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14 pages, 1605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Tracking of the Origin of Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreaks in 2004 and 2018, Ecuador

by David Vasco-Julio, Dayana Aguilar, Alexander Maldonado, Euclides de la Torre, Maria Soledad Cisneros-Montufar, Carlos Bastidas-Caldes, Juan-Carlos Navarro and Jacobus H. de Waard

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(3), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030181 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1848

Abstract

The Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) is an arbovirus causing vesicular stomatitis (VS) in livestock. There are two serotypes recognized: New Jersey (VSNJV) and Indiana (VSIV). The virus can be transmitted directly by contact or by vectors. In 2018, Ecuador experienced an outbreak of [...] Read more.

The Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) is an arbovirus causing vesicular stomatitis (VS) in livestock. There are two serotypes recognized: New Jersey (VSNJV) and Indiana (VSIV). The virus can be transmitted directly by contact or by vectors. In 2018, Ecuador experienced an outbreak of Vesicular Stomatitis (VS) in cattle, caused by VSNJV and VSVIV, with 399 cases reported distributed over 18 provinces. We determined the phylogenetic relationships among 67 strains. For the construction of phylogenetic trees, the viral phosphoprotein gene was sequenced, and trees were constructed based on the Maximum Likelihood method using 2004 outbreak strains from Ecuador (GenBank) and the 2018 sequences (this article). We built a haplotype network for VSNJV to trace the origin of the 2004 and 2018 epizootics through topology and mutation connections. These analyses suggest two different origins, one related to the 2004 outbreak and the other from a transmission source in 2018. Our analysis also suggests different transmission patterns; several small and independent outbreaks, most probably transmitted by vectors in the Amazon, and another outbreak caused by the movement of livestock in the Andean and Coastal regions. We recommend further research into vectors and vertebrate reservoirs in Ecuador to clarify the mechanisms of the reemergence of the virus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenic Mechanism of Animal Viral Diseases)

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15 pages, 3034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Clinical, Pathological, Epidemiological and Molecular Investigation of Recent Outbreaks of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus in Domestic and Wild Small Ruminants in the Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates

by Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag, Abdelnasir Mohammed Adam Terab, Yassir Mohammed Eltahir, El Tigani Ahmed El Tigani-Asil, Nasereldien Altaib Hussein Khalil, Esamt Faisal Malik Gasim, Mohd Farouk Yuosf, Saeed Mohamed Saeed Al Yammahi, Asma Mohammed Amer Al Mansoori, Salama Suhail Mohammed Al Muhairi, Zulaikha Mohamed Abdel Hameed Al Hammadi, Asma Abdi Mohamed Shah, Majd Mohamed Azmi Naser Alherbawi, Mervat Mari Hassan Al Nuaimat, Oum Keltoum Bensalah and Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010056 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2303

Abstract

(1) Background: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious animal disease affecting small ruminants, leading to significant economic losses. There has been little published data on PPR virus (PPRV) infection in the United Arab Emirates (UAE); (2) Methods: four outbreaks reported [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious animal disease affecting small ruminants, leading to significant economic losses. There has been little published data on PPR virus (PPRV) infection in the United Arab Emirates (UAE); (2) Methods: four outbreaks reported in goats and Dama gazelle in 2021 were investigated using pathological and molecular testing; (3) Results: The infected animals showed symptoms of dyspnea, oculo-nasal secretions, cough, and diarrhea. Necropsy findings were almost similar in all examined animals and compliant to the classical forms of the disease. Phylogenetic analysis based on N gene and F gene partial sequences revealed a circulation of PPRV Asian lineage IV in the UAE, and these sequences clustered close to the sequences of PPRV from United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Iran; (4) Conclusions: PPRV Asian lineage IV is currently circulating in the UAE. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first study describing PPRV in domestic small ruminant in the UAE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenic Mechanism of Animal Viral Diseases)

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10 pages, 9610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two Multiplex PCR Methods for Detecting Several Pathogens Associated with Feline Respiratory and Intestinal Tracts

by Xiangyu Xiao, Xiangqi Hao, Bo Chen, Pei Zhou and Shoujun Li

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010014 - 26 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2404

Abstract

Respiratory tract and intestinal diseases are common threats to feline health. Coinfection with multiple pathogens is not rare among clinical infectious cases. Rapid diagnosis of these coinfections is of great significance for timely and effective clinical treatment. In this study, two novel multiplex [...] Read more.

Respiratory tract and intestinal diseases are common threats to feline health. Coinfection with multiple pathogens is not rare among clinical infectious cases. Rapid diagnosis of these coinfections is of great significance for timely and effective clinical treatment. In this study, two novel multiplex polymerase chain reactions (mPCRs) were established for simultaneous detection of four pathogens associated with the feline intestinal tract (feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline astrovirus (FeAstV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and feline kobuvirus (FeKoV)) and five pathogens associated with the respiratory tract (feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), Chlamydia felis (C. felis) and influenza A virus (IAV)). The results of sensitivity analysis revealed that the detection limits for FeKoV, FPV, FeAstV, FCoV, IAV, C. felis, FeLV, FHV-1 and FCV were 10³, 10⁴, 10³, 10³, 10³, 10⁴, 10⁴, 10⁵ and 10⁵ copies/µL, respectively. Moreover, the specificity of the two mPCRs was high. When the two mPCRs were applied to clinical samples, the assay worked well. In conclusion, we established two mPCR methods that provide an excellent tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of pathogens associated with the feline respiratory and intestinal tracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenic Mechanism of Animal Viral Diseases)

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9 pages, 963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Characteristics of Canine Adenovirus Type 2 Detected in Wild Raccoon Dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Korea (2017–2020)

by Yoon-Ji Kim, Sook-Young Lee, Young-Sik Kim, Eun-Jee Na, Jun-Soo Park and Jae-Ku Oem

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110591 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2458

Abstract

Adenovirus has been detected in a wide range of hosts like dogs, foxes, horses, bats, avian animals, and raccoon dogs. Canine adenoviruses with two serotypes host mammals and are members of the mastadenovirus family. Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) and canine adenovirus type [...] Read more.

Adenovirus has been detected in a wide range of hosts like dogs, foxes, horses, bats, avian animals, and raccoon dogs. Canine adenoviruses with two serotypes host mammals and are members of the mastadenovirus family. Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) and canine adenovirus type 2 (CAdV-2) cause infectious canine hepatitis and infectious bronchial disease, respectively. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of CAdV-1 and 2 in wild Nyctereutes procyonoides in Korea in 2017–2020 from 414 tissue samples, including the liver, kidney, lung, and intestine, collected from 105 raccoon dog carcasses. Only CAdV-2 was detected in two raccoon dogs, whereas CAdV-1 was not detected. Tissue samples from raccoon dogs were screened for CAdV-1 and CAdV-2 using conventional PCR. Adenovirus was successfully isolated from PCR positive samples using the Vero cell line, and the full-length gene sequence of the isolated viruses was obtained through 5’ and 3’ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The major genes of the isolated CAdV-2/18Ra54 and CAdV-2/18Ra-65 strains showed the closest relationship with that of the CAdV-2 Toronto A26/61 strain isolated from Canada in 1976. There is no large mutation between CAdV-2, which is prevalent worldwide, and CAdV-2, which is prevalent in wild animals in Korea. In addition, it is still spreading and causing infections. The Toronto A26/61 strain, which showed the most similarity to CAdV-2/18Ra-54, was likely transmitted to wild animals through vaccinated companion animals, suggesting that further research is needed on safety measures surrounding animal vaccination. This study provides information on the genetic characteristics and prevalence of canine adenovirus in domestic wild animals and provides a better understanding of canine adenovirus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenic Mechanism of Animal Viral Diseases)

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17 pages, 4653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Spread and Genetic Characterisation of a Recently Emerged Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Thailand

by Nutthakarn Suwankitwat, Tapanut Songkasupa, Prakit Boonpornprasert, Phurida Sripipattanakul, Sirin Theerawatanasirikul, Taweewat Deemagarn, Minta Suwannaboon, Orapun Arjkumpa, Noppawan Buamithup, Akkarapol Hongsawat, Sirima Jindajang, Nawakarn Nipaeng, Dilok Aunpomma, Lamul Molee, Kanokwan Puangjinda, Walaiporn Lohlamoh, Bandit Nuansrichay, Rawint Narawongsanont, Pipat Arunvipas and Porntippa Lekcharoensuk

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(10), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100542 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3028

Abstract

The emergence of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was first detected in north-eastern Thailand in March 2021. Since then, the abrupt increase of LSD cases was observed throughout the country as outbreaks have spread rapidly to 64 out of a total of [...] Read more.

The emergence of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was first detected in north-eastern Thailand in March 2021. Since then, the abrupt increase of LSD cases was observed throughout the country as outbreaks have spread rapidly to 64 out of a total of 77 provinces within four months. Blood, milk, and nodular skin samples collected from affected animals have been diagnosed by real-time PCR targeting the p32 gene. LSDV was isolated by primary lamb testis (PLT) cells, followed by Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, and confirmed by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of a skin lesion showed inclusion bodies in keratinocytes and skin epithelial cells. Phylogenetic analyses of RPO30 and GPCR genes, and the whole genome revealed that Thai viruses were closely related to the vaccine-derived recombinant LSDV strains found previously in China and Vietnam. Recombination analysis confirmed that the Thai LSDV possesses a mosaic hybrid genome containing the vaccine virus DNA as the backbone and a field strain DNA as the minor donor. This is an inclusive report on the disease distributions, complete diagnoses, and genetic characterisation of LSDV during the first wave of LSD outbreaks in Thailand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenic Mechanism of Animal Viral Diseases)

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8 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Detection of Equine Adenovirus 1 in Nasal Swabs from Horses in the Republic of Korea

by Sang-Kyu Lee, Jeechan Choi, Jungho Yoon, Jaemin Jung, Joon-Young Park, Jongyoung Park, Yeonjong Kim, Ji-Young Park and Dongsun Park

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(4), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9040187 - 13 Apr 2022

Viewed by 2613

Abstract

Equine adenovirus 1 (EAdV-1) can cause upper respiratory disease in horses and has been reported worldwide. In this study, and for the first time in Korea, the prevalence of EAdV-1 in equine nasal swabs was investigated using a PCR to identify potential risk [...] Read more.

Equine adenovirus 1 (EAdV-1) can cause upper respiratory disease in horses and has been reported worldwide. In this study, and for the first time in Korea, the prevalence of EAdV-1 in equine nasal swabs was investigated using a PCR to identify potential risk factors and examine the genetic diversity of its DNA sequences by a comparison with foreign strains. Nasal swabs collected from 359 horses reared at Korea Racing Authority facilities were tested using an EAdV-1 hexon-specific PCR and the associations between EAdV-1 infection and sex, age, region, breed, and activity were analyzed. Five samples (1.4%, 5/359) tested positive for EAdV-1; however, no statistically significant differences were observed with respect to any variable. Among the five EAdV-1-positive horses, a co-infection with equine influenza, equine herpesvirus 1 and 4, or Streptococcus equi was not detected; however, clinical respiratory signs were observed in one. Phylogenetic analyses based on partial EAdV-1 hexon gene sequences revealed that the Korean EAdV-1 isolates shared approximately 98.8–100% similarity among each other and with foreign strains. Three Korean isolates shared high similarity with strains from Australia and India and the remaining two isolates were separate in phylogenetic analyses. These findings highlight the molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of EAdV-1 in horses in Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenic Mechanism of Animal Viral Diseases)

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11 pages, 2311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Establishment of a Noninvasive Bioluminescence-Specific Viral Encephalitis Model by Pseudorabies Virus-Infected NF-κBp-Luciferase Mice

by Hui-Wen Lin, Meilin Wang, Pei-Jane Tsai, Yi-Ju Lee, Ming-Chang Hsieh, Dah-Yuu Lu, Wei-Li Hsu, Ming-Shiou Jan and Yuan-Yen Chang

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(3), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030113 - 3 Mar 2022

Viewed by 3113

Abstract

Encephalitis is a rare brain inflammation that is most commonly caused by a viral infection. In this study, we first use an in vivo imaging system (IVIS) to determine whether NF-κBp-luciferase expression could be detected in the brain of pseudorabies virus (PRV)-infected NF-κBp-luciferase [...] Read more.

Encephalitis is a rare brain inflammation that is most commonly caused by a viral infection. In this study, we first use an in vivo imaging system (IVIS) to determine whether NF-κBp-luciferase expression could be detected in the brain of pseudorabies virus (PRV)-infected NF-κBp-luciferase mice and to evaluate proinflammatory mediators in a well-described mouse model of PRV encephalitis. In in vitro studies, we used murine microglia (BV-2) cells to demonstrate the PRV-induced encephalitis model entailing the activation of microglia cells. The results indicate that PRV-induced neuroinflammation responses through the induction of IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS expression occurred via the regulation of NF-κB expression in BV-2 cells. In in vivo studies, compared with MOCK controls, the mice infected with neurovirulent PRV exhibited significantly elevated NF-κB transcription factor activity and luciferase protein expression only in the brain by IVIS. Mild focal necrosis was also observed in the brain. Further examination revealed biomarkers of inflammation, including inducible cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, both of which constituted proinflammatory cytokines. PRV infection stimulated inflammation and COX-2 and iNOS expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. The presented results herein suggest that PRV induces iNOS and COX-2 expression in the brain of NF-κBp–luciferase mice via NF-κB activation. In conclusion, we used NF-κBp-luciferase mice to establish a specific virus-induced encephalitis model via PRV intranasal infection. In the future, this in vivo model will provide potential targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies focusing on NF-κB inflammatory biomarkers and the development of drugs for viral inflammatory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenic Mechanism of Animal Viral Diseases)

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9 pages, 1537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency Comparison of a Novel E2 Subunit Vaccine and a Classic C-Strain Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever

by Pei Zhou, Junming Huang, Yanchao Li, Hui Chen, Yidan Wu, Xueying Fu, Xiangqi Hao, Qi Li, Rongyu Zeng and Guihong Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2021, 8(8), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8080148 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2905

Abstract

Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most important viral diseases in swine, causing severe economic losses in the swine industry. In China, CSF is one of the key diseases that needs to be controlled; the government has implemented control measures, and [...] Read more.

Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most important viral diseases in swine, causing severe economic losses in the swine industry. In China, CSF is one of the key diseases that needs to be controlled; the government has implemented control measures, and vaccination with C-strain vaccines (C-vacs) has been compulsory since the 1950s. C-vacs do not allow the differentiation of field virus-infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). In 2012, China proposed a goal of eradicating CSF. Additionally, a baculovirus-expressed E2 subunit vaccine (E2-vac) was licensed in 2018. However, the C-vac and E2-vac characteristics have not been compared. Here, we demonstrate that both the C-vac and E2-vac provide complete protection against CSF in pigs. The E2-vac allows DIVA, and the E2 antibody responses of stimulated pigs are developed earlier and are stronger than the C-vac antibody responses. Therefore, the E2-vac is a new candidate licensed vaccine to completely eradicate CSF on pig farms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenic Mechanism of Animal Viral Diseases)

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8 pages, 1339 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Genetic Analysis of Torque Teno Canis Virus Identified in Republic of Korea

by Da-Yoon Kim, Hee-Seop Ahn, Sang-Hoon Han, Hyeon-Jeong Go, Dong-Hwi Kim, Jae-Hyeong Kim, Joong-Bok Lee, Seung-Yong Park, Chang-Seon Song, Sang-Won Lee and In-Soo Choi

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(12), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9120693 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1466

Abstract

Torque teno canis virus (TTCaV) is an approximately 2.8 kb circular single-stranded DNA virus known to cause infections in dogs. However, its incidence in Republic of Korea remains unknown. In this study, 135 dog fecal samples were collected to determine TTCaV infection status [...] Read more.

Torque teno canis virus (TTCaV) is an approximately 2.8 kb circular single-stranded DNA virus known to cause infections in dogs. However, its incidence in Republic of Korea remains unknown. In this study, 135 dog fecal samples were collected to determine TTCaV infection status in Republic of Korea. Based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, 13 of 135 (9.6%) dogs tested positive for TTCaV. Three full-length genome sequences (GenBank IDs: MZ503910, MZ503911, and MZ503912) were obtained from the positive specimens. Phylogenetic tree construction and sequence identity, similarity plot, and recombination analyses were performed using these three full-length genomic sequences. Among the three full-length genomes, MZ503912 was determined to be a recombinant virus based on analysis with the reference TTCaV strains. This novel virus strain might have been generated by recombination between TTCaV strain KX827768 discovered in China and MZ503910 discovered in Republic of Korea. This is the first report to determine the incidence, genetic variation, and recombination of TTCaV in dogs in Republic of Korea. Further studies are needed to elucidate TTCaV pathogenesis in dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenic Mechanism of Animal Viral Diseases)

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