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Vaccines
Special Issues
The Immune Response to Viral Infection
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The Immune Response to Viral Infection

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines against Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2023) | Viewed by 10097

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kelsey E. Lesteberg

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medicine, Beckham Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
Interests: T cell responses to viral infection; emerging infectious diseases; neuroinvasive viruses
Dr. Lakshmi Chauhan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medicine, Beckham Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
Interests: immunological response to respiratory viral infections; emerging infections; HIV; infections in immunocompromised hosts and neurological infectious disease

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to submit to the Special Issue of Vaccines entitled “The Immune Response to Viral Infection”.

This Special Issue aims to highlight the latest data regarding the innate and adaptive immune responses to emerging viral infections and viral infections of special concern.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • The innate or adaptive immune response to viral infection in humans or in animal models;
  • Mechanisms contributing to immune control of viral infection;
  • Correlates of protection against severe viral disease or determinants of disease severity;
  • Organ-specific immune responses during viral infection;
  • Immune responses to vaccines against emerging viruses and other viruses of concern.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Kelsey E. Lesteberg
Dr. Lakshmi Chauhan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adaptive immunity
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • vaccines
  • antibodies

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

10 pages, 2434 KiB  
Communication
Humoral Responses against BQ.1.1 Elicited after Breakthrough Infection and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination
by Alexandra Tauzin, Mehdi Benlarbi, Halima Medjahed, Yves Grégoire, Josée Perreault, Gabrielle Gendron-Lepage, Laurie Gokool, Chantal Morrisseau, Pascale Arlotto, Cécile Tremblay, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Valérie Martel-Laferrière, Inès Levade, Marceline Côté, Gaston De Serres, Renée Bazin and Andrés Finzi
Vaccines 2023, 11(2), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020242 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1978
Abstract
The Omicron BQ.1.1 variant is now the major SARS-CoV-2 circulating strain in many countries. Because of the many mutations present in its Spike glycoprotein, this variant is resistant to humoral responses elicited by monovalent mRNA vaccines. With the goal to improve immune responses [...] Read more.
The Omicron BQ.1.1 variant is now the major SARS-CoV-2 circulating strain in many countries. Because of the many mutations present in its Spike glycoprotein, this variant is resistant to humoral responses elicited by monovalent mRNA vaccines. With the goal to improve immune responses against Omicron subvariants, bivalent mRNA vaccines have recently been approved in several countries. In this study, we measure the capacity of plasma from vaccinated individuals, before and after a fourth dose of mono- or bivalent mRNA vaccine, to recognize and neutralize the ancestral (D614G) and the BQ.1.1 Spikes. Before and after the fourth dose, we observe a significantly better recognition and neutralization of the ancestral Spike. We also observe that fourth-dose vaccinated individuals who have been recently infected better recognize and neutralize the BQ.1.1 Spike, independently of the mRNA vaccine used, than donors who have never been infected or have an older infection. Our study supports that hybrid immunity, generated by vaccination and a recent infection, induces higher humoral responses than vaccination alone, independently of the mRNA vaccine used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Immune Response to Viral Infection)
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8 pages, 634 KiB  
Communication
A Simple Epidemiologic Model for Predicting Impaired Neutralization of New SARS-CoV-2 Variants
by Giuseppe Lippi, Brandon M. Henry and Mario Plebani
Vaccines 2023, 11(1), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010128 - 5 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
This study is aimed at developing a simple epidemiologic model that could help predict the impaired neutralization of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. We explored the potential association between neutralization of recent and more prevalent SARS-CoV-2 sublineages belonging to the Omicron family (i.e., BA.4/5, BA.4.6, [...] Read more.
This study is aimed at developing a simple epidemiologic model that could help predict the impaired neutralization of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. We explored the potential association between neutralization of recent and more prevalent SARS-CoV-2 sublineages belonging to the Omicron family (i.e., BA.4/5, BA.4.6, BA.2.75.2, BQ.1.1 and XBB.1) expressed as FFRNT50 (>50% suppression of fluorescent foci fluorescent focus reduction neutralization test) in recipients of four doses of monovalent mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, with epidemiologic variables like emergence date and number of spike protein mutations of these sublineages, cumulative worldwide COVID-19 cases and cumulative number of COVID-19 vaccine doses administered worldwide at the time of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineage emergence. In the univariate analysis, the FFRNT50 value for the different SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages was significantly associated with all such variables except with the number of spike protein mutations. Such associations were confirmed in the multivariate analysis, which enabled the construction of the equation: “−0.3917 × [Emergence (date)] + 1.403 × [COVID-19 cases (million)] − 121.8 × [COVID-19 Vaccine doses (billion)] + 18,250”, predicting the FFRNT50 value of the five SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages with 0.996 accuracy (p = 0.013). We have shown in this work that a simple mathematical approach, encompassing a limited number of widely available epidemiologic variables, such as emergence date of new variants and number of COVID-19 cases and vaccinations, could help identifying the emergence and surge of future lineages with major propensity to impair humoral immunity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Immune Response to Viral Infection)
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15 pages, 3272 KiB  
Article
A Monovalent Mt10-CVB3 Vaccine Prevents CVB4-Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice
by Mahima T. Rasquinha, Ninaad Lasrado, Meghna Sur, Kiruthiga Mone, Haowen Qiu, Jean-Jack Riethoven, Raymond A. Sobel and Jay Reddy
Vaccines 2023, 11(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010076 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2961
Abstract
Enteroviruses, which include Coxsackieviruses, are a common cause of virus infections in humans, and multiple serotypes of the group B Coxsackievirus (CVB) can induce similar diseases. No vaccines are currently available to prevent CVB infections because developing serotype-specific vaccines is not practical. Thus, [...] Read more.
Enteroviruses, which include Coxsackieviruses, are a common cause of virus infections in humans, and multiple serotypes of the group B Coxsackievirus (CVB) can induce similar diseases. No vaccines are currently available to prevent CVB infections because developing serotype-specific vaccines is not practical. Thus, developing a vaccine that induces protective immune responses for multiple serotypes is desired. In that direction, we created a live-attenuated CVB3 vaccine virus, designated mutant (Mt)10, that offers protection against myocarditis and pancreatitis induced by CVB3 and CVB4 in disease-susceptible A/J mice. Here, we report that the Mt10 vaccine protected against CVB4-triggered type 1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice but the expected subsequent development of spontaneous T1D in these genetically predisposed NOD mice was not altered. We noted that Mt10 vaccine induced significant amounts of neutralizing antibodies, predominantly of the IgG2c isotype, and the virus was not detected in vaccine-challenged animals. Furthermore, monitoring blood glucose levels—and to a lesser extent, insulin antibodies—was found to be helpful in predicting vaccine responses. Taken together, our data suggest that the monovalent Mt10 vaccine has the potential to prevent infections caused by multiple CVB serotypes, as we have demonstrated in various pre-clinical models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Immune Response to Viral Infection)
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Review

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22 pages, 1123 KiB  
Review
Vaccines against Group B Coxsackieviruses and Their Importance
by Kiruthiga Mone, Ninaad Lasrado, Meghna Sur and Jay Reddy
Vaccines 2023, 11(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020274 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3005
Abstract
The group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs) exist in six serotypes (CVB1 to CVB6). Disease associations have been reported for most serotypes, and multiple serotypes can cause similar diseases. For example, CVB1, CVB3, and CVB5 are generally implicated in the causation of myocarditis, whereas CVB1 [...] Read more.
The group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs) exist in six serotypes (CVB1 to CVB6). Disease associations have been reported for most serotypes, and multiple serotypes can cause similar diseases. For example, CVB1, CVB3, and CVB5 are generally implicated in the causation of myocarditis, whereas CVB1 and CVB4 could accelerate the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Yet, no vaccines against these viruses are currently available. In this review, we have analyzed the attributes of experimentally tested vaccines and discussed their merits and demerits or limitations, as well as their impact in preventing infections, most importantly myocarditis and T1D. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Immune Response to Viral Infection)
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