Snake Venom Genes Expression, Evolution and Variation

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Venoms".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2026) | Viewed by 2530

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail
Guest Editor
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
Interests: snake venom; toxinology; venom variation; proteomics; evolutionary ecology

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
Interests: snake venom; toxinology; venomous snake ecology; venom gland physiology; venom biochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to contribute to the Toxins Special Issue: “Snake Venom Genes Expression, Evolution and Variation”. The genetic basis underlying venom production and diversification has become a focal point in toxinology, offering valuable insights into molecular evolution, adaptation, and biomedical applications. Understanding how venom genes are expressed and regulated provides critical perspectives on functional diversity, interspecific and intraspecific variation, and the mechanisms driving venom evolution. This Special Issue aims to highlight cutting-edge research exploring the genetics, regulation, and diversity of snake venom systems.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Relevant areas include but are not limited to comparative genomics and transcriptomics of venom glands, regulatory mechanisms of toxin gene expression, population-level variation in venom toxins, molecular evolution of toxin families, and biomedical or ecological implications of venom diversity.

Dr. Cara Smith
Prof. Dr. Stephen Mackessy
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • molecular evolution
  • genomics
  • transcriptomics
  • venom variation
  • venom evolution
  • toxin variation
  • regulatory networks

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (1 paper)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

18 pages, 2032 KB  
Article
Inter- and Intraspecific Venom Variation in the Reclusive Rear-Fanged Black-Striped Snakes (Coniophanes)
by John Henry Fowler, Ramses Alejandro Rosales-García, Rhett M. Rautsaw, Michael P. Hogan, Erich P. Hofmann, Andrew J. Mason, Ramon Nagesan, Miguel Borja, Luis Herrera, Gamaliel Castañeda-Gaytan, Alison R. Davis Rabosky, Darin R. Rokyta and Christopher L. Parkinson
Toxins 2026, 18(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins18020108 - 20 Feb 2026
Viewed by 2018
Abstract
Our current understanding of snake venom is highly biased towards species known to be medically significant in human envenomations. This vastly under-represents the true evolutionary and ecological breadth of snake venom, with gaps spanning entire clades and unique lifestyles. As a result, many [...] Read more.
Our current understanding of snake venom is highly biased towards species known to be medically significant in human envenomations. This vastly under-represents the true evolutionary and ecological breadth of snake venom, with gaps spanning entire clades and unique lifestyles. As a result, many genera of rear-fanged snakes lack well-understood venom profiles despite these taxa composing around 65% of known extant snake species. Methodological challenges associated with venom extraction have long been a key reason responsible for the lack of venom research on this group. Modern advancements in venomics technologies have allowed researchers to overcome many of these challenges and investigate the venom components of understudied genera. The genus Coniophanes (black-striped snakes) presents an ideal system for investigating venom and the venom delivery system in a rear-fanged venomous species with well-documented accounts of human envenomations. We sequenced and annotated de novo transcriptomes of the Duvernoy’s gland (DVG) for seven individuals across four species of Coniophanes (Dipsadidae) and confirmed toxin expression in representative venom proteomes. We assessed interspecific venom variation within this genus and further examined intraspecific venom variation within C. imperialis. We found that toxins account for 38.8% to 66% of the total DVG transcriptomes and that 18 toxin families are represented in this genus, with prominent expression of cystine-rich secretory proteins (CRiSPs) in three species and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) in all four species. In addition, we used diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) to better understand the venom delivery system for C. fissidens, a widespread species within this genus, showcasing enlarged, grooved, rear fangs in close proximity to a prominent DVG. We provide the first ever characterization of the venom profiles of Coniophanes, highlight venom variation between and within species, and outline the venom delivery system of this understudied genus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Snake Venom Genes Expression, Evolution and Variation)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop