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Vaccines
Special Issues
Vaccine Development for Swine Viral Pathogens
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Vaccine Development for Swine Viral Pathogens

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 4896

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Qingli Niu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
Interests: African swine fever virus; molecular mechanism; host–virus interaction; diagnosis; vaccine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue invites contributions in the areas of swine virus vaccines and research against well-known and emerging swine viruses that challenge animal health. Our aim is to welcome articles on the development and evaluation of vaccines against virus infections. The scope of this Special Issue covers vaccine engineering, design, formulation, adjuvants, delivery, and testing, as well as novel approaches to the discovery and characterization of antigens or small molecules that may be the foundation for novel therapeutics and the associated immunological evaluation. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced, and computed data or files regarding the full details of the experimental procedure can be deposited as supplementary material.

Dr. Qingli Niu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • vaccine engineering
  • design
  • formulation
  • adjuvants
  • delivery
  • testing

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 1968 KiB  
Article
A Novel Prototype African Swine Fever Virus DIVA (Differentiation Between Infected and Vaccinated Animals) Serological Assay Based on the Detection of Antibodies Against the pEP153R, eGFP, and p72 Proteins
by Gabriela González-García, Carmina Gallardo, Mercedes Montón, Sandra Barroso-Arévalo, Nadia Casado, José Ángel Barasona, José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno, Ángel Venteo, Patricia Sastre and Paloma Rueda
Vaccines 2025, 13(3), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030211 - 20 Feb 2025
Viewed by 717
Abstract
Background/Objectives: African Swine Fever (ASF) is one of the most significant infectious diseases affecting both domestic pig and wild boar populations, leading to substantial economic and biosanitary consequences. In Europe, disease management relies on stringent biosecurity measures and surveillance through diagnosis, highlighting the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: African Swine Fever (ASF) is one of the most significant infectious diseases affecting both domestic pig and wild boar populations, leading to substantial economic and biosanitary consequences. In Europe, disease management relies on stringent biosecurity measures and surveillance through diagnosis, highlighting the urgent need for an effective and safe vaccine for ASF control. In this context, the VACDIVA project has generated several promising vaccine candidates, including those with the EP153R gene deleted and replaced by the eGFP reporter gene. Methods: In this study, pEP153R and eGFP proteins were produced using recombinant technology and demonstrated their antigenicity and DIVA capability through indirect ELISA. Additionally, a prototype serological DIVA test was designed and developed. The assay is based on the detection of antibodies against both DIVA antigens and the well-established immunogenic p72 protein. Results: This preliminary DIVA diagnostic assay complements vaccine candidates based on a genotype II ASFV strain, featuring the deletion of the EP153R gene and/or the insertion of the eGFP reporter gene, exemplified by the Lv17/WB/Rie1-∆CD vaccine candidate. Conclusions: This approach could potentially improve surveillance during prospective vaccination campaigns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Swine Viral Pathogens)
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16 pages, 6568 KiB  
Article
A Pool of Bacterium-like Particles Displaying African Swine Fever Virus Antigens Induces Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Pigs
by Jingshan Huang, Hongxia Wu, Tianqi Gao, Huanjie Zhai, Assad Moon, Xin Song, Shuwen Li, Zhanhao Lu, Jing Lan, Dailang Zhong, Xinyu Zhang, Hua-Ji Qiu, Yongfeng Li and Yuan Sun
Vaccines 2025, 13(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13010005 - 24 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1084
Abstract
Background/Objectives: African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. This underscores the urgent need for safe and effective ASF vaccines. Methods: Here, we constructed five bacterium-like particles (BLPs) that each display [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. This underscores the urgent need for safe and effective ASF vaccines. Methods: Here, we constructed five bacterium-like particles (BLPs) that each display one of the five ASFV antigens (F317L, H171R, D117L, B602L, and p54) based on the Gram-positive enhancer matrix-protein anchor (GEM-PA) system. GEM is a bacterial particle that contains only peptidoglycan, while PA is composed of three lysin motifs (Lysm) derived from the C-terminus of the AcmA protein, capable of non-covalently binding to GEM. By fusing the ASFV antigens with PA, the ASFV antigens can be firmly attached to the surface of GEM. Subsequently, the piglets were immunized via intramuscular injection with a mixture of BLPs-F317L, BLPs-H171R, BLPs-D117L, BLPs-B602L, and BLPs-p54. Results: The results showed that the piglets developed detectable serum IgG antibodies 2 weeks after the first immunization, and these high antibody levels were maintained 4 weeks after the booster immunization. Moreover, these piglets produced more IFN-γ-producing lymphocytes than the control piglets. Conclusions: The data indicate that the generated BLPs mixture can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses in piglets, these five ASFV proteins are promising antigens, and the BLPs generated represent candidate ASF vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Swine Viral Pathogens)
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19 pages, 2288 KiB  
Article
Construction of the First Russian Recombinant Live Attenuated Vaccine Strain and Evaluation of Its Protection Efficacy Against Two African Swine Fever Virus Heterologous Strains of Serotype 8
by Andrey Koltsov, Mikhail Sukher, Sergey Krutko, Sergey Belov, Alexey Korotin, Sofia Rudakova, Sergey Morgunov and Galina Koltsova
Vaccines 2024, 12(12), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121443 - 21 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1199
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV) has led to major economic losses to pork worldwide. In Russia, there are no developed or registered vaccines against ASFV genotype II, which is associated with numerous ASFV outbreaks in populations of domestic pigs [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV) has led to major economic losses to pork worldwide. In Russia, there are no developed or registered vaccines against ASFV genotype II, which is associated with numerous ASFV outbreaks in populations of domestic pigs and wild boars in the country. Methods: We introduced deletions of the six MGF360 and MGF505 genes of the ASFV virulent Stavropol_01/08 strain, isolated in Russia in 2008. Results: We show here that this deletion did lead to full attenuation of the ASFV virulent Stavropol_01/08 strain. Animals intramuscularly inoculated with 104 HAD50 of ΔMGF360/505_Stav developed a strong immune response and short period of viremia (at 3–7 days post-inoculation). Recombinant ΔMGF360/505_Stav strain provides complete protection of pigs against the ASFV parental Stavropol_01/08 strain (103 HAD50). Therefore, in our experiment, we did not detect the genome of both the virulent and the recombinant strains in the blood and organs post-challenge with the Stavropol_01/08. In contrast, we found only partial protection (40%) of the ΔMGF360/505_Stav-immunized pigs against challenge with the ASFV heterologous Rhodesia strain. Additionally, the surviving animals had a prolonged fever, and their condition was depressed for most of the experiment. Conclusions: Thus, the ASFV recombinant ΔMGF360/505_Stav strain is the first live attenuated vaccine (LAV) in Russia that induces complete protection in pigs challenged with the highly virulent, epidemiologically relevant strains genotype II and serotype 8. However, this ASF LAV is not able to provide a high level of protection against other variants of serotype 8. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Swine Viral Pathogens)
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27 pages, 1818 KiB  
Article
Double Deletion of EP402R and EP153R in the Attenuated Lv17/WB/Rie1 African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Enhances Safety, Provides DIVA Compatibility, and Confers Complete Protection Against a Genotype II Virulent Strain
by Carmina Gallardo, István Mészáros, Alejandro Soler, Jovita Fernandez-Pinero, Erwin van den Born, Alicia Simón, Nadia Casado, Raquel Nieto, Covadonga Perez, Irene Aldea, Vicente Lopez-Chavarrias, Eszter Göltl, Ferenc Olasz, Tibor Magyar, Zoltán Zádori, José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno and Marisa Arias
Vaccines 2024, 12(12), 1406; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121406 - 13 Dec 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1283
Abstract
Background/Objectives: African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a devastating disease affecting domestic and wild suids and causing significant economic losses in the global pig industry. Attenuated modified live virus (MLV) vaccines are the most promising approaches for vaccine development. This study aimed to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a devastating disease affecting domestic and wild suids and causing significant economic losses in the global pig industry. Attenuated modified live virus (MLV) vaccines are the most promising approaches for vaccine development. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of four recombinant ASFV genotype II strains, derived from the non-hemadsorbing (non-HAD) attenuated isolate Lv17/WB/Rie1, through the single or simultaneous deletion of virulence-associated genes. Methods: Recombinant viruses were engineered by deleting the UK, EP402R, and EP153R genes, either individually or in combination. Four recombinant strains were evaluated for safety and efficacy in domestic pigs vaccinated intramuscularly with 102 TCID₅₀. Clinical signs, viremia, virus shedding, and antibody responses were monitored. Protection efficacy was assessed by challenging vaccinated pigs with the virulent genotype II Armenia07 strain. Additionally, a reversion-to-virulence study involving an overdose of the vaccine candidate was conducted to evaluate its stability through serial immunizations. Results: Deletion of the UK gene alone increased virulence, whereas the double deletion of EP402R and EP153R (Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD) significantly enhanced safety while maintaining full protective efficacy. Vaccinated pigs exhibited reduced viremia, no virus shedding, and robust virus-specific antibody responses, achieving complete protection against Armenia07. The reversion-to-virulence study revealed potential but limited pathogenicity after multiple passages, indicating areas for improvement in vaccine stability. Conclusions: The Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD strain demonstrates excellent safety and efficacy, along with potential DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) compatibility, positioning it as a strong candidate for an ASFV MLV vaccine. Further research is needed to refine the vaccine and address the potential risks of reversion to virulence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Swine Viral Pathogens)
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