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Vaccines
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Antibody and Humoral Immunity Research on SARS-CoV-2
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Antibody and Humoral Immunity Research on SARS-CoV-2

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 16118

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Guillaume Carissimo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Singapore 138648, Singapore
2. Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
Interests: virology; immunology; vaccines; therapeutics; host factors
Dr. Angeline Rouers

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Singapore 138648, Singapore
Interests: B-cell biology; immunology; antibodies; vaccines; infectious diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infection with SARS-CoV-2—responsible for the COVID-19 disease—is still raging worldwide. Despite high vaccine coverage, several countries are still recording a high number of infections with both the delta and omicron variants. Research efforts focusing on developing novel and more efficient strategies for antibody-mediated treatment and protection are needed. Possible emergence of new variants may also challenge the protection conferred by vaccination and these need to be addressed.

This Special Issue aims to publish research, reviews, and methods articles examining several aspects of the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 in both infection and vaccines. Studies reporting novel findings focused on monoclonal antibodies, specific viral epitope roles, epitope–antibody pairs, B-cell biology, prediction of new variants with the impact on humoral response, and novel methods for studying functional aspects of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are welcome for submission.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Guillaume Carissimo
Dr. Angeline Rouers
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • SARS-CoV-2
  • COVID-19
  • antibody
  • B-cell
  • plasmablast
  • immunity
  • neutralizing
  • epitopes
  • monoclonal antibodies
  • animal models

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2903 KiB  
Article
A Competitive Panning Method Reveals an Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nanobody Specific for an RBD-ACE2 Binding Site
by Siqi He, Jiali Wang, Hanyi Chen, Zhaohui Qian, Keping Hu, Bingjie Shi and Jianxun Wang
Vaccines 2023, 11(2), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020371 - 06 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1861
Abstract
Most neutralizing antibodies neutralize the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by directly blocking the interactions between the spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and its receptor, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Here, we report a novel nanobody (Nb) identified by an RBD-ACE2 [...] Read more.
Most neutralizing antibodies neutralize the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by directly blocking the interactions between the spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and its receptor, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Here, we report a novel nanobody (Nb) identified by an RBD-ACE2 competitive panning method that could specifically bind to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 with a high affinity (EC50 = 0.03 nM) and successfully block the binding between the RBD and ACE2 recombinant protein. A structural simulation of the RBD-VHH complex also supports a mechanism of the Nb to block the interaction between the RBD and ACE2. A pseudovirus assay of the Nb showed it could neutralize the WT pseudovirus with high potency (IC50 = 0.026 μg/mL). Furthermore, we measured its binding to phages displaying RBDs of different SARS-CoV-2 variants and found that it could bind to recombinant phages displaying the RBD of beta and delta variants. This study also provides a method of phage library competitive panning, which could be useful for directly screening high-affinity antibodies targeting important functional regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody and Humoral Immunity Research on SARS-CoV-2)
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7 pages, 259 KiB  
Communication
Association between γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibody Titers among BNT162b2 Vaccine Recipients
by Zobida Islam, Shohei Yamamoto, Tetsuya Mizoue, Yusuke Oshiro, Natsumi Inamura, Takeshi Nemoto, Maki Konishi, Mitsuru Ozeki, Wataru Sugiura and Norio Ohmagari
Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 2142; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122142 - 14 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1351
Abstract
Background: Increased γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels can deplete plasma glutathione, which in turn impairs immune regulation; however, evidence on GGT levels and post-vaccine immunogenicity is lacking. Objective: To examine the association between GGT and SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibodies. Methods: Participants were 1479 medical [...] Read more.
Background: Increased γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels can deplete plasma glutathione, which in turn impairs immune regulation; however, evidence on GGT levels and post-vaccine immunogenicity is lacking. Objective: To examine the association between GGT and SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibodies. Methods: Participants were 1479 medical staff (aged 21 to 75 years) who received a SARS-CoV-2 antibody test after their second vaccine and whose GGT levels were measured before the vaccine rollout. Elevated and highly elevated GGT levels were defined as 51–80 and ≥81 U/L, respectively. Multivariable linear regression was used to calculate the means of SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG. Results: In a basic model, both elevated and highly elevated GGT levels were associated with significantly lower antibody titers. The ratio of mean (95% CI) was 0.83 (0.72–0.97) and 0.69 (0.57–0.84) for elevated and highly elevated GGT levels, respectively. However, these associations were largely attenuated after additional adjustment for potential confounders. An inverse association between GGT levels and antibody titers was found in women [0.70 (0.51–0.97)], normal-weight adults [0.71 (0.51–0.98)], and non-drinkers [0.73 (0.46–1.14)] but not in men, overweight adults, and alcohol drinkers. Conclusions: Circulating GGT concentrations were associated with the humoral immune response after COVID-19 vaccination, but this relationship could be ascribed to confounders such as sex, BMI, and alcohol drinking rather than GGT per se. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody and Humoral Immunity Research on SARS-CoV-2)
9 pages, 879 KiB  
Article
Immune Responses against the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2 after a Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH): Comparison with Healthcare Workers
by Joung Ha Park, Hyemin Chung, Min-Chul Kim, Seong-Ho Choi and Jin-Won Chung
Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 2129; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122129 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1371
Abstract
We compared immune responses against the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 after a third dose of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine between people living with human immunodeficiency (PLWH) and healthcare workers (HCWs). In this prospective observational study, PLWH and HCWs vaccinated with at [...] Read more.
We compared immune responses against the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 after a third dose of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine between people living with human immunodeficiency (PLWH) and healthcare workers (HCWs). In this prospective observational study, PLWH and HCWs vaccinated with at least two doses of vaccine were enrolled. We analyzed neutralizing responses using the GenScript SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test kit. Twenty-nine PLWH and 114 HCWs were included to analyze immune responses after the third vaccination. Most PLWH (86.2%) had fully suppressed viral loads and CD4 T cell counts were well-controlled (median 670.0 cells/μL). The neutralizing responses against the omicron variant in PLWH were not significantly different from those in HCWs (43.94% vs. 51.77%, p = 0.42). However, neutralizing responses against the omicron variant were significantly impaired by about 50% compared with wild type SARS-CoV-2 in PLWH (43.94% vs. 97.46%, p < 0.001) and HCWs (51.77% vs. 97.74%, p < 0.001). Although neutralizing responses against the omicron variant in well-controlled PLWH were comparable to those of HCWs, the responses were much lower than those against wild type in both PLWH and HCWs. Therefore, the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the currently circulating omicron variant is still high despite three doses of vaccine in PLWH and will not differ from HCWs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody and Humoral Immunity Research on SARS-CoV-2)
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10 pages, 1768 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of B-Cell Responses after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Spain
by Miriam San José-Cascón, Raquel de la Varga-Martínez, Antonio Campos-Caro and Carmen Rodríguez
Vaccines 2022, 10(10), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101615 - 26 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1682
Abstract
The high mortality rate due to COVID-19 has necessitated the mass vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 to induce protective humoral and cellular immunity. (1) Objective: To study the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells after two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. (2) Methods: Immunophenotyping and [...] Read more.
The high mortality rate due to COVID-19 has necessitated the mass vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 to induce protective humoral and cellular immunity. (1) Objective: To study the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells after two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. (2) Methods: Immunophenotyping and cellular cultures were used to determine the kinetics of B-cell subpopulations and vaccine responses in volunteers before and seven days, three months and seven months after the second dose in Spain (n = 19). (3) Results: Seven days after immunisation, memory B cells and plasmablasts expressing receptors for factors implicated in the maturation of plasma cells were augmented in blood. Three months after vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific plasmablasts disappeared from circulation while spike-specific memory-B cells circulated, with heterogeneous dynamics among individuals. (4) Conclusion: After vaccination, specific plasmablasts equipped with receptors for maturation factors were quickly generated and disappeared rapidly from the blood, while specific memory B cells circulated for at least seven months. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody and Humoral Immunity Research on SARS-CoV-2)
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12 pages, 903 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody Responses Generated by the Administration of Ad26.COV2.S, AZD1222, BNT162b2, or CoronaVac: Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study in the Colombian Population, 2021/2022
by Jeadran Malagón-Rojas, Marcela Mercado-Reyes, Yesith G. Toloza-Pérez, Marisol Galindo, Ruth M. Palma, Jenssy Catama, Juan F. Bedoya, Eliana L. Parra-Barrera, Ximena Meneses, Juliana Barbosa, Pilar Tavera-Rodríguez, Andrea Bermúdez-Forero and Martha Lucía Ospina-Martínez
Vaccines 2022, 10(10), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101609 - 26 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3764
Abstract
To mitigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), vaccines have been rapidly developed and introduced in many countries. In Colombia, the population was vaccinated with four vaccines. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the [...] Read more.
To mitigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), vaccines have been rapidly developed and introduced in many countries. In Colombia, the population was vaccinated with four vaccines. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the ability of the vaccines introduced in the National Vaccination Plan to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and induce seroconversion and sought to investigate the longevity of antibodies in the blood. We conducted a prospective, nonprobabilistic, consecutive cross-sectional cohort study in a population with access to vaccination with CoronaVac, Ad26.COV2.S, AZD1222, and BNT162b2 from March 2021 to March 2022. The study included 1327 vaccinated people. A plurality of participants were vaccinated with BNT162b2 (36.1%; n = 480), followed by Ad26.COV2.S (26.9%; n = 358), CoronaVac (24%; n = 331), and AZD1222 (11.9%; n = 158). The crude seroprevalence on day zero varied between 18.1% and 57.8%. Participants who received BNT162b2 had a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection than those who received the other vaccines. Participants who were immunized with BNT162b2 and AZD1222 had a higher probability of losing reactivity on day 210 after receiving the vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody and Humoral Immunity Research on SARS-CoV-2)
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13 pages, 1004 KiB  
Article
A Diagnostic Strategy for Gauging Individual Humoral Ex Vivo Immune Responsiveness Following COVID-19 Vaccination
by Anna Sabrina Kuechler, Sandra Weinhold, Fritz Boege, Ortwin Adams, Lisa Müller, Florian Babor, Sabrina B. Bennstein, T.-X. Uyen Pham, Maryam Hejazi, Sarah B. Reusing, Derik Hermsen, Markus Uhrberg and Karin Schulze-Bosse
Vaccines 2022, 10(7), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071044 - 29 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1399
Abstract
Purpose: We describe a diagnostic procedure suitable for scheduling (re-)vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) according to individual state of humoral immunization. Methods: To clarify the relation between quantitative antibody measurements and humoral ex vivo immune responsiveness, we monitored [...] Read more.
Purpose: We describe a diagnostic procedure suitable for scheduling (re-)vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) according to individual state of humoral immunization. Methods: To clarify the relation between quantitative antibody measurements and humoral ex vivo immune responsiveness, we monitored 124 individuals before, during and six months after vaccination with Spikevax (Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA). Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein receptor-binding domain (S1-AB) and against nucleocapsid antigens were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay (Roche). Virus-neutralizing activities were determined by surrogate assays (NeutraLISA, Euroimmune; cPass, GenScript). Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture (full virus NT) served as an ex vivo correlate for humoral immune responsiveness. Results: Vaccination responses varied considerably. Six months after the second vaccination, participants still positive for the full virus NT were safely determined by S1-AB levels ≥1000 U/mL. The full virus NT-positive fraction of participants with S1-AB levels <1000 U/mL was identified by virus-neutralizing activities >70% as determined by surrogate assays (NeutraLISA or cPas). Participants that were full virus NT-negative and presumably insufficiently protected could thus be identified by a sensitivity of >83% and a specificity of >95%. Conclusion: The described diagnostic strategy possibly supports individualized (re-)vaccination schedules based on simple and rapid measurement of serum-based SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Our data apply only to WUHAN-type SARS-CoV-2 virus and the current version of the mRNA vaccine from Moderna (Cambridge, MA, USA). Adaptation to other vaccines and more recent SARS-CoV-2 strains will require modification of cut-offs and re-evaluation of sensitivity/specificity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody and Humoral Immunity Research on SARS-CoV-2)
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12 pages, 1461 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibody and T-Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Variants of Concern after Primary Immunization with CoronaVac and Booster with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 in Health Care Workers
by Watsamon Jantarabenjakul, Pimpayao Sodsai, Napaporn Chantasrisawad, Anusara Jitsatja, Sasiprapa Ninwattana, Nattakarn Thippamom, Vichaya Ruenjaiman, Chee Wah Tan, Rakchanok Pradit, Jiratchaya Sophonphan, Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Lin-Fa Wang, Thanyawee Puthanakit, Nattiya Hirankarn and Opass Putcharoen
Vaccines 2022, 10(5), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050639 - 19 Apr 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3935
Abstract
Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) is commonly used in national immunization programs. However, the immune response significantly declines within a few months. Our study assessed the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 after receiving booster shots of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 among health care workers who previously [...] Read more.
Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) is commonly used in national immunization programs. However, the immune response significantly declines within a few months. Our study assessed the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 after receiving booster shots of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 among health care workers who previously received CoronaVac as their primary immunization. Fifty-six participants who received ChAdOx1 and forty-two participants who received BNT162b2 were enrolled into this study, which evaluated immune responses, including anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike total antibodies (Elecsys®), surrogated viral neutralization test (sVNT) to ancestral strain (cPass™; GenScript), five variants of concern (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron) (Luminex; multiplex sVNT) and the ELISpot with spike (S1 and S2) peptide pool against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain. The samples were analyzed at baseline, 4, and 12 weeks after primary immunization, as well as 4 and 12 weeks after receiving the booster. This study showed a significant increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike total antibodies, sVNT, and T-cell immune response after the booster, including against the Omicron variant. Immune responses rapidly decreased in the booster group at 12 weeks after booster but were still higher than post-primary vaccination. A fourth dose or a second booster should be recommended, particularly in health care workers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody and Humoral Immunity Research on SARS-CoV-2)
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