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Vaccines
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Strategies for Vaccination, Immunological Insights, Healthcare Advances, and Economic Outcomes...
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Strategies for Vaccination, Immunological Insights, Healthcare Advances, and Economic Outcomes in Health

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2026 | Viewed by 60

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Hai Fang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: vaccine economics; epidemiology of infectious diseases; global health and economics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Vaccination is essential for protecting public health by preventing infectious diseases and reducing the burden on healthcare systems. Effective vaccination strategies are complex and influenced by factors such as immunological mechanisms, access to healthcare, and economic considerations. This Special Issue aims to explore these facets, focusing on both immunological outcomes and the role of healthcare systems. We invite contributions on the following key areas: vaccination strategies, immunological perspectives, and mechanisms of vaccination, including efficacy, safety, long-term immunity, and population immunity across demographics, as well as the impact of vaccination on health outcomes.

Prof. Dr. Hai Fang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • vaccination
  • equity
  • disparities
  • vaccine coverage
  • vaccine economics

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

12 pages, 224 KB  
Article
Socioeconomic Disparities in Childhood Vaccination Coverage in the United States: Evidence from a Post-COVID-19 Birth Cohort
by Xiaoyang Lv, Antong Long, Yansheng Chen and Hai Fang
Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121256 - 18 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background: Childhood immunization is one of the most effective public health strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. Although overall vaccination coverage in the United States remains high, disparities persist across socioeconomic and healthcare access groups. Understanding these disparities is [...] Read more.
Background: Childhood immunization is one of the most effective public health strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. Although overall vaccination coverage in the United States remains high, disparities persist across socioeconomic and healthcare access groups. Understanding these disparities is particularly important in the post-COVID-19 era, when increased vaccine hesitancy may threaten progress in maintaining equitable coverage. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from the National Immunization Survey–Child (NIS-Child), focusing on U.S. children aged 19–35 months in 2023, corresponding to cohorts reaching this age during or after the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary outcome was receipt of the up-to-date combined 7-vaccine series (4:3:1:3:3:1:3: ≥4 doses of DTaP, ≥3 doses of polio, ≥1 dose of measles-containing vaccine, full Hib series, ≥3 doses of hepatitis B, ≥1 dose of varicella, and ≥3 doses of PCV). Logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between vaccination coverage and key explanatory variables: household income-to-poverty ratio, maternal education, health insurance type, and provider facility type, controlling for demographic and regional covariates. Disparities were quantified using concentration indices (CIs). Results: Among children in the analytic sample, overall coverage for the 7-vaccine series was only 78.5%. Nonetheless, disparities were evident. Children from households with lower income-to-poverty ratios (<1 × FPL: OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.37–0.53; 100–200%: OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.56–0.79), those covered by Medicaid (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.45–0.64), other insurance (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.37–0.61), or uninsured (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.18–0.42), and those whose mothers had lower educational attainment (<12 years: OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.28–0.44) had significantly lower odds of being up-to-date. Similar associations were observed across specific vaccines. Unadjusted CIs for income-to-poverty ratio (0.04, p < 0.01), maternal education (0.04, p < 0.01), health insurance (0.03, p < 0.01), and provider type (0.03, p < 0.01) decreased but remained statistically significant after adjustment (0.02, 0.02, 0.01, and 0.02, respectively; all p < 0.01). No significant disparities were found by census region or race/ethnicity. Discussion: Despite relatively high overall vaccination coverage among U.S. children born during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, disparities by socioeconomic and healthcare access factors persisted. However, the absolute magnitude of these disparities was very small (concentration indices ≤ 0.04). These findings suggest that while inequities remain statistically measurable, their scale is limited in absolute terms. Targeted efforts to address income, insurance, maternal education, and provider-related barriers will be important to sustain equitable immunization coverage in the post-pandemic era. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Vaccination, Immunological Insights, Healthcare Advances, and Economic Outcomes in Health)
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