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Remote Sensing of the Sea Surface and the Upper Ocean II
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Remote Sensing of the Sea Surface and the Upper Ocean II

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2024) | Viewed by 6996

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Stanislav Alexandrovich Ermakov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Geophysical Research Division, Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulyanova, 46, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Interests: geophysical hydrodynamics; wind waves; internal waves; marine slicks; microwave radar probing of the ocean
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The upper ocean layer, including the surface micro layer (SML) and sea surface, carry a lot of information about oceanic/atmospheric processes, such as internal waves, turbulence, oceanic and atmospheric fronts, non-uniform currents, oil spills, and biogenic surface films. Such phenomena can manifest themselves in radar, thermal, and optical satellite imagery due to the modulation of short wind waves, temperature, and the optical characteristics of sea water, respectively. Despite the significant progress which has been made towards finding a solution to the problem of ocean remote sensing, many aspects of electromagnetic wave scattering from the ocean surface/subsurface layers, as well as the hydrodynamic mechanisms of imaging of the oceanic/atmospheric phenomena, are still insufficiently investigated and understood.

This Special Issue aims to collate the latest developments in remote sensing of the ocean using active/passive microwave, optical, and IR instruments on the physical mechanisms of the “imprinting” of various oceanic/atmospheric phenomena in the imagery of the sea surface and of the near-surface layers in different bands of electromagnetic waves. We encourage the submission of articles in the areas of the theory and models of electromagnetic scattering, as well as in field and laboratory experiments, including, but not limited to, the following topics:

  • Radar remote sensing of the sea surface (scattering mechanisms, polarized and multiband radar probing, scatterometry, altimetry);
  • Optical remote sensing of the ocean and inland waters;
  • Detection and characterizations of oceanic/atmospheric phenomena using their manifestations on the sea surface and in the upper water layers;
  • Marine slicks: their dynamics and remote sensing;
  • Plastic pollutions in the ocean and their remote sensing.

Dr. Stanislav Alexandrovich Ermakov
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sea surface
  • microwave radars and scattering mechanisms
  • optical/IR ocean remote sensing
  • oceanic and atmospheric phenomena signatures
  • wind waves, surfactant films, internal waves, fronts
  • plastic pollutions

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

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23 pages, 11517 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in the Coastal Waters of Zhejiang Using Landsat-8/9 Imagery
by Lehua Dong, Difeng Wang, Lili Song, Fang Gong, Siyang Chen, Jingjing Huang and Xianqiang He
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(11), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111951 - 29 May 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1961
Abstract
The Zhejiang coastal waters (ZCW), which exhibit various turbidity levels, including low, medium, and high turbidity levels, are vital for regional ecological balance and sustainable marine resource utilization. Dissolved oxygen (DO) significantly affects marine organism survival and ecosystem health, yet there is limited [...] Read more.
The Zhejiang coastal waters (ZCW), which exhibit various turbidity levels, including low, medium, and high turbidity levels, are vital for regional ecological balance and sustainable marine resource utilization. Dissolved oxygen (DO) significantly affects marine organism survival and ecosystem health, yet there is limited research on remote sensing monitoring of DO in the ZCW, and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study addresses this gap by utilizing high-resolution Landsat 8/9 imagery and sea surface temperature (SST) data to develop a multiple linear regression (MLR) model for DO estimation. Compared to previous studies that utilize remote sensing band reflectance data as inputs, the results show that the red and blue bands are more suitable for establishing DO inversion models for such water bodies. The model was applied to analyze variations in the DO concentrations in the ZCW from 2013 to 2023, with a focus on Hangzhou Bay (HZB), Xiangshan Bay (XSB), Sanmen Bay (SMB), and Yueqing Bay (YQB). The temporal and spatial distributions of DO concentrations and their relationships with environmental factors, such as chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations, total suspended matter (TSM) concentrations, and thermal effluents, are analyzed. The results reveal significant seasonal fluctuations in DO concentrations, which peak in winter (e.g., 9.02 mg/L in HZB) and decrease in summer (e.g., 6.83 mg/L in HZB). Changes in the aquatic environment, particularly in the thermal effluents from the Sanmen Nuclear Power Plant (SNPP), significantly decrease coastal dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations near drainage outlets. Chl-a and TSM directly or indirectly affect DO concentrations, with notable correlations observed in XSB. This study offers a novel approach for monitoring and managing water quality in the ZCW, facilitating the early detection of potential hypoxia issues in critical zones, such as nuclear power plant heat discharge outlets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of the Sea Surface and the Upper Ocean II)
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17 pages, 9297 KiB  
Article
Manifestation of Internal Waves in the Structure of an Artificial Slick Band
by Alexey Ermoshkin, Olga Shomina, Aleksandr Molkov, Nikolay Bogatov, Mikhail Salin and Ivan Kapustin
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010156 - 30 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1333
Abstract
The results of a field experiment devoted to observing slick-band shape variations occurring due to the action of heterogeneous currents related to the passage of internal waves are presented and analyzed on the basis of numerical simulation. The spatiotemporal structure of a train [...] Read more.
The results of a field experiment devoted to observing slick-band shape variations occurring due to the action of heterogeneous currents related to the passage of internal waves are presented and analyzed on the basis of numerical simulation. The spatiotemporal structure of a train of five solitons of internal waves has been retrieved. Their evolution in the coastal area is demonstrated based on the analysis of propagation characteristics. It is shown that the first soliton, characterized by the higher values of amplitude and width, collapsed when entering shallow water near the observation platform. The parameters of an artificial slick band affected by the passage of internal waves are determined. It is shown that the direction and width of the slick band are related to the direction and magnitude of the upper-ocean horizontal current, which contains a component related to the internal wave. The results of numerical simulation are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with experimental data at short distances from the platform. An analysis of the conditions responsible for different regimes of slick-band response to the upper-ocean currents generated by propagating internal waves has been performed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of the Sea Surface and the Upper Ocean II)
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25 pages, 6536 KiB  
Article
Polarization-Enhancement Effects for the Retrieval of Significant Wave Heights from Gaofen-3 SAR Wave Mode Data
by Qiushuang Yan, Chenqing Fan, Tianran Song and Jie Zhang
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(23), 5450; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235450 - 22 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1204
Abstract
In order to investigate the impact of utilizing multiple pieces of polarization information on the performance of significant wave height (SWH) estimation from Gaofen-3 SAR data, the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models were developed, validated, and compared across 9 single-polarizations and 39 combined-polarizations [...] Read more.
In order to investigate the impact of utilizing multiple pieces of polarization information on the performance of significant wave height (SWH) estimation from Gaofen-3 SAR data, the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models were developed, validated, and compared across 9 single-polarizations and 39 combined-polarizations based on the collocated datasets of Gaofen-3 SAR wave mode imagettes matched with SWH data from ERA5 reanalysis as well as independent SWH observations from buoys and altimeters. The results show that the performance of our SWH inversion models varies across the nine different single-polarizations. The co-polarizations (HH, VV, and RL) and hybrid-polarizations (45° linear, RH, and RV) generally exhibit superior performance compared to the cross-polarizations (HV, VH, and RR) at low to moderate sea states, while the cross-polarizations are more advantageous for high SWH estimation. The combined use of multiple pieces of polarization information does not always improve the model performance in retrieving SWH from Gaofen-3 SAR. Only the polarization combinations that incorporate cross-polarization information have the potential to enhance the model performance. In these cases, the performance of our models consistently improves with the incorporation of additional polarization information; however, this improvement diminishes gradually with each subsequent polarization and may eventually reach a saturation point. The optimal estimation of SWH is achieved with the polarization combination of HV + VH + RR + RH + RV + 45° linear, which shows consistently lower RMSEs compared to ERA5 SWH (0.295 m), buoy SWH (0.273 m), Cryosat-2 SWH (0.109 m), Jason-3 SWH (0.414 m), and SARAL SWH (0.286 m). Nevertheless, it still exhibits a slight overestimation at low sea states and a slight underestimation at high sea states. The inadequate distribution of data may serve as a potential explanation for this. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of the Sea Surface and the Upper Ocean II)
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16 pages, 3975 KiB  
Technical Note
Cool Skin Effect as Seen from a New Generation Geostationary Satellite Himawari-8
by Yueqi Zhang and Zhaohui Chen
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(18), 4408; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184408 - 7 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2062
Abstract
The cool skin effect refers to the phenomenon where the surface skin temperature of the ocean is always slightly cooler than the temperature of the water directly underneath due to the ubiquitous cooling processes at the ocean surface, especially in the absence of [...] Read more.
The cool skin effect refers to the phenomenon where the surface skin temperature of the ocean is always slightly cooler than the temperature of the water directly underneath due to the ubiquitous cooling processes at the ocean surface, especially in the absence of solar radiation. The cool skin effect plays a critical role in the estimation of heat, momentum, and gas exchange between the air and the sea. However, the scarcity of observational data greatly hinders the accurate assessment of the cool skin effect. Here, the matchup data from the new generation geostationary satellite Himawari-8 and in situ sea surface temperature (SST) observations are used to evaluate the performance and dependence on the cool skin effect in the low/mid-latitude oceans. Results show that the intensity of the cool skin effect as revealed by Himawari-8 (−0.16 K) is found to be relatively weaker than previously published cool skin models based on in situ concurrent observations. A considerable amount of warm skin signals has been detected in the high-latitude oceans (e.g., Southern Ocean) under the circumstances of positive air–sea temperature difference and high wind, which may be the main cause of discrepancies with previous thoughts on the cool skin effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of the Sea Surface and the Upper Ocean II)
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