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Vaccines
Special Issues
Development of Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections
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Development of Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines against Tropical and other Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2025 | Viewed by 4013

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. John Hwa Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
Interests: veterinary vaccines; delivery systems; Salmonella vector vaccines; Salmonella in cancer therapy; oral mRNA vaccine; Salmonella pathophysiology; Salmonella mediated immunotherapy; antibacterial-antiviral peptides and drugs
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Amal Senevirathne

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
Interests: veterinary vaccines; delivery systems; Salmonella vector vaccines; Salmonella in cancer therapy; oral mRNA vaccine; Salmonella pathophysiology; Salmonella mediated immunotherapy; antibacterial-antiviral
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Special Issue titled "Development of Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections" aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in the field of vaccine development against bacterial infections. Bacterial infections continue to pose significant challenges to public health worldwide, with the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The re-emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases during the post-antibiotic era highlights the urgent need for novel vaccine strategies. This Special Issue will cover a wide range of topics related to bacterial vaccine development, including advances in vaccine design, mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis, the preclinical and clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates, the use of bacteria in vaccine development, and strategies for vaccine delivery and formulation. Contributions from leading researchers and experts in the field will provide insights into the latest scientific advancements, challenges, and opportunities in the development of vaccines against bacterial infections. The goal of this Special Issue is to foster collaboration and knowledge exchange among scientists, clinicians, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to accelerate the development of effective vaccines that can mitigate the burden of bacterial diseases and improve global health outcomes.

Prof. Dr. John Hwa Lee
Prof. Dr. Amal Senevirathne
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • novel vaccine formulations
  • bacterial pathogenesis mechanisms
  • immunogenicity assessment
  • vaccine efficacy studies
  • next-generation vaccine platforms
  • targeted antigen design
  • novel adjuvants
  • vaccine clinical trials
  • vaccine delivery systems
  • vaccine cross-protection

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 14428 KiB  
Article
Bivalent Oral Vaccine Using Attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum Delivering HA and NA-M2e Confers Dual Protection Against H9N2 Avian Influenza and Fowl Typhoid in Chickens
by Muhammad Bakhsh, Amal Senevirathne, Jamal Riaz, Jun Kwon, Ram Prasad Aganja, Jaime C. Cabarles, Jr., Sang-Ik Oh and John Hwa Lee
Vaccines 2025, 13(8), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080790 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 454
Abstract
Background: Fowl typhoid (FT), a septicemic infection caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), and H9N2 avian influenza are two economically important diseases that significantly affect the global poultry industry. Methods: We exploited the live attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) mutant JOL3062 (SG: ∆lon ∆ [...] Read more.
Background: Fowl typhoid (FT), a septicemic infection caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), and H9N2 avian influenza are two economically important diseases that significantly affect the global poultry industry. Methods: We exploited the live attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) mutant JOL3062 (SG: ∆lon ∆pagL ∆asd) as a delivery system for H9N2 antigens to induce an immunoprotective response against both H9N2 and FT. To enhance immune protection against H9N2, a prokaryotic and eukaryotic dual expression plasmid, pJHL270, was employed. The hemagglutinin (HA) consensus sequence from South Korean avian influenza A virus (AIV) was cloned under the Ptrc promoter for prokaryotic expression, and the B cell epitope of neuraminidase (NA) linked with matrix protein 2 (M2e) was placed for eukaryotic expression. In vitro and in vivo expressions of the H9N2 antigens were validated by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results: Oral immunization with JOL3121 induced a significant increase in SG and H9N2-specific serum IgY and cloacal swab IgA antibodies, confirming humoral and mucosal immune responses. Furthermore, FACS analysis showed increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations. On day 28 post-immunization, there was a substantial rise in the hemagglutination inhibition titer in the immunized birds, demonstrating neutralization capabilities of immunization. Both IFN-γ and IL-4 demonstrated a significant increase, indicating a balance of Th1 and Th2 responses. Intranasal challenge with the H9N2 Y280 strain resulted in minimal to no clinical signs with significantly lower lung viral titer in the JOL3121 group. Upon SG wildtype challenge, the immunized birds in the JOL3121 group yielded 20% mortality, while 80% mortality was recorded in the PBS control group. Additionally, bacterial load in the spleen and liver was significantly lower in the immunized birds. Conclusions: The current vaccine model, designed with a host-specific pathogen, SG, delivers a robust immune boost that could enhance dual protection against FT and H9N2 infection, both being significant diseases in poultry, as well as ensure public health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections)
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Review

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16 pages, 654 KiB  
Review
Engaging Broader Stakeholders to Accelerate Group A Streptococcus Vaccine Development
by Dechuan Kong, Hao Pan, Huanyu Wu and Jian Chen
Vaccines 2025, 13(7), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070734 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 821
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) imposes a significant global health burden across all age groups, annually causing over 600 million cases of pharyngitis and more than 18 million severe invasive infections or sequelae. The resurgence of scarlet fever globally and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome [...] Read more.
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) imposes a significant global health burden across all age groups, annually causing over 600 million cases of pharyngitis and more than 18 million severe invasive infections or sequelae. The resurgence of scarlet fever globally and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) outbreaks in Japan have brought GAS infections back into the spotlight as a pressing global health concern. Unfortunately, no licensed vaccine against GAS is yet available for clinical use. Our comprehensive review examines the developmental history of GAS vaccines, outlining the research trajectory from early inactivated vaccines to contemporary multivalent, conjugate, multi-antigen, and mRNA-based vaccine platforms. It systematically analyzes clinical trial outcomes of GAS vaccines, highlighting recent advances in both M protein-based and non-M protein vaccine candidates while summarizing promising target antigens. The review concludes with critical strategies to accelerate vaccine commercialization, including enhanced investment in research and development, expanded collaborations, leveraging advanced vaccine technologies, streamlined clinical trials, and strengthened public health advocacy. This review critically evaluates the current evidence and future prospects in GAS vaccine development, emphasizing innovative strategies and engaging broader stakeholders to accelerate GAS vaccine development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections)
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26 pages, 2074 KiB  
Review
Q Fever Vaccines: Unveiling the Historical Journey and Contemporary Innovations in Vaccine Development
by Magdalini Christodoulou and Dimitrios Papagiannis
Vaccines 2025, 13(2), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020151 - 31 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2196
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii that presents significant challenges for global public health control. Current prevention relies primarily on the whole-cell vaccine “Q-VAX”, which despite its effectiveness, faces important limitations including pre-screening requirements and [...] Read more.
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii that presents significant challenges for global public health control. Current prevention relies primarily on the whole-cell vaccine “Q-VAX”, which despite its effectiveness, faces important limitations including pre-screening requirements and reactogenicity issues in previously sensitized individuals. This comprehensive review examines the complex interplay between pathogen characteristics, host immune responses, and vaccine development strategies. We analyze recent advances in understanding C. burnetii’s molecular pathogenesis and host–pathogen interactions that have informed vaccine design. The evolution of vaccine approaches is evaluated, from traditional whole-cell preparations to modern subunit, DNA, and multi-epitope designs. Particular attention is given to innovative technologies, including reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics, that have enabled the identification of novel antigenic targets. Recent clinical data demonstrating the safety and immunogenicity of next-generation vaccine candidates are presented, alongside manufacturing and implementation considerations. While significant progress has been made in overcoming the limitations of first-generation vaccines, challenges remain in optimizing immunogenicity while ensuring safety across diverse populations. This review provides a critical analysis of current evidence and future directions in Q fever vaccine development, highlighting promising strategies for achieving more effective and broadly applicable vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections)
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