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Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications
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Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 May 2023) | Viewed by 35004

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Qibo Feng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: optical measurement technology; photoelectric detection technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jiakun Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: photoelectric detection and photoelectric sensing; laser measurement; machine vision measurement; gas imaging detection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Qixin He

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: laser measurement; laser sensing; infrared gas detection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Laser-based measurement and sensing technologies have attracted growing attention due to their advantages of high sensitivity and fast response. Their applications include industrial production, substance analysis, environmental monitoring and so on. In recent years, with the development of laser source and measurement approaches, many new technologies or applications of laser measurement and sensing have appeared. This Special Issue aims to collect original research papers and reviews on recent developments of laser measurement technologies and innovative applications. Potential topics include but are not limited to laser measurement and sensing, micro‐ and nano‐photoelectric measurement, simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters, structured light measurement, online digital measurement, computational measurement, embedded photoelectric measurement, and laser spectroscopy analysis.

Dr. Qibo Feng
Dr. Jiakun Li
Dr. Qixin He
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • laser measurement
  • laser sensing
  • laser spectroscopy measurement
  • image measurement
  • micro‐ and nano‐ photoelectric measurement
  • simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters
  • structured light measurement
  • online digital measurement
  • computational measurement
  • embedded photoelectric measurement

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (22 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

7 pages, 219 KiB  
Editorial
Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications
by Qibo Feng, Jiakun Li and Qixin He
Sensors 2023, 23(20), 8584; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208584 - 19 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1062
Abstract
Laser-based measurement and sensing technology has been paid more and more attention by academia and industry because of its incomparable advantages, such as high sensitivity, fast response, and no contact [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

14 pages, 10503 KiB  
Communication
PSNet: A Deep Learning Model-Based Single-Shot Digital Phase-Shifting Algorithm
by Zhaoshuai Qi, Xiaojun Liu, Jingqi Pang, Yifeng Hao, Rui Hu and Yanning Zhang
Sensors 2023, 23(19), 8305; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198305 - 8 Oct 2023
Viewed by 2514
Abstract
In contrast to traditional phase-shifting (PS) algorithms, which rely on capturing multiple fringe patterns with different phase shifts, digital PS algorithms provide a competitive alternative to relative phase retrieval, which achieves improved efficiency since only one pattern is required for multiple PS pattern [...] Read more.
In contrast to traditional phase-shifting (PS) algorithms, which rely on capturing multiple fringe patterns with different phase shifts, digital PS algorithms provide a competitive alternative to relative phase retrieval, which achieves improved efficiency since only one pattern is required for multiple PS pattern generation. Recent deep learning-based algorithms further enhance the retrieved phase quality of complex surfaces with discontinuity, achieving state-of-the-art performance. However, since much attention has been paid to understanding image intensity mapping, such as supervision via fringe intensity loss, global temporal dependency between patterns is often ignored, which leaves room for further improvement. In this paper, we propose a deep learning model-based digital PS algorithm, termed PSNet. A loss combining both local and global temporal information among the generated fringe patterns has been constructed, which forces the model to learn inter-frame dependency between adjacent patterns, and hence leads to the improved accuracy of PS pattern generation and the associated phase retrieval. Both simulation and real-world experimental results have demonstrated the efficacy and improvement of the proposed algorithm against the state of the art. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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16 pages, 2890 KiB  
Article
Optimized Replication of ADC-Based Particle Counting Algorithm with Reconfigurable Multi-Variables in Pseudo-Supervised Digital Twining of Reference Dust Sensor Systems
by Seungmin Lee, Jisu Kwon and Daejin Park
Sensors 2023, 23(12), 5557; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125557 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1202
Abstract
As the application fields for digital twins have expanded, various studies have been conducted with the objective of optimizing the costs. Among these studies, research on low-power and low-performance embedded devices has been implemented at a low cost by replicating the performance of [...] Read more.
As the application fields for digital twins have expanded, various studies have been conducted with the objective of optimizing the costs. Among these studies, research on low-power and low-performance embedded devices has been implemented at a low cost by replicating the performance of existing devices. In this study, we attempt to obtain similar particle count results in a single-sensing device replicated from the particle count results in a multi-sensing device without knowledge of the particle count acquisition algorithm of the multi-sensing device. Through filtering, we suppressed the noise and baseline movements of the raw data of the device. In addition, in the process of determining the multi-threshold for obtaining the particle counts, the existing complex particle count determination algorithm was simplified to make it possible to utilize the look-up table. The proposed simplified particle count calculation algorithm reduced the optimal multi-threshold search time by 87% on average and the root mean square error by 58.5% compared to existing method. In addition, it was confirmed that the distribution of particle count from optimal multi-thresholds has a similar shape to that from multi-sensing devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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22 pages, 13790 KiB  
Article
Sensing Method for Wet Spraying Process of Tunnel Wall Based on the Laser LiDAR in Complex Environment
by Degang Xu, Qing Song, Shiyu Fang and Yanrui Guo
Sensors 2023, 23(11), 5167; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115167 - 29 May 2023
Viewed by 973
Abstract
In tunnel lining construction, the traditional manual wet spraying operation is labor-intensive and can be challenging to ensure consistent quality. To address this, this study proposes a LiDAR-based method for sensing the thickness of tunnel wet spray, which aims to improve efficiency and [...] Read more.
In tunnel lining construction, the traditional manual wet spraying operation is labor-intensive and can be challenging to ensure consistent quality. To address this, this study proposes a LiDAR-based method for sensing the thickness of tunnel wet spray, which aims to improve efficiency and quality. The proposed method utilizes an adaptive point cloud standardization processing algorithm to address differing point cloud postures and missing data, and the segmented Lamé curve is employed to fit the tunnel design axis using the Gauss–Newton iteration method. This establishes a mathematical model of the tunnel section and enables the analysis and perception of the thickness of the tunnel to be wet sprayed through comparison with the actual inner contour line and the design line of the tunnel. Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective in sensing the thickness of tunnel wet spray, with important implications for promoting intelligent wet spraying operations, improving wet spraying quality, and reducing labor costs in tunnel lining construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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10 pages, 2078 KiB  
Communication
A High-Precision Real-Time Pose Measurement Method for the Primary Lens of Large Aperture Space Telescope Based on Laser Ranging
by Heng Shi, Junfeng Du, Lihua Wang, Jiang Bian, Guohan Gao, Dun Liu, Bin Fan and Hu Yang
Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4833; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104833 - 17 May 2023
Viewed by 1013
Abstract
The aperture of space telescopes increases with their required resolution, and the transmission optical systems with long focal length and diffractive primary lens are becoming increasingly popular. In space, the changes in the pose of the primary lens relative to the rear lens [...] Read more.
The aperture of space telescopes increases with their required resolution, and the transmission optical systems with long focal length and diffractive primary lens are becoming increasingly popular. In space, the changes in the pose of the primary lens relative to the rear lens group have a significant impact on the imaging performance of the telescope system. The measurement of the pose of the primary lens in real-time and with high-precision is one of the important techniques for a space telescope. In this paper, a high-precision real-time pose measurement method for the primary lens of a space telescope in orbit based on laser ranging is proposed, and a verification system is established. The pose change of the telescope’s primary lens can be easily calculated through six high-precision laser distance changes. The measurement system can be installed freely, which solves the problems of complex system structure and low measurement accuracy in traditional pose measurement techniques. Analysis and experiments show that this method can accurately obtain the pose of the primary lens in real-time. The rotation error of the measurement system is 2 × 10−5 degrees (0.072 arcsecs), and the translation error is 0.2 μm. This study will provide a scientific basis for high-quality imaging of a space telescope. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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20 pages, 12902 KiB  
Article
A Laser Plane Attitude Evaluation Method for Rail Profile Measurement Sensors
by Le Wang, Hao Wang, Qiang Han, Yue Fang, Shengchun Wang, Ning Wang, Guoqing Li and Shengwei Ren
Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4586; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104586 - 9 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1395
Abstract
The non-coplanar lasers on both sides of the rail during full-section rail profile measurement based on line-structured light vision will cause the measured profile to be distorted, resulting in measurement errors. Currently, in the field of rail profile measurement, there are no effective [...] Read more.
The non-coplanar lasers on both sides of the rail during full-section rail profile measurement based on line-structured light vision will cause the measured profile to be distorted, resulting in measurement errors. Currently, in the field of rail profile measurement, there are no effective methods for evaluating laser plane attitude, and it is impossible to determine the degree of laser coplanarity quantitatively and accurately. This study proposes an evaluation method based on fitting planes in response to this problem. Real-time fitting of laser planes with three planar targets of different heights provides information about the laser plane attitude on both sides of the rails. On this basis, laser coplanarity evaluation criteria were developed to determine whether the laser planes on both sides of the rails are coplanar. Using the method in this study, the laser plane attitude can be quantified and accurately assessed on both sides, effectively resolving the problem with traditional methods that can only assess the laser plane attitude qualitatively and roughly, thereby providing a solid foundation for calibration and error correction of the measurement system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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25 pages, 14972 KiB  
Article
Detection and Classification of Cotton Foreign Fibers Based on Polarization Imaging and Improved YOLOv5
by Rui Wang, Zhi-Feng Zhang, Ben Yang, Hai-Qi Xi, Yu-Sheng Zhai, Rui-Liang Zhang, Li-Jie Geng, Zhi-Yong Chen and Kun Yang
Sensors 2023, 23(9), 4415; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094415 - 30 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1685
Abstract
It is important to detect and classify foreign fibers in cotton, especially white and transparent foreign fibers, to produce subsequent yarn and textile quality. There are some problems in the actual cotton foreign fiber removing process, such as some foreign fibers missing inspection, [...] Read more.
It is important to detect and classify foreign fibers in cotton, especially white and transparent foreign fibers, to produce subsequent yarn and textile quality. There are some problems in the actual cotton foreign fiber removing process, such as some foreign fibers missing inspection, low recognition accuracy of small foreign fibers, and low detection speed. A polarization imaging device of cotton foreign fiber was constructed based on the difference in optical properties and polarization characteristics between cotton fibers. An object detection and classification algorithm based on an improved YOLOv5 was proposed to achieve small foreign fiber recognition and classification. The methods were as follows: (1) The lightweight network Shufflenetv2 with the Hard-Swish activation function was used as the backbone feature extraction network to improve the detection speed and reduce the model volume. (2) The PANet network connection of YOLOv5 was modified to obtain a fine-grained feature map to improve the detection accuracy for small targets. (3) A CA attention module was added to the YOLOv5 network to increase the weight of the useful features while suppressing the weight of invalid features to improve the detection accuracy of foreign fiber targets. Moreover, we conducted ablation experiments on the improved strategy. The model volume, [email protected], [email protected]:0.95, and FPS of the improved YOLOv5 were up to 0.75 MB, 96.9%, 59.9%, and 385 f/s, respectively, compared to YOLOv5, and the improved YOLOv5 increased by 1.03%, 7.13%, and 126.47%, respectively, which proves that the method can be applied to the vision system of an actual production line for cotton foreign fiber detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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10 pages, 1986 KiB  
Communication
A Compact and High-Precision Three-Degree-of-Freedom Grating Encoder Based on a Quadrangular Frustum Pyramid Prism
by Shengtong Wang, Baiqi Liao, Ningning Shi and Xinghui Li
Sensors 2023, 23(8), 4022; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084022 - 15 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1296
Abstract
A compact and high-precision three-degrees-of-freedom (DOF; X, Y, and Z directions) grating encoder based on the quadrangular frustum pyramid (QFP) prisms is proposed in this paper to solve the insufficient installation space problem of the reading head of the multi-DOF in high-precision displacement [...] Read more.
A compact and high-precision three-degrees-of-freedom (DOF; X, Y, and Z directions) grating encoder based on the quadrangular frustum pyramid (QFP) prisms is proposed in this paper to solve the insufficient installation space problem of the reading head of the multi-DOF in high-precision displacement measurement applications. The encoder is based on the grating diffraction and interference principle, and a three-DOF measurement platform is built through the self-collimation function of the miniaturized QFP prism. The overall size of the reading head is 12.3 × 7.7 × 3 cm3 and has the potential for further miniaturization. The test results show that three-DOF measurements can be realized simultaneously in the range of X-250, Y-200, and Z-100 μm due to the limitations of the measurement grating size. The measurement accuracy of the main displacement is below 500 nm on average; the minimum and maximum errors are 0.0708% and 2.8422%, respectively. This design will help further popularize the research and applications of multi-DOF grating encoders in high-precision measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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16 pages, 3477 KiB  
Article
A Novel Optical Instrument for Measuring Mass Concentration and Particle Size in Real Time
by Jingxiu Zhang, Zhiwei Zhang, Longfei Hou and Weihu Zhou
Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3616; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073616 - 30 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
Particle mass and particulate size are two important parameters used to characterize the aerosol. Currently, there are a few methods for measuring particle mass concentration and particle size. However, the existing methods have their own shortcomings. In this article, we describe a novel [...] Read more.
Particle mass and particulate size are two important parameters used to characterize the aerosol. Currently, there are a few methods for measuring particle mass concentration and particle size. However, the existing methods have their own shortcomings. In this article, we describe a novel laser scattering instrument that measures mass concentration and particle size in real time over a wide concentration range. This instrument combines laser scattering and time-of-flight aerodynamics in one optical device. There are two innovations in this paper: (1) Two APD detectors are used to receive scattered light. One receives forward-scattered light and the other receives side-scattered light. The advantage is that the sensitivity of the detector is increased greatly, and the ratio of forward and side scattering is used to further obtain the size and shape information of the particles. (2) In order to measure the high concentrations of aerosol, a high-speed ADC and FPGA is combined to achieve an anti-overlap algorithm objective. It has been verified by experiments that the anti-overlapping algorithm can effectively improve the applicability of the aerodynamic particle size spectrometer under high concentration conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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13 pages, 5192 KiB  
Article
Accurate Calibration of a Large Field of View Camera with Coplanar Constraint for Large-Scale Specular Three-Dimensional Profile Measurement
by Rongsheng Lu, Zhizhuo Wang and Zhiting Zou
Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3464; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073464 - 25 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1663
Abstract
In the vision-based inspection of specular or shiny surfaces, we often compute the camera pose with respect to a reference plane by analyzing images of calibration grids, reflected in such a surface. To obtain high precision in camera calibration, the calibration target should [...] Read more.
In the vision-based inspection of specular or shiny surfaces, we often compute the camera pose with respect to a reference plane by analyzing images of calibration grids, reflected in such a surface. To obtain high precision in camera calibration, the calibration target should be large enough to cover the whole field of view (FOV). For a camera with a large FOV, using a small target can only obtain a locally optimal solution. However, using a large target causes many difficulties in making, carrying, and employing the large target. To solve this problem, an improved calibration method based on coplanar constraint is proposed for a camera with a large FOV. Firstly, with an auxiliary plane mirror provided, the positions of the calibration grid and the tilt angles of the plane mirror are changed several times to capture several mirrored calibration images. Secondly, the initial parameters of the camera are calculated based on each group of mirrored calibration images. Finally, adding with the coplanar constraint between each group of calibration grid, the external parameters between the camera and the reference plane are optimized via the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LM). The experimental results show that the proposed camera calibration method has good robustness and accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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11 pages, 16059 KiB  
Article
A Targetless Method for Simultaneously Measuring Three-Degree-of-Freedom Angular Motion Errors with Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry
by Lili Shi, Sijin Wu, Miao Yan and Haisha Niu
Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3393; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073393 - 23 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1091
Abstract
As a guide rail is the basic motion unit of precision equipment, the measurement of and compensation for its motion errors are important preconditions for precision machining and manufacturing. A targetless and simultaneous measurement method of three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) angular motion errors using digital [...] Read more.
As a guide rail is the basic motion unit of precision equipment, the measurement of and compensation for its motion errors are important preconditions for precision machining and manufacturing. A targetless and simultaneous measurement method of three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) angular motion errors using digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) is introduced in this paper. Based on the analysis of the sensitivity mechanism of DSPI to DOF errors and the formation mechanism of the phase fringes, the relationship between the angular motion errors and the distribution of the interferometric phases was established, and a new simultaneous measurement model of 3-DOF angular motion errors was further proposed. An optical setup based on a three-dimensional spatial-carrier DSPI with a right-angle symmetrical layout was used in the measurement system. Furthermore, repetitive tests, noise tests, and precision analysis were carried out to verify the performance of the system. The test results showed that the measurement resolution of the system was <1 μrad, which is capable of measuring the pitch angle, yaw angle, and roll angle at the submicron arc level simultaneously without target mirrors. The method has the advantages of no need to install cooperative targets and high measurement resolution, showing broad application prospects in many fields, including mechanical manufacturing, laser detection, aerospace, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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19 pages, 8887 KiB  
Article
An Adaptive Hybrid Sampling Method for Free-Form Surfaces Based on Geodesic Distance
by Chen Chen, Huakun Jia, Yang Lu, Xiaodong Zhang, Haohan Chen and Liandong Yu
Sensors 2023, 23(6), 3224; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063224 - 17 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1232
Abstract
High precision geometric measurement of free-form surfaces has become the key to high-performance manufacturing in the manufacturing industry. By designing a reasonable sampling plan, the economic measurement of free-form surfaces can be realized. This paper proposes an adaptive hybrid sampling method for free-form [...] Read more.
High precision geometric measurement of free-form surfaces has become the key to high-performance manufacturing in the manufacturing industry. By designing a reasonable sampling plan, the economic measurement of free-form surfaces can be realized. This paper proposes an adaptive hybrid sampling method for free-form surfaces based on geodesic distance. The free-form surfaces are divided into segments, and the sum of the geodesic distance of each surface segment is taken as the global fluctuation index of free-form surfaces. The number and location of the sampling points for each free-form surface segment are reasonably distributed. Compared with the common methods, this method can significantly reduce the reconstruction error under the same sampling points. This method overcomes the shortcomings of the current commonly used method of taking curvature as the local fluctuation index of free-form surfaces, and provides a new perspective for the adaptive sampling of free-form surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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10 pages, 1512 KiB  
Article
Research on Small-Scale Detection Instrument for Drinking Water Combined Laser Spectroscopy and Conductivity Technology
by Zhaoshuo Tian, Hao Chen, Qiping Ding, Xiaohua Che, Zongjie Bi and Ling Wang
Sensors 2023, 23(6), 2985; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062985 - 9 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1931
Abstract
In order to realize rapid and accurate evaluation of drinking water quality, a small-scale water quality detection instrument is designed in this paper that can detect two representative water quality parameters: the permanganate index and total dissolved solids (TDS). The permanganate index measured [...] Read more.
In order to realize rapid and accurate evaluation of drinking water quality, a small-scale water quality detection instrument is designed in this paper that can detect two representative water quality parameters: the permanganate index and total dissolved solids (TDS). The permanganate index measured by the laser spectroscopy method can achieve the approximate value of the organic matter in water, and the TDS measured by the conductivity method can obtain the approximate value of the inorganic matter in water. In addition, to facilitate the popularization of civilian applications, the evaluation method of water quality based on the percent-scores proposed by us is presented in this paper. The water quality results can be displayed on the instrument screen. In the experiment, we measured the water quality parameters of the tap water as well as those after the primary and secondary filtration in Weihai City, Shandong Province, China. The testing results show that the instrument can quickly detect dissolved inorganic and organic matter, and intuitively display the water quality evaluation score on the screen. The instrument designed in this paper has the advantages of high sensitivity, high integration, and small volume, which lays the foundation for the popularity of the detection instrument. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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10 pages, 3970 KiB  
Communication
Speckle Measurement for Small In-Plane Vibration Using GaAs
by Jiongye Gao, Bin Zhang, Qibo Feng, Xu Shen, Yong Xue and Jiacheng Liu
Sensors 2023, 23(5), 2724; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052724 - 2 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1242
Abstract
In this study, the measurement characteristics of speckles based on the photoinduced electromotive force (photo-emf) effect for high-frequency, small-amplitude, and in-plane vibration were theoretically and experimentally studied. The relevant theoretical models were utilized. A GaAs crystal was used as the photo-emf detector for [...] Read more.
In this study, the measurement characteristics of speckles based on the photoinduced electromotive force (photo-emf) effect for high-frequency, small-amplitude, and in-plane vibration were theoretically and experimentally studied. The relevant theoretical models were utilized. A GaAs crystal was used as the photo-emf detector for experimental research, as well as to study the influence of the amplitude and frequency of the vibration, the imaging magnification of the measuring system, and the average speckle size of the measuring light on the first harmonic of the induced photocurrent in the experiments. The correctness of the supplemented theoretical model was verified, and a theoretical and experimental basis was provided for the feasibility of using GaAs to measure in-plane vibrations with nanoscale amplitudes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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12 pages, 3010 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Photoresponse of a DNTT Organic Phototransistor
by Marcello Campajola, Paolo Di Meo, Francesco Di Capua, Paolo Branchini and Alberto Aloisio
Sensors 2023, 23(5), 2386; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052386 - 21 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
The photosensitivity, responsivity, and signal-to-noise ratio of organic phototransistors depend on the timing characteristics of light pulses. However, in the literature, such figures of merit (FoM) are typically extracted in stationary conditions, very often from IV curves taken under constant light exposure. In [...] Read more.
The photosensitivity, responsivity, and signal-to-noise ratio of organic phototransistors depend on the timing characteristics of light pulses. However, in the literature, such figures of merit (FoM) are typically extracted in stationary conditions, very often from IV curves taken under constant light exposure. In this work, we studied the most relevant FoM of a DNTT-based organic phototransistor as a function of the timing parameters of light pulses, to assess the device suitability for real-time applications. The dynamic response to light pulse bursts at ~470 nm (close to the DNTT absorption peak) was characterized at different irradiances under various working conditions, such as pulse width and duty cycle. Several bias voltages were explored to allow for a trade-off to be made between operating points. Amplitude distortion in response to light pulse bursts was also addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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14 pages, 4763 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Parameter Identification of a 3D Measurement System Based on Redundant Laser Range Sensors for Industrial Robots
by Guanbin Gao, Liulin Kuang, Fei Liu, Yashan Xing and Qinghua Shi
Sensors 2023, 23(4), 1913; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041913 - 8 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1687
Abstract
The low absolute positioning accuracy of industrial robots is one of the bottlenecks preventing industrial robots from precision applications. Kinematic calibration is the main way to improve the absolute positioning accuracy of industrial robots, which greatly relies on three-dimensional (3D) measurement instruments, including [...] Read more.
The low absolute positioning accuracy of industrial robots is one of the bottlenecks preventing industrial robots from precision applications. Kinematic calibration is the main way to improve the absolute positioning accuracy of industrial robots, which greatly relies on three-dimensional (3D) measurement instruments, including laser trackers and pull rope mechanisms. These instruments are costly, and their required intervisibility space is large. In this paper, a precision 3D measurement instrument integrating multiple laser range sensors is designed, which fuses the information of multiple redundant laser range sensors to obtain the coordinates of a 3D position. An identification model of laser beam position and orientation parameters based on redundant distance information and standard spherical constraint is then developed to reduce the requirement for the assembly accuracy of laser range sensors. A hybrid identification algorithm of PSO-LM (particle swarm optimization Levenberg Marquardt) is designed to solve the high-order nonlinear problem of the identification model, where PSO is used for initial value identification, and LM is used for final value identification. Experiments of identification of position and orientation, verifications of the measuring accuracy, and the calibration of industrial robots are conducted, which show the effectiveness of the proposed 3D measurement instrument and identification methods. Moreover, the proposed instrument is small in size and can be used in narrow industrial sites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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15 pages, 3821 KiB  
Article
The Image Definition Assessment of Optoelectronic Tracking Equipment Based on the BRISQUE Algorithm with Gaussian Weights
by Ning Zhang and Cui Lin
Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031621 - 2 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1536 | Correction
Abstract
Defocus is an important factor that causes image quality degradation of optoelectronic tracking equipment in the shooting range. In this paper, an improved blind/referenceless image spatial quality evaluator (BRISQUE) algorithm is formulated by using the image characteristic extraction technology to obtain a characteristic [...] Read more.
Defocus is an important factor that causes image quality degradation of optoelectronic tracking equipment in the shooting range. In this paper, an improved blind/referenceless image spatial quality evaluator (BRISQUE) algorithm is formulated by using the image characteristic extraction technology to obtain a characteristic vector (CV). The CV consists of 36 characteristic values that can effectively reflect the defocusing condition of the corresponding image. The image is evaluated and scored subjectively by the human eyes. The subjective evaluation scores and CVs constitute a set of training data samples for the defocusing evaluation model. An image database that contains sufficiently many training samples is constructed. The training model is trained to obtain the support vector machine (SVM) model by using the regression function of the SVM. In the experiments, the BRISQUE algorithm is used to obtain the image feature vector. The method of establishing the image definition evaluation model via SVM is feasible and yields higher subjective and objective consistency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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17 pages, 3667 KiB  
Article
Validation of a Lumped Parameter Model of the Battery Thermal Management System of a Hybrid Train by Means of Ultrasonic Clamp-On Flow Sensor Measurements and Hydronic Optimization
by Raffaele De Rosa, Luca Romagnuolo, Emma Frosina, Luigi Belli and Adolfo Senatore
Sensors 2023, 23(1), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010390 - 30 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2010
Abstract
Electrification of the field of transport is one of the key elements needed to reach the targets of greenhouse gas emissions reduction and carbon neutrality planned by the European Green Deal. In the railway sector, the hybrid powertrain solution (diesel–electric) is emerging, especially [...] Read more.
Electrification of the field of transport is one of the key elements needed to reach the targets of greenhouse gas emissions reduction and carbon neutrality planned by the European Green Deal. In the railway sector, the hybrid powertrain solution (diesel–electric) is emerging, especially for non-electrified lines. Electric components, especially battery power systems, need an efficient thermal management system that guarantees the batteries will work within specific temperature ranges and a thermal uniformity between the modules. Therefore, a hydronic balancing needs to be realized between the parallel branches that supply the battery modules, which is often realized by introducing pressure losses in the system. In this paper, a thermal management system for battery modules (BTMS) of a hybrid train has been studied experimentally, to analyze the flow rates in each branch and the pressure losses. Since many branches of this system are built inside the battery box of the hybrid train, flow rate measurements have been conducted by means of an ultrasonic clamp-on flow sensor because of its minimal invasiveness and its ability to be quickly installed without modifying the system layout. Experimental data of flow rate and pressure drop have then been used to validate a lumped parameter model of the system, realized in the Simcenter AMESim® environment. This tool has then been used to find the hydronic balancing condition among all the battery modules; two solutions have been proposed, and a comparison in terms of overall power saved due to the reduction in pressure losses has been performed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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11 pages, 10106 KiB  
Article
An Ultra-Precision Absolute-Type Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Grating Encoder
by Shengtong Wang, Linbin Luo, Junhao Zhu, Ningning Shi and Xinghui Li
Sensors 2022, 22(23), 9047; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239047 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1664
Abstract
An absolute-type four-degree-of-freedom (four-DOF) grating encoder that can simultaneously measure the three-axis pose (θx, θy, θz) and one-axis out-of-plane position (Z) of an object with high accuracy is demonstrated for the first time in this research. This [...] Read more.
An absolute-type four-degree-of-freedom (four-DOF) grating encoder that can simultaneously measure the three-axis pose (θx, θy, θz) and one-axis out-of-plane position (Z) of an object with high accuracy is demonstrated for the first time in this research. This grating encoder is composed of a stationary reading head and a movable grating reflector. A light beam from the reading head is projected onto the grating, and three diffracted beams (0th-, +1st-, and −1st-order) are generated, collimated, and received by three separate quadrant photodetectors (QPDs). The information of θx, θy, θz, and Z is coded into spot positions of these three diffracted beams on the QPDs. Thus, the modeling and decoupling algorithms were investigated, and an independent calculation of these four-DOF absolute positions was theoretically guaranteed. A prototype was then designed, constructed, and evaluated. Experimental results verified that the proposed grating encoder could achieve the absolute measurement of four-DOF θx, θy, θz, and Z with an accuracy of sub-arcseconds and sub-micrometers. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed encoder in this research is the first one to achieve absolute simultaneous measurements of four-DOF position and pose with a large measurement range. The success of this new grating encoder can benefit various multi-DOF positioning applications, especially for large-scale synthetic aperture optics (SAO), including stitching off-axis parabolic mirrors and pulse compression grating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research, Other

17 pages, 3721 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Wayside Railway Wheel Flat Detection Techniques: A Review
by Wenjie Fu, Qixin He, Qibo Feng, Jiakun Li, Fajia Zheng and Bin Zhang
Sensors 2023, 23(8), 3916; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083916 - 12 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2629
Abstract
Wheel flats are amongst the most common local surface defect in railway wheels, which can result in repetitive high wheel–rail contact forces and thus lead to rapid deterioration and possible failure of wheels and rails if not detected at an early stage. The [...] Read more.
Wheel flats are amongst the most common local surface defect in railway wheels, which can result in repetitive high wheel–rail contact forces and thus lead to rapid deterioration and possible failure of wheels and rails if not detected at an early stage. The timely and accurate detection of wheel flats is of great significance to ensure the safety of train operation and reduce maintenance costs. In recent years, with the increase of train speed and load capacity, wheel flat detection is facing greater challenges. This paper focuses on the review of wheel flat detection techniques and flat signal processing methods based on wayside deployment in recent years. Commonly used wheel flat detection methods, including sound-based methods, image-based methods, and stress-based methods are introduced and summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed and concluded. In addition, the flat signal processing methods corresponding to different wheel flat detection techniques are also summarized and discussed. According to the review, we believe that the development direction of the wheel flat detection system is gradually moving towards device simplification, multi-sensor fusion, high algorithm accuracy, and operational intelligence. With continuous development of machine learning algorithms and constant perfection of railway databases, wheel flat detection based on machine learning algorithms will be the development trend in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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26 pages, 20398 KiB  
Review
Advances of Research on Dual-Frequency Solid-State Lasers for Synthetic-Wave Absolute-Distance Interferometry
by Mingxing Jiao, Fei Jiang, Junhong Xing, Yun Liu, Tianhong Lian, Jianning Liu and Guangtao Li
Sensors 2023, 23(6), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063206 - 17 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1479
Abstract
Frequency-difference-stabilized dual-frequency solid-state lasers with tunable and large frequency difference have become an ideal light source for the high-accuracy absolute-distance interferometric system due to their stable multistage synthetic wavelengths. In this work, the advances in research on oscillation principles and key technologies of [...] Read more.
Frequency-difference-stabilized dual-frequency solid-state lasers with tunable and large frequency difference have become an ideal light source for the high-accuracy absolute-distance interferometric system due to their stable multistage synthetic wavelengths. In this work, the advances in research on oscillation principles and key technologies of the different kinds of dual-frequency solid-state lasers are reviewed, including birefringent dual-frequency solid-state lasers, biaxial and two-cavity dual-frequency solid-state lasers. The system composition, operating principle, and some main experimental results are briefly introduced. Several typical frequency-difference stabilizing systems for dual-frequency solid-state lasers are introduced and analyzed. The main development trends of research on dual-frequency solid-state lasers are predicted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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Other

2 pages, 155 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Zhang, N.; Lin, C. The Image Definition Assessment of Optoelectronic Tracking Equipment Based on the BRISQUE Algorithm with Gaussian Weights. Sensors 2023, 23, 1621
by Ning Zhang and Cui Lin
Sensors 2023, 23(14), 6323; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146323 - 12 Jul 2023
Viewed by 470
Abstract
There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectric Measurement and Sensing: New Technology and Applications)
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