AI-Driven Optimization in Intelligent Process Control for Power and Energy Systems

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Process Control and Monitoring".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 February 2026 | Viewed by 4793

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
Interests: artificial intelligence; evolutionary game theory; power markets; smart grids; decision-making optimization; integrated energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528311, China
Interests: AI optimization; power system operation; control strategies; new energy control and optimiza-tion; low-carbon energy management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Interests: multi-objective optimization; power generation control; reinforcement learning; control balancing; system performance; sustainability

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aims and Scope

The increasing complexity, decentralization, and dynamism of modern power and energy systems have presented formidable challenges for traditional process control and optimization frameworks. Rigid, model-based control systems are often inadequate to respond to the nonlinear, time-varying, and data-intensive nature of energy processes today. This Special Issue aims to explore advanced AI-driven optimization and intelligent control approaches that can enable higher adaptability, efficiency, and autonomy in the management of energy systems.

We seek high-quality contributions that investigate how artificial intelligence (AI)—including reinforcement learning, neural networks, swarm intelligence, and hybrid symbolic-neural architectures—can be harnessed to address real-time decision-making, predictive control, and process-level optimization in power and energy systems. This Special Issue provides an interdisciplinary platform for innovations that push the boundaries of energy automation, digitalization, and intelligent system design.

Background and Significance

The global transition to low-carbon, decentralized energy infrastructures has led to the proliferation of smart grids, renewable generation, microgrids, and cyber-physical energy systems. As a result, the operational landscape of power and energy systems is increasingly characterized by nonlinearity, stochasticity, high dimensionality, and interconnectivity. Traditional control strategies, which rely on deterministic models and fixed heuristics, often fall short in such complex settings.

Artificial intelligence offers a transformative pathway forward. Techniques such as deep reinforcement learning, neural-symbolic control systems, metaheuristic optimization, and federated learning enable power and energy systems to adapt, learn, and self-optimize in real-time, even under uncertainty and incomplete information. By embedding AI capabilities into the process control loop, systems can autonomously adjust to disturbances, optimize performance metrics, and coordinate distributed energy resources with minimal human intervention.

This Special Issue invites contributions that bridge theory and practice, offering novel control and optimization paradigms grounded in AI, with applications across power generation, transmission, distribution, energy storage, and load management. Emphasis is placed on the engineering implementation, scalability, and robustness of intelligent process control architectures.

Topics of Interest

Topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Deep reinforcement learning for real-time control of power and energy processes;
  • AI-based modeling and predictive control in nonlinear and uncertain environments;
  • Swarm intelligence and metaheuristics for distributed energy resource coordination;
  • AI-enhanced stability control in microgrids and autonomous power subsystems;
  • Federated and privacy-preserving learning in distributed control frameworks;
  • Intelligent fault detection, diagnosis, and reconfiguration of power systems;
  • Hybrid models combining symbolic AI with process dynamics for interpretable control;
  • Digital twins for real-time optimization and simulation of energy processes;
  • Adaptive process automation and self-tuning control strategies using AI;
  • Multi-objective optimization in energy systems using evolutionary algorithms;
  • Cyber-physical security enhancement using AI-driven anomaly detection;
  • Data-driven system identification and process learning for smart grids;
  • Intelligent control of energy storage systems and renewable integration;
  • Edge and cloud-based AI architectures for scalable energy control.

Dr. Lefeng Cheng
Dr. Xiaoshun Zhang
Dr. Huaizhi Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • intelligent process control
  • AI in energy systems
  • deep reinforcement learning
  • energy system automation
  • neural-symbolic control
  • adaptive optimization
  • swarm intelligence
  • distributed control systems
  • predictive control in smart grids
  • cyber-physical energy systems
  • digital twin in power engineering
  • AI for microgrids
  • process-level energy optimization
  • data-driven control
  • self-learning energy systems

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 3993 KB  
Article
Coordinated Planning Method for Distribution Network Lines Considering Geographical Constraints and Load Distribution
by Linhuan Luo, Qilin Zhou, Wei Pan, Zhian He, Minghao Liu, Longfa Yang and Xiangang Peng
Processes 2026, 14(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010047 - 22 Dec 2025
Abstract
This paper proposes a coordinated planning method for distribution network lines considering geographical constraints and load distribution, aiming to improve the economy and engineering feasibility of distribution network planning. First, a hierarchical system of geographical constraints based on the Interval Analytic Hierarchy Process [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a coordinated planning method for distribution network lines considering geographical constraints and load distribution, aiming to improve the economy and engineering feasibility of distribution network planning. First, a hierarchical system of geographical constraints based on the Interval Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP) is established to systematically quantify the influence weights of spatial factors such as terrain undulation, ecological protection zones, and construction obstacles. Second, the density peak clustering algorithm and load complementarity coefficient are introduced to generate equivalent load nodes, and a spatially continuous load density grid model is constructed to accurately characterize the distribution and complementary characteristics of the load. Third, an improved A-star algorithm is adopted, which integrates a heuristic function guided by geographical weights and load density to dynamically avoid high-cost areas and approach high-load areas. Additionally, Bézier curves are used to optimize the path, reducing crossings and obstacle interference, thus enhancing the implementability of line layout. Verification via a real distribution network case study in a certain area of Guangdong Province shows that the proposed method outperforms traditional planning strategies. It significantly improves the economy, safety, and engineering feasibility of the path, providing effective decision support for distribution network line planning in complex environments. Full article
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0 pages, 1756 KB  
Article
Well Group Scheduling Strategy for Photovoltaic Utilization Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
by Guangfeng Qi, Chenghan Zhu, Yingqiang Yan, Jiehua Feng, Dongya Zhao and Fei Li
Processes 2025, 13(12), 3951; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123951 - 6 Dec 2025
Viewed by 197
Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) generation, a vital component of renewable energy, is key to supporting energy supply and reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. Given the substantial energy consumption of oilfield well groups, increasing the proportion of PV energy is imperative. Furthermore, as oilfields enter [...] Read more.
Photovoltaic (PV) generation, a vital component of renewable energy, is key to supporting energy supply and reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. Given the substantial energy consumption of oilfield well groups, increasing the proportion of PV energy is imperative. Furthermore, as oilfields enter mid-to-late production stages, wells experience reduced oil production with increased energy consumption, necessitating intermittent pumping schedules. This paper addresses the optimized scheduling of pumping unit well groups within a photovoltaic-grid microgrid. The article aims to minimize the difference between the well group system’s total energy consumption and the PV power generation. A nonlinear mixed-integer programming (NMIP) model is constructed, incorporating a PV power forecasting model, a well group energy consumption model, and relevant constraints. An improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, integrating a hybrid coding scheme and multiple improvement strategies, is proposed to efficiently solve the NMIP model. The resulting optimal intermittent pumping schedule maximizes on-site PV power consumption, effectively mitigating PV energy wastage and potential grid stability issues associated with direct grid integration. The effectiveness of the proposed optimization algorithm is validated through numerical simulation case studies. Full article
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18 pages, 9366 KB  
Article
Multi-Objective Rolling Linear-Programming-Model-Based Predictive Control for V2G-Enabled Electric Vehicle Scheduling in Industrial Park Microgrids
by Tianlu Luo, Feipeng Huang, Houke Zhou and Guobo Xie
Processes 2025, 13(11), 3421; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113421 - 24 Oct 2025
Viewed by 591
Abstract
With the rapid growth of electricity demand in industrial parks and the increasing penetration of renewable energy, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has become an important enabler for mitigating grid stress while improving charging economy. This paper proposes a multi-objective rolling linear-programming-model-based predictive control (LP-MPC) [...] Read more.
With the rapid growth of electricity demand in industrial parks and the increasing penetration of renewable energy, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has become an important enabler for mitigating grid stress while improving charging economy. This paper proposes a multi-objective rolling linear-programming-model-based predictive control (LP-MPC) method for coordinated electric vehicle (EV) scheduling in industrial park microgrids. The model explicitly considers transformer capacity limits, EV state-of-charge (SOC) dynamics, bidirectional charging/discharging constraints, and photovoltaic (PV) generation uncertainty. By solving a linear programming problem in a receding horizon framework, the approach simultaneously achieves load peak shaving, valley filling, and EV revenue maximization with real-time feasibility. A simulation study involving 300 EVs, 100 kW PV, and a 1000 kW transformer over 24 h with 5-min intervals demonstrates that the proposed LP-MPC outperforms greedy and heuristic load-leveling strategies in peak load reduction, load variance minimization, and charging cost savings while meeting all SOC terminal requirements. These results validate the effectiveness, robustness, and economic benefits of the proposed method for V2G-enabled industrial park microgrids. Full article
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25 pages, 2787 KB  
Article
Quantifying Weather’s Share in Dynamic Grid Emission Factors via SHAP: A Multi-Timescale Attribution Framework
by Zeqi Zhang, Yingjie Li, Danhui Lai, Ningrui Zhou, Qinhui Zhan and Wei Wang
Processes 2025, 13(11), 3393; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113393 - 23 Oct 2025
Viewed by 390
Abstract
Accurately quantifying the impact of weather on dynamic grid carbon intensity is crucial for power system decarbonization. This study proposes a novel, interpretable machine learning framework integrating tree-based models with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to quantify this impact across multiple timescales via a [...] Read more.
Accurately quantifying the impact of weather on dynamic grid carbon intensity is crucial for power system decarbonization. This study proposes a novel, interpretable machine learning framework integrating tree-based models with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to quantify this impact across multiple timescales via a standardized “Weather Share” metric. Applied to city-level hourly data from China, the analysis reveals that meteorological variables collectively explain 21.64% of the hourly variation in carbon intensity, with air temperature and solar irradiance being the dominant drivers. Significant temporal variations are observed: the weather share is higher in summer (29.8%) and winter (23.5%) than in transition seasons and increases markedly to 32.7% during extreme high-temperature events. The proposed framework provides a robust, quantitative tool for grid operators, offering actionable insights for weather-aware carbon reduction strategies and highlighting critical time windows for targeted interventions. Full article
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17 pages, 6459 KB  
Article
A Star-Connected STATCOM Soft Open Point for Power Flow Control and Voltage Violation Mitigation
by Tianlu Luo, Yanyang Liu, Feipeng Huang and Guobo Xie
Processes 2025, 13(10), 3030; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103030 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 479
Abstract
Soft open point (SOP) offers a viable alternative to traditional tie switches for optimizing power flow distribution between connected feeders, thereby improving power quality and enhancing the reliability of distribution networks (DNs). Among existing medium-voltage (MV) SOP demonstration projects, the modular multilevel converter [...] Read more.
Soft open point (SOP) offers a viable alternative to traditional tie switches for optimizing power flow distribution between connected feeders, thereby improving power quality and enhancing the reliability of distribution networks (DNs). Among existing medium-voltage (MV) SOP demonstration projects, the modular multilevel converter (MMC) back-to-back voltage source converter (BTB-VSC) is the most commonly adopted configuration. However, MMC BTB-VSC suffers from high cost and significant volume, with device requirements increasing substantially as the number of feeders grows. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel star-connected cascaded H-bridge (CHB) STATCOM SOP (SCS-SOP). The SCS-SOP integrates the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and low-voltage (LV) BTB-VSC into a single device, enabling reactive power support within feeders and active power exchange between feeders, while achieving reduced component cost and volume, simplified power decoupling control, and increasing power quality management capabilities. The topology derivation, configuration, operational principles, and control strategies of the SCS-SOP are elaborated. Finally, simulation and experimental models of a two-port 3 Mvar/300 kW SCS-SOP are developed, with results validating the theoretical analysis. Full article
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Review

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25 pages, 1003 KB  
Review
Power Quality Mitigation in Modern Distribution Grids: A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Technologies and Future Pathways
by Mingjun He, Yang Wang, Zihong Song, Zhukui Tan, Yongxiang Cai, Xinyu You, Guobo Xie and Xiaobing Huang
Processes 2025, 13(8), 2615; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082615 - 18 Aug 2025
Viewed by 2532
Abstract
The global transition toward renewable energy and the electrification of transportation is imposing unprecedented power quality (PQ) challenges on modern distribution networks, rendering traditional governance models inadequate. To bridge the existing research gap of the lack of a holistic analytical framework, this review [...] Read more.
The global transition toward renewable energy and the electrification of transportation is imposing unprecedented power quality (PQ) challenges on modern distribution networks, rendering traditional governance models inadequate. To bridge the existing research gap of the lack of a holistic analytical framework, this review first establishes a systematic diagnostic methodology by introducing the “Triadic Governance Objectives–Scenario Matrix (TGO-SM),” which maps core objectives—harmonic suppression, voltage regulation, and three-phase balancing—against the distinct demands of high-penetration photovoltaic (PV), electric vehicle (EV) charging, and energy storage scenarios. Building upon this problem identification framework, the paper then provides a comprehensive review of advanced mitigation technologies, analyzing the performance and application of key ‘unit operations’ such as static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs), solid-state transformers (SSTs), grid-forming (GFM) inverters, and unified power quality conditioners (UPQCs). Subsequently, the review deconstructs the multi-timescale control conflicts inherent in these systems and proposes the forward-looking paradigm of “Distributed Dynamic Collaborative Governance (DDCG).” This future architecture envisions a fully autonomous grid, integrating edge intelligence, digital twins, and blockchain to shift from reactive compensation to predictive governance. Through this structured approach, the research provides a coherent strategy and a crucial theoretical roadmap for navigating the complexities of modern distribution grids and advancing toward a resilient and autonomous future. Full article
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