Smart Battery Systems: Advanced Modeling, State Estimation, Prognostics and Control

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Guest Editor
Centre for E-Mobility and Clean Growth Research, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
Interests: batteries; battery management systems; machine learning; optimization and control; energy storage systems
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Batteries are deployed across a wide range of applications, such as portable electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary power storage systems, due to their high energy and power densities and long lifetime. With emerging technology such as artificial intelligence and blockchain technology, smart battery systems that integrate state-of-the-art battery hardware with advanced battery management processes are moving rapidly from a research field to a requirement for technology’s functionality. Advanced modeling, state estimation, prognostics, and control are the key parts of smart battery systems and contribute to extending battery lifetime and enhancing battery safety. This Special Issue is a dedicated outlet for up-to-date research on all aspects of advanced modeling, state estimation, prognostics, and control of smart battery systems. Manuscripts from cross-disciplinary fields, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, electrochemistry, power electronics, and thermal and mechanical technologies are warmly welcome. We would particularly like to encourage the submission of papers that bridge the gap between theoretical research and the practical deployment of batteries.

We invite the submission of original research, reviews, and perspective articles, and the topics of particular interest to us include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • The smart management of different batteries, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries, etc.
  • Advanced battery modeling.
  • Next-generation battery model parameterization techniques.
  • Battery state estimation: state of charge, state of power, temperature, and state of health.
  • Advanced thermal management: the cooling and heating of lithium-ion batteries.
  • Battery charging methods.
  • Battery degradation, faults, and safety management.
  • Battery diagnostics and prognostics.
  • Machine learning, big data, and battery fusion methods.

Dr. Haijun Ruan
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • battery
  • modeling
  • state estimation
  • control
  • machine learning
  • big data
  • diagnostics
  • prognostics
  • charging
  • thermal management
  • heating
  • cooling
  • safety management
  • health management

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 1544 KiB  
Article
Patent Analysis of the Electric Vehicle Battery Management Systems Based on the AHP and Entropy Weight Method
by Dan Wan, Ling Peng and Hao Zhan
World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(4), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16040218 - 5 Apr 2025
Viewed by 482
Abstract
With the rapid development of the electric vehicle (EV) industry, the importance of battery management systems (BMS) in ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of batteries has significantly increased. This study explores the technological development trends and market layout of EV BMS through [...] Read more.
With the rapid development of the electric vehicle (EV) industry, the importance of battery management systems (BMS) in ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of batteries has significantly increased. This study explores the technological development trends and market layout of EV BMS through patent analysis, focusing on patent quantity, geographic distribution, and technical classification. By integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight method, a patent value evaluation model was constructed to identify key patents and assess their quality across four dimensions: technical, market, economic, and legal. The results reveal that BMS patents are primarily concentrated in China, the United States, and South Korea, with major contributors including LG Energy Solution, BYD, and Hyundai. While BMS patent applications grew rapidly from 2015 to 2020, the pace has slowed since 2021, indicating a possible shift in market focus. The analysis identified 14 high-quality patents, mainly focused on battery safety and compactness, while fewer patents addressed battery lifespan extension and anti-interference capabilities. The study suggests that although significant progress has been made in BMS technology, there is still substantial room for innovation, particularly in areas such as battery lifespan management, charging efficiency, and intelligent energy scheduling. This research provides valuable insights for future technological innovation and market decision-making in the EV BMS sector. Full article
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26 pages, 4125 KiB  
Article
An RNN-CNN-Based Parallel Hybrid Approach for Battery State of Charge (SoC) Estimation Under Various Temperatures and Discharging Cycle Considering Noisy Conditions
by Md. Shahriar Nazim, Md. Minhazur Rahman, Md. Ibne Joha and Yeong Min Jang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(12), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120562 - 4 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1570
Abstract
With the increasing use of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electric vehicles (EVs), accurately measuring the state of charge (SoC) has become crucial for ensuring battery reliability, performance, and safety. In addition, EVs operate in different environmental conditions with different driving styles, which also [...] Read more.
With the increasing use of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electric vehicles (EVs), accurately measuring the state of charge (SoC) has become crucial for ensuring battery reliability, performance, and safety. In addition, EVs operate in different environmental conditions with different driving styles, which also cause inaccurate SoC estimation resulting in reduced reliability and performance of battery management systems (BMSs). To address this issue, this work proposes a new hybrid method that integrates a gated recurrent unit (GRU), temporal convolution network (TCN), and attention mechanism. The TCN and GRU capture both long-term and short-term dependencies and the attention mechanism focuses on important features within input sequences, improving model efficiency. With inputs of voltage, current, and temperature, along with their moving average, the hybrid GRU-TCN-Attention (GTA) model is trained and tested in a range of operating cycles and temperatures. Performance metrics, including average RMSE (root mean squared error), MAE (mean absolute error), MaxE (maximum error), and R2 score indicates the model is performing well, with average values of 0.512%, 0.354%, 1.98%, and 99.94%, respectively. The proposed model performs well under both high and low noise conditions, with an RMSE of less than 2.18%. The proposed hybrid approach is consistently found to be superior when compared against traditional baseline models. This work offers a potential method for accurate SoC estimation in Li-ion batteries, which has an important impact on clean energy integration and battery management systems in EVs. Full article
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