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Viruses
Special Issues
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Pathologies, Long COVID, and Anti-COVID Vaccines
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SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Pathologies, Long COVID, and Anti-COVID Vaccines

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Coronaviruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 1604

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jean-Marc Sabatier

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Institute of Neurophysiopathology (INP), Aix-Marseille University, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
Interests: antimicrobial peptides; antibacterial; antibiotics; structure-activity relationships; bacteriocins; drug design; peptide engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of the international scientific journal Viruses concerns the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the pathologies of COVID-19, and long COVID, as well as anti-COVID vaccines and their potential harmful effects on the human body (in particular, mRNA vaccines). All aspects are covered in this Special Issue, from the mode of action of the virus or the Spike protein, to the adverse effects concerning neurodegeneration, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders, autoimmunity, and cancers. The dysregulation of the renin–angiotensin system and the overactivation of the AT1R receptor by excess angiotensin-2, at the origin of COVID-19 pathologies or long COVID, are included in this Special Issue. Potential drug treatments can be discussed depending on the case.

Dr. Jean-Marc Sabatier
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • SARS-CoV-2
  • COVID-19
  • long COVID
  • anti-COVID vaccines
  • spikeopathy
  • renin–angiotensin system

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

17 pages, 390 KiB  
Article
The Role of Serum Prolidase Activity, MMP-1, MMP-7, and TGF-β Values in the Prediction of Early Fibrosis in Patients with Moderate to Severe COVID-19
by Didem Dogu Zengin, Dilek Ergun, Burcu Yormaz, Recai Ergun, Halil Guven, Muslu Kazim Korez, Halil Ozer, Ali Unlu, Baykal Tulek and Fikret Kanat
Viruses 2025, 17(7), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17070954 - 6 Jul 2025
Viewed by 361
Abstract
Background: This study aims to identify predictive factors for pulmonary fibrosis development in COVID-19 patients by analyzing thorax CT (computed tomography) findings, serum prolidase activity, MMP-1, MMP-7, TGF-β values, laboratory findings, and demographic characteristics. Materials and methods: The investigation involved 68 patients, both [...] Read more.
Background: This study aims to identify predictive factors for pulmonary fibrosis development in COVID-19 patients by analyzing thorax CT (computed tomography) findings, serum prolidase activity, MMP-1, MMP-7, TGF-β values, laboratory findings, and demographic characteristics. Materials and methods: The investigation involved 68 patients, both male and female, aged 18 years and older, who were volunteers and had been diagnosed with confirmed COVID-19. The pulmonologist and the radiologist evaluated the thorax CT by consensus. Patients were evaluated in two categories, group 1 and group 2, based on the status of fibrotic changes, and 3-month fibrosis scores were calculated. Findings in both lungs were calculated and noted for the lobes, considering lobar spread. Correlations between quantitative parameters were assessed with Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient. Comparisons between independent samples were evaluated using either the independent sample t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test. We evaluated the relationship between categorical variables using the Pearson chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: Serum prolidase activity, MMP-1, MMP-7, and TGF-β biomarkers were not statistically significant among groups. LDH was found to be significantly high in the group with fibrotic changes. Additionally, the group with fibrotic changes also had higher levels of fibrinogen. The percentage of neutrophils, the severity of the disease, muscle–joint pain and fatigue symptoms, and the length of hospitalization stay were correlated with the total scores of fibrosis at the third month. In the group with fibrotic changes, the duration of muscle–joint pain and fatigue symptoms and the length of hospitalization were longer than in the other group. Conclusions: The group with fibrotic changes showed an increase in biomarkers. However, this increase did not reach a statistically significant level, suggesting that the third month may be an early period for these changes. The group with fibrotic changes showed high levels of LDH, one of the most important laboratory parameters of pulmonary fibrosis risk factors, along with fibrinogen, suggesting that these parameters are valuable in predicting pulmonary fibrosis. Patients with fibrotic changes can experience specific symptoms, commonly seen in COVID-19. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Pathologies, Long COVID, and Anti-COVID Vaccines)
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