Evaluating the Immune Response to RNA Vaccine

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "DNA and mRNA Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 487

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
Interests: mRNA vaccine; infectious disease; novel vaccine platform; adjuvant; immune mechanism

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Interests: infectious disease; HBV; HCC; innate immunity; adjuvant

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

RNA technology has demonstrated numerous advantages in vaccine development and is widely recognized for its versatility. Specifically, it can be utilized in the development of new vaccines or therapeutics for various types of infectious or non-infectious diseases by manipulating the mRNA cargo and the lipid-based delivery system.

However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how these vaccines work, particularly regarding their interactions with the immune system and the underlying mechanism of action implicated in the generation of high-quality vaccine responses.

In this Special Issue, we seek original research articles and review articles that address the immune mechanisms of RNA vaccines. This includes, but is not limited to, innate immune signatures, the magnitude and quality of antibody responses, and the regulation of B cell and T cell compartments. These investigations provide essential guidance for the rational design of RNA vaccines.

Dr. Ang Lin
Dr. Huajun Zhao
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • RNA vaccine
  • mechanism of action
  • immune regulation
  • innate immunity
  • adaptive vaccine response

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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12 pages, 2225 KiB  
Brief Report
Development and Evaluation of the Immunogenic Potential of an Unmodified Nucleoside mRNA Vaccine for Herpes Zoster
by Shun Zhang, Xiaojie Wang, Tongyi Zhao, Chen Yang and Lulu Huang
Vaccines 2025, 13(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13010068 - 13 Jan 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Approved mRNA vaccines commonly use sequences modified with pseudouridine to enhance translation efficiency and mRNA stability. However, this modification can result in ribosomal frameshifts, reduced immunogenicity, and higher production costs. This study aimed to explore the potential of unmodified mRNA sequences for [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Approved mRNA vaccines commonly use sequences modified with pseudouridine to enhance translation efficiency and mRNA stability. However, this modification can result in ribosomal frameshifts, reduced immunogenicity, and higher production costs. This study aimed to explore the potential of unmodified mRNA sequences for varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and evaluate whether codon optimization could overcome the limitations of pseudouridine modification. Methods: We utilized artificial intelligence (AI) to design several unmodified gE mRNA sequences for VZV, considering factors such as codon preference and secondary structure. The optimized mRNA sequences were assessed for protein expression levels in vitro and were subsequently used to develop a vaccine, named Vac07, encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery system. The immunogenicity of Vac07 was evaluated in mice. Results: Codon-optimized mRNA sequences showed significantly higher protein expression levels in vitro compared to wild-type (WT) sequences. Vaccination with Vac07 demonstrated immunogenicity in mice that was comparable to, or even superior to, the licensed Shingrix vaccine, characterized by a stronger Th1-biased antibody response and a slightly more robust Th1-type cellular response. Conclusions: Codon-optimized unmodified mRNA sequences may also represent a viable approach for mRNA vaccine development. These optimized sequences have the potential to lower production costs while possibly enhancing the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines. Vac07, developed using this method, shows promise as a potentially more efficient and cost-effective mRNA vaccine candidate for VZV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluating the Immune Response to RNA Vaccine)
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