis, DR-UV-Vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Physical parameters like density, molar volume, oxygen molar volume and oxygen packing density were also determined. Their values, as well as DR-UV-Vis spectroscopy results, indicate that the tungstate ions incorporate into the base borosilicate glass as tetrahedral WO₄ and octahedral WO₆ groups. With increasing WO₃ content over 5 mol%, WO₆ units are progressively linked to each other by W-O-W bonds, leading to the formation of a more connected and homogeneous glass network. Glasses are characterized by a high glass transition temperature (over 650 °C) and good thermal stability. The emission intensity of the Eu³⁺ ion increases with the introduction of WO₃ due to the occurrence of non-radiative energy transfer from the tungstate groups to the active ion. The most intense luminescence peak observed at 612 nm suggests that the glasses are potential materials for red emission. Full article

We report, for the first time, waimirite-(Y) in Egypt. This is only the third reported occurrence of this mineral in the world. This observation arose during our study of the rare earth element (REE) mineralization associated with the Neoproterozoic rare-metal granite intrusion in Wadi Abu Rusheid in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The principal lanthanide and yttrium (Y) hosts in the area are waimirite-(Y) and bastnäsite-(Ce) in leucogranite and bastnäsite-(Y) in adjacent metasedimentary country rock. The leucogranite is a strongly fractionated, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous (A/CNK = 0.98–1.03), medium- to high-K calk-alkaline I-type granite. The metasediments are composed of upper greenschist to lower amphibolite-grade biotite schists with variable amounts of amphibole, graphite, and garnet. Leucogranite contains accessory Li-bearing mica, garnet, zircon, fluorite, and columbite in addition to the REE minerals. It is enriched by three orders of magnitude relative to primitive mantle in Li, Rb, Th, Ta, Nb, Pb, U, and Sn; relative to these highly enriched elements the concentrations of Sr, Ba, Ga, Zr, Hf, and Y are notably low. The REE patterns of most samples show strong enrichment in heavy relative to light REE but occasional samples have light REE-enriched patterns controlled by accessory REE minerals, and all display strong negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* ≤ 0.05). The whole-rock chemistry of the metasedimentary units are different; relative to average upper continental crust they show enrichments of one to two orders of magnitude in Li, Rb, Pb, Sn, Cs, and sometimes Cr and Zn. The REE patterns of the metasedimentary units are nearly flat, with some samples showing negative Eu anomalies. Waimirite-(Y), nominally YF₃, also contains several weight percent each of Yb, Dy, and Er. The empirical formula (based on one cation) is (Y_0.55Ce_0.02Pr_0.01Nd_0.02Sm_0.02Gd_0.02Dy_0.05Er_0.04Yb_0.05Th_0.05Ca_0.16Pb_0.01)_∑1.00(F_2.48O_0.52)_∑3.00. Bastnäsite-(Ce) in leucogranite samples, nominally Ce(CO₃)F, also has several weight percent each of Nd₂O₃ and La₂O₃. The REE host in metasedimentary rocks is bastnäsite-(Y), nominally Y(CO₃)F, but also rich in Nd₂O₃ (11–19 wt.%) and La₂O₃ (4–14 wt.%). It is intimately associated with fluorophlogopite. The geochemical, mineralogical, and textural evidence indicates that waimirite-(Y) and bastnäsite-(Ce) in leucogranite crystallized from granite-derived F- and CO₂-bearing hydrothermal fluids, whereas the source of Y for growth of the bastnäsite-(Y) in the metasedimentary rocks is unclear; the large negative Ce anomaly in bastnäsite-(Y) suggests an oxidizing supergene setting. Despite their proximity, if there is a genetic connection between the mineralization in the granite and in its country rocks, the relationship is not evident from elemental patterns or host mineralogy. Full article