Influenza Virus Infections, Vaccines and Diagnosis

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Influenza Virus Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 March 2026 | Viewed by 2307

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, MI, Italy
Interests: influenza virus; monoclonal antibodies; vaccines; hepatitis C virus; HIV; JCV

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Pomona Ricerca S.r.l., 10122 Torino, Italy
Interests: influenza virus; monoclonal antibodies; vaccines; hepatitis C virus; HIV; JCV

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Despite seasonal vaccinations being an effective strategy for prevention, the influenza virus remains a significant public health issue, causing 3 to 5 million severe cases and up to 650,000 deaths each year. Concern arises from the virus’s ability to mutate and undergo genetic rearrangement, which leads to antigenic drift, antigenic shift, and spillovers from animal reservoirs. A notable example is the ongoing H5N1 avian influenza outbreak, which has resulted in widespread infections among poultry, wild birds, and mammals, including humans, and poses an increasing risk through human-to-human transmission. Although extensive research has been conducted on the influenza virus and vast amounts of data have been collected, critical gaps still need to be addressed in order to find a conclusive solution for this infection.

In this Special Issue, we encourage the submission of papers—such as research articles, case reports, and reviews—focused on recent advances in the field. We particularly welcome studies that examine host–pathogen relationships and the dynamics of innate and adaptive immune responses. We are also interested in developing novel and broadly effective prophylactic or therapeutic approaches to treat influenza.

Dr. Roberta Antonia Diotti
Dr. Isabel Pagani
Valeria Caputo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • influenza
  • avian influenza
  • monoclonal antibodies
  • vaccine
  • therapy
  • infection

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 1896 KB  
Article
Extended Heterosubtypic Neutralization and Preclinical Model In Vivo Protection from Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 Influenza Virus Infection by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies
by Valeria Caputo, Martina Libera, Yailin Campos Mota, Kaito Nagashima, Ana Maria Moreno Martin, Claudia Maria Trombetta, Francesca Dapporto, Jarrod J. Mousa, Emanuele Montomoli, Giuseppe A. Sautto and Roberta Antonia Diotti
Vaccines 2026, 14(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010071 - 8 Jan 2026
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Abstract
Background/Objective: The influenza virus remains one of the most prevalent respiratory pathogens, posing significant global health and economic challenges. According to the World Health Organization, the seasonal influenza virus infects up to 1 billion people and causes up to 650,000 deaths, annually. [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: The influenza virus remains one of the most prevalent respiratory pathogens, posing significant global health and economic challenges. According to the World Health Organization, the seasonal influenza virus infects up to 1 billion people and causes up to 650,000 deaths, annually. Despite influenza vaccination is the most effective available preventive strategy, its reliance on strain predictions and yearly updates limits its effectiveness. The virus’ ability to cause both epidemics and pandemics, driven by zoonotic transmissions, underscores its continuous threat. The ongoing H5N1 avian influenza outbreak is the perfect example, renewing concerns due to its ability to infect over 70 mammalian species and sporadically transmit to humans. This study aims to evaluate the protective potential of two human monoclonal antibodies against diverse and recent influenza virus strains. Method: PN-SIA28 and PN-SIA49 monoclonal antibodies were previously isolated from an individual undergoing seasonal influenza vaccination and with no known recent influenza virus exposure. Their breadth of recognition, neutralization, and conferred in vivo protection were assessed against multiple influenza viruses, including pre-pandemic strains. Structural analyses were performed to characterize antibody–antigen interactions for epitope identification. Results: Both antibodies recognize a broad range of strains and neutralize pre-pandemic avian influenza viruses, including the currently circulating H5N1 clade. Moreover, a structural analysis revealed that PN-SIA49 binds a conserved HA stem region, overlapping with epitopes recognized by other broadly neutralizing antibodies. Conclusions: These findings underscore the potential of broadly neutralizing antibodies as a basis for universal influenza countermeasures against both seasonal and pandemic threats. Additionally, they provide guidance for the design of targeted vaccine strategies to steer immune responses toward broadly protective epitopes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influenza Virus Infections, Vaccines and Diagnosis)
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17 pages, 3922 KB  
Article
Evolution and Vaccine Strain Match of HA and NA Genes of Influenza A/H3N2 Subtype in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2020–2023
by Noorah A. Alkubaisi, Ibrahim M. Aziz, Mohamed A. Farrag, Reem M. Aljowaie, Asma N. Alsaleh, Fatimah N. Alanazi and Fahad N. Almajhdi
Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121184 - 22 Nov 2025
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Although several studies have shed light on the epidemiology of the influenza A/H3N2 subtype in Saudi Arabia, the knowledge regarding the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of the A/H3N2 subtype in the Riyadh region is still significantly restricted. Thus, the current [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Although several studies have shed light on the epidemiology of the influenza A/H3N2 subtype in Saudi Arabia, the knowledge regarding the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of the A/H3N2 subtype in the Riyadh region is still significantly restricted. Thus, the current research intends to investigate the molecular epidemiology and circulation patterns of the influenza A/H3N2 subtype in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, over the past 9 years. Methods: A total of 380 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples (NPAs) (winter seasons 2020–2023) were screened for the presence of A/H3N2 subtype. Results: Sixty-five samples (17.11%) were found to be positive for the influenza A virus (IAV). A/H3N2 subtype 35 (9.21%) slightly predominated over A/H1N1 pdm09 30 (7.89%), the incidence rate was high in males (16.47%), and the most affected group was the 0–4 age group (14, 14.75%). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of Riyadh A/H3N2 samples were categorized into the sub-clades 3c.2a1b.1a and 3c.2a1b.1b, which did not exhibit any exclusive clustering with the vaccine strains. Out of the 20 amino acid substitutions detected in the HA1 domain of A/H3N2 strains, 9 were not found in any of the vaccine strains. The HA protein from the Riyadh samples has 8–11 N-glycosylation sites, some of which have been recorded in vaccine strains, yet are lacking in all strains analyzed in this study. Conclusions: As a result, the flu vaccines administered in Saudi Arabia might need to be reevaluated to incorporate additional vaccine strains that are more pertinent to those currently circulating in the recent epidemic seasons in Saudi Arabia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influenza Virus Infections, Vaccines and Diagnosis)
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