Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins: Challenges and Emerging Threats

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2026 | Viewed by 466

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: genetic toxicology; advanced in vitro 3D cell models; natural toxins; environmental pollutants; toxicogenomics; com-bined exposures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: in vitro 3D cell models; anthropogenic environmental contaminants; genotoxicity; safety risk assessment

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: genotoxicology; in vitro; emerging pollutants; ecotoxicology; safety evaluation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycotoxins are among the most significant chemical food contaminants, posing a serious threat to public health. It is estimated that 4.5 to 5 billion people worldwide are chronically exposed to mycotoxin-contaminated food. The global occurrence and diversity of mycotoxins are increasing, partly due to climate change. Their presence in food is therefore an open challenge for food safety and poses a serious risk to human and animal health. While regulatory limits exist for certain well-known mycotoxins, many so-called “emerging mycotoxins” remain unregulated despite their frequent detection in agricultural products. For many of these toxins, toxicological data are lacking, particularly concerning chronic exposure to low doses through contaminated food over a significant part of the human lifespan. In addition, humans are typically exposed daily to complex mixtures of mycotoxins, and their combined toxicological effects are still poorly understood and need to be studied more systematically.

This Special Issue aims at addressing these knowledge gaps by presenting new data on the toxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms of action of emerging mycotoxins and their mixtures, contributing to a more relevant human health risk assessment. Since it is practically impossible to completely avoid mycotoxin ingestion from food, it is crucial to characterize and assess the risks associated with dietary exposure. This knowledge will be essential for developing strategies to mitigate health risks to humans and animals, while also raising public awareness of mycotoxins in food and their potential to induce adverse health effects.

We welcome original research articles and reviews in areas including, but not limited to, the following:

  • Toxicity evaluation of emerging mycotoxins and their mixtures, both in vitro and in vivo;
  • Mechanistic studies of emerging mycotoxins on biological systems;
  • Novel analytical methods for mycotoxin detection;
  • Occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in agricultural products and food;
  • Dietary exposure to mycotoxins and health risk assessment.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Bojana Žegura
Dr. Katja Kološa
Dr. Matjaž Novak
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • emerging mycotoxins
  • risk assessment
  • toxicity
  • analytical methods
  • combined effects
  • food contamination
  • mechanism of action

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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21 pages, 385 KiB  
Review
Emerging Mycotoxins in Aquaculture: Current Insights on Toxicity, Biocontrol Strategies, and Occurrence in Aquafeed and Fish
by Patrizio Lorusso, Giusy Rusco, Alessio Manfredi, Nicolaia Iaffaldano, Angela Di Pinto and Elisabetta Bonerba
Toxins 2025, 17(7), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17070356 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various fungal species that can contaminate food and feed, posing significant risks to human and animal health. In aquaculture, the replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources has increased the risk of mycotoxin contamination, becoming a major [...] Read more.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various fungal species that can contaminate food and feed, posing significant risks to human and animal health. In aquaculture, the replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources has increased the risk of mycotoxin contamination, becoming a major challenge in fish feed production. Current data highlights that fish are exposed not only to common mycotoxins but also to emerging ones, raising concerns about human exposure through fish consumption. In this review, we draw attention to the toxicity data of key emerging mycotoxins from Fusarium (enniatins, ENNs; beauvericin, BEA) and Alternaria (alternariol monomethyl ether, AME; alternariol, AOH), their occurrence in aquafeeds and in commercially relevant fish species in Europe, and potential biocontrol approaches to prevent/mitigate contaminations. From the present review, it emerged that these mycotoxins exhibit in vitro cytotoxic properties. Their prevalence and concentrations vary widely both among aquafeeds, depending on the sample’s origin, and among fish species. Biocontrol approaches using microorganisms or natural compounds show promise as sustainable solutions to limit contamination. However, further research is essential to address data gaps and to allow for a proper risk assessment and, if necessary, the implementation of effective management measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins: Challenges and Emerging Threats)
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