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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Urban and Rural Development".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2025) | Viewed by 25116

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Massimiliano Bencardino

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Guest Editor

Department of Political Sciences and Communication, University of Salerno, PoliCom, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
Interests: urban and regional development; tourism geographies; territorial governance; innovation policies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Angela Cresta

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Guest Editor

Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods (DEMM), University of Sannio, Piazza Arechi II, Palazzo De Simone, 82100 Benevento, Italy
Interests: settlement dynamics and processes of socio-economic, structural and functional transformation that characterize contemporary urban and rural systems; territorial competitiveness and the interrelationship between global and local networks; the development and evolution of minor tourist spaces; landscape-environmental changes linked to the energy transition

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

You are invited to submit your work to this Special Issue, entitled “Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development”, to the international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of Sustainability.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to collect technical–scientific contributions on the themes of sustainable urbanization and integrated strategic planning oriented towards cooperation between different territorial levels and aimed at reducing the complex conditions of peripherality and marginality experienced by some places, including the urban–rural divide, areas with geographical and demographic specificities, and internal suburbs (ESPON, 2018; 2019). This reflection is in line with the main political frameworks, including the “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” (2015), in particular “SDG 11–Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” and the “New Urban Agenda” (2016) of the United Nations: the “Territorial Agenda 2030”, “New Leipzig Charter” (2020), the “Urban Agenda for the EU (2016)”, and the “European Green Deal” (2019).

On a global scale, the rural population is decreasing at a high rate (World Bank), while people in cities will accommodate 60% of the world population by 2030, rising to 68% by 2050 (World Urban Forum, 2020). On a European level, by 2050, rural areas will suffer a decrease of 7.9 million units compared to an urban population growth of 24.1 million (Espon, 2020). In this sense, the spread of information and communication technology (ICT) and the growing application of Fourth Industrial Revolution (FIS) technologies based on integration and interoperability systems lead us to reflect on new models of urban governance and territorial planning, broadening the reflection between territory, sustainability, and technology.

Urban areas, in particular, are the engine of the European economy and act as catalysts for creativity and innovation across the European Union. But they are also places where persistent problems, such as unemployment, segregation, and poverty, are most severe. Urban policies, therefore, have a broader cross-border significance, which is why urban development is central to EU regional policy. Likewise, the mechanisms of the generation and distribution of income in the regional space are very complex, and they depend on various factors and affect the socio-demographic dynamics of the geographical context of reference.

The various dimensions—environmental, economic, social, and cultural—are interconnected, and success in urban and regional development can only be achieved through an integrated approach. Measures addressing physical renewal must be combined with those promoting education, economic development, social inclusion, and environmental protection. Strong partnerships are needed between local citizens, civil society, industry, and various levels of government.

For this Special Issue, both methodological and logical–operational approaches are of interest, especially contributions of the numerous disciplines involved, from economics to the economic evaluation of projects and from economic–political geography to estimation and sustainable planning.

Original research articles and reviews are welcome to be submitted to this Special Issue.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

References

ESPON, Inner peripheries in Europe, European Union, Luxembourg, 2018. https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/ESPON-Policy-Brief-Inner-Peripheries.pdf.
ESPON, The territorial dimension of future policies, European Union, Luxembourg, 2018. https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/ESPON_Working_Paper_Territorial_dimension_of_future_policies.pdf.
ESPON, Building the next generation of research on territorial development, European Union, Luxembourg, 2019. https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/ESPON%20Scientific%20Report%202019.pdf.
ESPON, Sustainable Urbanisation in Europe, European Union, Luxembourg, 2021. https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/ESPON%20Policy%20Brief%2C%20Sustainable%20Urbanisation.pdf.
ESPON, Policy Brief: Shrinking Rural Regions in Europe, European Union, Luxembourg, 2017. https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/ESPON%20Policy%20Brief%20on%20Shrinking%20Rural%20Regions.pdf.

Prof. Dr. Massimiliano Bencardino
Dr. Angela Cresta
Guest Editors

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Keywords

economic evaluations
territorial dynamics
sustainable goals
urban growth models
smart cities
urban regeneration
tourism spatial planning

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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51 pages, 48610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing the Urban Diversity Index (UDI): A Global Comparison of Urban Qualitative Aspect and Its Implications for Sustainable Urban Planning Using POI Data

by Yuki Akiyama, Chiaki Mizutani Akiyama, Kotaro Mizutani and Takahito Shimizu

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7286; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167286 (registering DOI) - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

Understanding urban diversity is critical to inclusive planning for sustainable urban development. This study introduces a new Urban Diversity Index (UDI) based on global point-of-interest (POI) data for food-related establishments—defined here as facilities that offer food and beverage services, including various kinds of eating and drinking venues —covering 249 cities across 154 countries. The UDI integrates three components: Pielou’s Evenness Index (J′) to capture the balance of establishment types, a Coverage Ratio (C′) to measure global representativeness of establishment categories, and density (ρ′) to reflect spatial concentration. By applying concentric buffer analysis around city centers, we evaluate the spatial profiles of diversity in each city. Results show that while cities like London and Istanbul have similar index components, they exhibit significant differences in the spatial extent and pattern of high-diversity zones, reflecting their unique morphological and regulatory contexts. Furthermore, the analysis of “Peak Distance Buffer Zones”—areas where UDI remains above 95% of its maximum—reveals diverse urban forms, particularly in Asian megacities. Scatterplots of standardized UDI and peak distances identify distinct typologies of urban diversity structures. Notably, urban population size showed no significant correlation with UDI values. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of globally standardized POI-based metrics in capturing the spatial heterogeneity of urban qualitative diversity and offers new insights into cross-city comparisons of urban complexity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

25 pages, 8686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Shrinkage in the Qinling–Daba Mountains: Spatiotemporal Patterns and Influencing Factors

by Yuan Lv, Shanni Yang, Dan Zhao, Yilin He and Shuaibin Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 7084; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157084 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 302

Abstract

With the global economic restructuring and the consequent population mobility, urban shrinkage has become a common phenomenon. The Qinling–Daba Mountains, a zone with a key ecological function in China, have long experienced population decline and functional degradation. Clarifying the dynamics and influencing factors of urban shrinkage plays a vital role in supporting the sustainable development of the region. This study, using permanent resident population growth rates and nighttime light data, classified cities in the region into four spatial patterns: expansion–growth, intensive growth, expansion–shrinkage, and intensive shrinkage. It further examined the spatial characteristics of shrinkage across four periods (2005–2010, 2010–2015, 2015–2020, and 2020–2022). A Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model was applied to examine core influencing factors and their spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The results indicated the following: (1) The dominant pattern of urban shrinkage in the Qinling–Daba Mountains shifted from expansion–growth to expansion–shrinkage, highlighting the paradox of population decline alongside continued spatial expansion. (2) Three critical indicators significantly influenced urban shrinkage: the number of students enrolled in general secondary schools (X₅), the per capita disposable income of urban residents (X₇), and the number of commercial and residential service facilities (X₁₂), with their effects exhibiting significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Temporally, X₁₂ was the most influential factor in 2005 and 2010, while in 2015, 2020, and 2022, X₅ and X₇ became the dominant factors. Spatially, X₇ significantly affected both eastern and western areas; X₅’s influence was most pronounced in the west; and X₁₂ had the greatest impact in the east. This study explored the patterns and underlying drivers of urban shrinkage in underdeveloped areas, aiming to inform sustainable development practices in regions facing comparable challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

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26 pages, 27369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Impact of Different Urban Form Indices on Land Surface Temperature and PM2.5 Pollution in Summer and Winter, Based on Urban Functional Zones: A Case Study of Taiyuan City

by Wenyu Zhao, Le Xuan, Wenru Li, Wei Wang and Xuhui Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6618; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146618 - 20 Jul 2025

Viewed by 427

Abstract

Urban form plays a crucial role in regulating urban thermal environments and air pollution patterns. However, the indirect mechanisms through which urban form influences PM2.5 concentrations via land surface temperature (LST) remain poorly understood. This study investigates these pathways by analyzing representative two- and three-dimensional urban form indices (UFIs) in the central urban area of Taiyuan, China. Multiple log-linear regression and mediation analysis were applied to evaluate the combined effects of urban form on LST and PM2.5. The results indicate that UFIs significantly influence both LST and PM2.5. The frontal area index (FAI) and sky view factor (SVF) emerged as key variables, with LST playing a significant mediating role. The indirect pathways affecting PM2.5 via LST, along with the direct LST-PM2.5 correlation, exhibit pronounced seasonal differences in direction and intensity. Moreover, different urban functional zones exhibit heterogeneous responses to the same form indices, highlighting the spatial variability of these linkages. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating seasonal and spatial differences into urban design. Accordingly, this study proposes targeted urban form optimization strategies to improve air quality and thermal comfort, offering theoretical insights and practical guidance for sustainable urban planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

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23 pages, 1128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deprivation and Regional Cohesion as Challenges to Sustainability: Evidence from Italy and Greece

by Enrico Ivaldi and Margaret Antonicelli

Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5430; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125430 - 12 Jun 2025

Viewed by 512

Abstract

Italy and Greece share many structural and economic similarities, including high regional disparities and marked asymmetries between dynamic metropolitan areas and structurally weaker regions. Both countries also face high public debt and an aging population, conditions worsened by recent economic crises. These challenges have significant implications for sustainability, as economic hardship often leads to inefficient resource use, underinvestment in green infrastructure, and socially unsustainable outcomes. Promoting socio-economic and environmental sustainability thus requires addressing territorial inequalities through integrated policies that balance growth, equity, and ecological responsibility. This study introduces a spatiotemporal application of the Peña Distance (DP2) method, allowing for a dynamic and multidimensional analysis of socio-economic deprivation at the NUTS 1 level. The results confirm persistent disadvantages in remote Greek regions and Southern Italy, where youth outmigration and limited development opportunities are prevalent. These regions are affected by multiple, interconnected forms of vulnerability that compromise their prospects for long-term sustainable development, underlining the need for timely and coordinated interventions across different policy levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

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24 pages, 5393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barabási–Albert-Based Network Growth Model to Sustainable Urban Planning

by Aleksandr Abramov, Uliana Gorik, Andrei Velichko, Vladimir Nelyub, Aleksandr Samoshkin, Andrei Gantimurov, Aleksei Borodulin, Vadim S. Tynchenko and Ivan Malashin

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031095 - 29 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1081

Abstract

Urban planning and development require methodologies to address the challenges of managing urban growth. This study uses Vladivostok as a case study to explore urban evolution and apply predictive models for socio-economic development. By analyzing the life cycle of the city and breaking down its growth processes into key components, specific patterns and strategies tailored to Vladivostok’s development are identified. The Barabási–Albert (BA) network growth model is used to study the temporal dynamics of the city’s urban network, enabling forecasts and optimization of its infrastructure, communication systems, and social environment. The approach shown in this study can be adapted to other cities, providing a framework for analyzing urban changes and supporting the development of strategies for sustainable growth and urban management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

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35 pages, 26890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Urban Sustainability Based on Neural Network Models and GIS Methods

by Chunxia Zhang, Shuo Yu and Junxue Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020397 - 7 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1538

Abstract

Ecologically sustainable urban design plays a pivotal role in mitigating climate change. This study develops an indicator group consisting of urban ecological emergy, land use change, population density, ecological services, habitat quality, enhanced vegetation index, carbon emissions, and carbon storage to assess urban sustainability. By leveraging a dataset from 2000 to 2020, we employ a neural network to predict emergy sustainability indicators over a time series, projecting the sustainable status of Xuzhou City from 2020 to 2050. The findings indicate that urbanization has led to significant changes in land use, population distribution, ecological service patterns, habitat quality degradation, vegetation fragmentation, and fluctuating carbon dynamics. Cropland constitutes the predominant land type (90.6%), followed by built-up land (8.49%). The neural network predictions suggest that Xuzhou City’s sustainable status is subject to volatility (15–20%), with stability expected only as the city matures into a developed urban area. This research introduces a novel approach to urban sustainability analysis and provides insights for policy development aimed at fostering sustainable urban growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

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27 pages, 8476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodology to Address the Inner Areas Decline in Support of Sustainable Strategic Spatial Planning—The Case Study of Avellino Province (Italy)

by Alessandra Marra and Michele Grimaldi

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10480; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310480 - 29 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1743

Abstract

The work concerns the fight against the decline and depopulation in the Inner Peripheries (IPs), a phenomenon taking place globally and throughout Europe, where it has reached an alarming dimension, causing regional disparities that threaten the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. In Italy, where the term Inner Areas (IAs) is used as a synonym, more than half of the municipalities have the typical problems of IPs. As the latter have a supramunicipal nature, provincial strategic spatial planning is considered adequate to counter these critical issues, assuring a balanced and sustainable development in the social, economic, and environmental domains. To this end, after the state-of-the-art review, this paper proposes a methodology for the construction and mapping of a Decline Index, useful for spatially identifying the most critical municipalities which provide priority strategies to counteract decline through the Provincial Territorial Coordination Plan. The method is based on a multicriteria analysis approach in which Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is integrated and applied to the case study of the Avellino Province in the Campania Region (Italy), which contains many municipalities belonging to IAs. The proposed method is also useful in supporting regional planning and programming for territorial cohesion and sustainable regional growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

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10 pages, 1146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Navigating Sustainability and Inclusivity: Women-Led Community-Based Businesses in Post-Disaster Recovery

by Aimi Matsumoto and Mikio Ishiwatari

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 5865; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145865 - 10 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2009

Abstract

Community-based businesses have emerged as a means of addressing socio-economic challenges in the aftermath of disasters. This study investigates the contribution of women-led community-based businesses to recovery and their long-term sustainability. It draws upon case studies in the Tohoku region of Japan and Banda Aceh, Indonesia, areas impacted by major earthquakes and tsunamis over a decade ago. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that the community-based businesses surveyed had evolved from mere “reconstruction goods” by maintaining sustained commitment and developing products. Enhancing organizational credibility through quality improvement efforts was crucial for securing long-term contracts with private companies, a key factor for business continuity. However, prioritizing sustainability often came at the cost of diminished community inclusivity, as differences in skill levels and misaligned values among participants led to departures. This study highlights the challenges in balancing business longevity with maintaining businesses’ role as spaces for social interaction and community rebuilding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

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20 pages, 1754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Traditional Regionalism or Modern Minimalism? Unveiling the Psychological Impact of Architectural Styles in Sustainable Urban Planning

by Zihao Cao, Muhizam Mustafa and Mohd Hafizal Mohd Isa

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5576; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135576 - 29 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3365

Abstract

Life satisfaction is one of the key indicators of people’s well-being. However, the choice between traditional regionalism and modern minimalism in urban planning remains controversial from a human-centered perspective. Using a sample of 438 respondents from Huangshan City in 2024, we explored the relationships between architectural style, general belongingness, social identity, and life satisfaction through structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicate significant correlations among the four variables in the model, with general belongingness and social identity acting as mediators in the relationship between architectural style and life satisfaction. Furthermore, residents living in traditional regional architecture scored higher on the scales of general belongingness, social identity, and life satisfaction compared to those living in modern minimalist architecture. These findings provide new insights for urban planning, highlighting the importance of considering the potential psychological and social welfare impacts of architectural styles on residents during the design process. Additionally, they emphasize the value of preserving and promoting traditional regional architecture. This study provides empirical evidence for urban planners and architects, supporting the integration of more human-centered design principles into modern urban environments to enhance residents’ well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

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20 pages, 7020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Integration of Dual Evaluation and Minimum Spanning Tree Clustering to Support Decision-Making in Territorial Spatial Planning

by Muxin Jia, Ang Liu and Taro Narahara

Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 3928; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103928 - 8 May 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1970

Abstract

Spatial planning, a policy instrument for creating sustainable environments that meet the needs of the current and future generations, has been implemented extensively worldwide. However, it is difficult for urban planners to thoroughly determine the spatial value of a territory and make informed decisions regarding the efficient utilization of regional resources in the real world. This study proposes a novel methodological framework for spatial pattern optimization that can guide future land use by integrating Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) clustering with a comprehensive evaluation system (dual evaluation). Furthermore, the validity of this framework is demonstrated through a case study of territorial spatial planning in Deyang, China. The findings indicate that (1) the methodological framework presented in this study offers valuable guidance for the spatial arrangement of territorial resources, especially in practical projects; and (2) the combination of dual evaluation and MST clustering can facilitate automatic regionalization to identify spatial clusters exhibiting functional similarity in terms of land use. By focusing on methodological advancements, this study concludes that the integration of dual evaluation (DE) and MST clustering not only simplifies the identification of optimal land-use patterns but also promotes a more systematic and efficient approach to support spatial planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

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18 pages, 3664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Factors of Vacant Home Occurrence for Urban Sustainability: A Case Study of Medium-Sized Cities Focusing on Asan City, Chungcheongnam-do

by Jeong-hyeon Choi, Seung-Seok Han and Myung-je Woo

Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3742; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093742 - 29 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2234

Abstract

This study aims to enhance urban sustainability by analyzing the spatial distribution and underlying causes of vacant homes in Asan, Chungcheongnam-do. Various statistical methods were employed to analyze date concerning the number of vacant stores, population changes, land use complexity, and the physical characteristics of land and buildings; these factors were found to influence the prevalence of vacant homes across Asan. Additionally, it was found that distinct factors differentially affect specific regions, such as old downtown areas versus rural villages. This indicates that reducing vacant homes in these areas requires distinct policies tailored to the unique circumstances of each region. For instance, in old town areas, small lot ratios and land use complexity are significant, while in rural villages, the average number of floors and land use complexity play a major role. This study highlights the diverse factors influencing the prevalence of vacant homes and suggests that to effectively address this issue, policies should be developed that are tailored to the unique characteristics of each area, categorized at both the city and local levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

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30 pages, 3478 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Key Challenges and Strategies in the Evaluation of Sustainable Urban Regeneration Projects: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review

by Zakariye Mohamed Said and Serdar Dindar

Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 9903; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229903 - 13 Nov 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7849

Abstract

The rapid pace of urbanisation has heightened the need for sustainable urban regeneration projects on a global scale. These projects primarily aim to address the increasing demand for buildings and to cultivate liveable urban environments. Over the years, a substantial amount of data has been collected and analysed as a result of various urban regeneration efforts. These data indicate that the success of urban transformation is influenced by a wide range of interconnected factors rather than the mere creation of new areas to meet demand. The primary objective of this study is to carry out a comprehensive and systematic literature review that assesses the effectiveness of sustainable urban regeneration (SUR) projects. This review examines a range of existing factors, including policies, management practices, and economic considerations, while also highlighting frequently overlooked elements such as climate change. Moreover, the study investigates how these factors influence the success of SUR initiatives and seeks to identify their overall impact on the effectiveness of such projects. Specifically, it explores the common challenges encountered, the criteria for performance evaluation, and the strategies that lead to successful SUR projects while emphasising their interconnections. An in-depth assessment of urban regeneration projects is provided, focusing on performance indicators across multiple dimensions: social, cultural, economic, environmental, and physical. A novel organisation involving all stakeholders and addressing climate change is also proposed to ensure the success of the SUR projects. Lastly, the findings highlight existing gaps in the current literature, offering valuable insights for future research and identifying potential directions for further exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning and Regional Development)

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