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Processes
Special Issues
Activated Sludge Treatment Processes
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Activated Sludge Treatment Processes

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental and Green Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 9559

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Antoine Trzcinski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering & Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
Interests: anaerobic digestion; wastewater treatment; sludge treatment; water–energy nexus; biosolids; sustainable bioprocesses; AB process; biosorption; biorefineries
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Waste-activated sludge has been used successfully for more than 100 years since Ardern and Lockett’s discovery. The process is now used by most municipalities to treat residential and industrial wastewater to a high standard. Nevertheless, with more and more stringent discharge restrictions, higher polluting loads, increasing population, and growing energy costs, there is a need to rethink the process more than ever.

This Special Issue is now welcoming innovative studies related to waste-activated sludge and its many variants. This includes the following broad topics: energy savings, waste management, membrane bioreactors, mainstream anaerobic treatment, emerging contaminants, virus monitoring or removal, sludge treatment, energy production on site, Anammox processes, nitrogen and phosphorus removal, monitoring of pollutants using advanced analytical techniques, novel monitoring techniques, and disinfection processes.

Manuscripts should contribute to advance the current knowledge of the waste-activated sludge processes listed above by proposing alternative processes, providing novel insights, increasing efficiency, or reducing the environmental impact of current processes.

Dr. Antoine Trzcinski
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All papers will be peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Please note that for papers submitted after 30 June 2020 an APC of 1500 CHF applies. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • waste-activated sludge
  • anaerobic digestion
  • wastewater treatment
  • sludge treatment
  • water-energy nexus
  • biosolids
  • sustainable bioprocesses
  • Physico-chemical treatment of water/wastewater
  • biomass
  • membrane bioreactor
  • disinfection
  • emerging contaminant

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 3399 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Characteristics and Micro-Mechanism of Modified Dredged Sludge Based on Calcium-Containing Solid Waste Used as Landfill Cover Materials
by Kejian Shang
Processes 2022, 10(3), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030451 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1775
Abstract
In order to prepare a new type of landfill covering material for closure, we used industrial calcium-containing waste (construction rubbish, slag, desulfurized gypsum and fly ash) to modify the dredged urban sludge. Shrink, unconfined compression, shear and infiltration tests were performed to obtain [...] Read more.
In order to prepare a new type of landfill covering material for closure, we used industrial calcium-containing waste (construction rubbish, slag, desulfurized gypsum and fly ash) to modify the dredged urban sludge. Shrink, unconfined compression, shear and infiltration tests were performed to obtain the volume shrinkage, compressive strength, shear strength and permeability coefficient of the modified sludge, as well as the permeability coefficient under the action of wet and dry cycles. Comprehensive characterization of the modified sludge using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy detection methods, resulted in the hydration products, molecular groups and microstructure characteristics of the modified sludge and revealed the modification mechanism of calcium-containing waste to sludge. After natural curing for 28 d, the volume shrinkage rate of the modified sludge sample was 2.6~8.3%, the unconfined compressive strength was 7.9~14.5 MPa, the cohesion force c was 179~329 kPa, and the internal friction angle φ was 42.59~53.60°. After six wet and dry cycles, there were no cracks in the modified sludge; the permeability coefficient of the modified sludge reached stability at 0.84–11.1 × 10−7 cm/s; and the permeability coefficient of MS7 sample was less than 1 × 10−7 cm/s, which met the engineering anti-seepage requirements of the landfill closure cover. The industrial calcium-containing waste by alkali formed C–S–H and C–A–S–H gelled geopolymer, which filled the gaps between soil particles to form a strong soil cement skeleton. Therefore, the mix ratio of sludge:construction waste:slag:fly ash:desulfurized gypsum was 50:22:15:8:5. Calcium-containing solid waste modified sludge can be used as a cover material for landfill closure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Activated Sludge Treatment Processes)
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19 pages, 1591 KiB  
Article
A Mechanistic Model to Assess the Fate of Naphthalene and Benzo(a)pyrene in a Chilean WWTP
by Antonia Arroyo, Fabián Provoste, Montserrat Rodríguez and Ana L. Prieto
Processes 2021, 9(8), 1313; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081313 - 29 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2245
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of organic compounds of widespread presence in the environment. They are recalcitrant, ubiquitous, prone to bioaccumulation, and potentially carcinogenic. Effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) constitutes a major source of PAHs into water bodies, and their [...] Read more.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of organic compounds of widespread presence in the environment. They are recalcitrant, ubiquitous, prone to bioaccumulation, and potentially carcinogenic. Effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) constitutes a major source of PAHs into water bodies, and their presence should be closely monitored, especially considering the increasing applications of potable and non-potable reuse of treated wastewater worldwide. Modeling the fate and distribution of PAHs in WWTPs is a valuable tool to overcome the complexity and cost of monitoring and quantifying PAHs. A mechanistic model was built to evaluate the fate of PAHs in both water and sludge lines of a Chilean WWTP. Naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene were used as models of low-MW and high-MW PAHs. As there were no reported experimental data available for the case study, the influent load was determined through a statistical approach based on reported values worldwide. For both naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene, the predominant mechanism in the water line was sorption to sludge, while that in the sludge line was desorption. Compared to other studies in the literature, the model satisfactorily describes the mechanisms involved in the fate and distribution of PAHs in a conventional activated sludge WWTP. Even though there is evidence of the presence of PAHs in urban centers in Chile, local regulatory standards do not consider PAHs in the disposal of WWTP effluents. Monitoring of PAHs in both treated effluents and biosolids is imperative, especially when considering de facto reuse and soil amendment in agricultural activities are currently practiced downstream of the studied WWTP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Activated Sludge Treatment Processes)
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Review

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25 pages, 13130 KiB  
Review
Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for the Removal of Dyes from Water and Wastewater: Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
by Amin Mojiri, John L. Zhou, Bahareh KarimiDermani, Elham Razmi and Norhafezah Kasmuri
Processes 2023, 11(3), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030855 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4119
Abstract
The presence of dyes in aquatic environments can have harmful effects on aquatic life, including inhibiting photosynthesis, decreasing dissolved oxygen levels, and altering the behavior and reproductive patterns of aquatic organisms. In the initial phase of this review study, our aim was to [...] Read more.
The presence of dyes in aquatic environments can have harmful effects on aquatic life, including inhibiting photosynthesis, decreasing dissolved oxygen levels, and altering the behavior and reproductive patterns of aquatic organisms. In the initial phase of this review study, our aim was to examine the categories and properties of dyes as well as the impact of their toxicity on aquatic environments. Azo, phthalocyanine, and xanthene are among the most frequently utilized dyes, almost 70–80% of used dyes, in industrial processes and have been identified as some of the most commonly occurring dyes in water bodies. Apart from that, the toxicity effects of dyes on aquatic ecosystems were discussed. Toxicity testing relies heavily on two key measures: the LC50 (half-lethal concentration) and EC50 (half-maximal effective concentration). In a recent study, microalgae exposed to Congo Red displayed a minimum EC50 of 4.8 mg/L, while fish exposed to Disperse Yellow 7 exhibited a minimum LC50 of 0.01 mg/L. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) are a promising method for removing dyes from water bodies. In the second stage of the study, the effectiveness of different AnMBRs in removing dyes was evaluated. Hybrid AnMBRs and AnMBRs with innovative designs have shown the capacity to eliminate dyes completely, reaching up to 100%. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were found to be the dominant bacterial phyla in AnMBRs applied for dye treatment. However, fouling has been identified as a significant drawback of AnMBRs, and innovative designs and techniques are required to address this issue in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Activated Sludge Treatment Processes)
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