Plants

18 pages, 1654 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameter F_v/F_m Correlates with Loss of Grain Yield after Severe Drought in Three Wheat Genotypes Grown at Two CO₂ Concentrations

by Søren Gjedde Sommer, Eusun Han, Xiangnan Li, Eva Rosenqvist and Fulai Liu

Plants 2023, 12(3), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030436 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5301

Abstract

Three genotypes of wheat grown at two CO₂ concentrations were used in a drought experiment, where water was withheld from the pots at anthesis until stomatal conductance (g_s) dropped below 10% of the control and photosynthesis (A) approached zero. The [...] Read more.

Three genotypes of wheat grown at two CO₂ concentrations were used in a drought experiment, where water was withheld from the pots at anthesis until stomatal conductance (g_s) dropped below 10% of the control and photosynthesis (A) approached zero. The genotypes had different leaf area (Gladius < LM19 < LM62) and while photosynthesis and shoot growth were boosted by elevated CO₂, the water use and drying rate were more determined by canopy size than by stomatal density and conductance. The genotypes responded differently regarding number of fertile tillers, seeds per spike and 1000 kernel weight and, surprisingly, the largest genotype (LM62) with high water use showed the lowest relative decrease in grain yield. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m) was only affected on the last day of the drought when the stomata were almost closed although some variation in A was still seen between the genotypes. A close correlation was found between F_v/F_m and % loss of grain yield. It indicates that the precise final physiological stress level measured by F_v/F_m at anthesis/early kernel filling could effectively predict percentage final yield loss, and LM62 was slightly less stressed than the other genotypes, due to only a small discrepancy in finalising the drying period. Therefore, F_v/F_m can be used as a proxy for estimating the yield performance of wheat after severe drought at anthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Wheat to Abiotic Stress)

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27 pages, 1733 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Environmental Factors Regulate Plant Secondary Metabolites

by Mirwais M. Qaderi, Ashley B. Martel and Courtney A. Strugnell

Plants 2023, 12(3), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030447 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 176 | Viewed by 15203

Abstract

Abiotic environmental stresses can alter plant metabolism, leading to inhibition or promotion of secondary metabolites. Although the crucial roles of these compounds in plant acclimation and defense are well known, their response to climate change is poorly understood. As the effects of climate [...] Read more.

Abiotic environmental stresses can alter plant metabolism, leading to inhibition or promotion of secondary metabolites. Although the crucial roles of these compounds in plant acclimation and defense are well known, their response to climate change is poorly understood. As the effects of climate change have been increasing, their regulatory aspects on plant secondary metabolism becomes increasingly important. Effects of individual climate change components, including high temperature, elevated carbon dioxide, drought stress, enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation, and their interactions on secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, terpenes, and alkaloids, continue to be studied as evidence mounting. It is important to understand those aspects of secondary metabolites that shape the success of certain plants in the future. This review aims to present and synthesize recent advances in the effects of climate change on secondary metabolism, delving from the molecular aspects to the organismal effects of an increased or decreased concentration of these compounds. A thorough analysis of the current knowledge about the effects of climate change components on plant secondary metabolites should provide us with the required information regarding plant performance under climate change conditions. Further studies should provide more insight into the understanding of multiple environmental factors effects on plant secondary metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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19 pages, 4539 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of Corn Yield Prediction Potential at Various Growth Phases Using a Process-Based Model and Deep Learning

by Yiting Ren, Qiangzi Li, Xin Du, Yuan Zhang, Hongyan Wang, Guanwei Shi and Mengfan Wei

Plants 2023, 12(3), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030446 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4610

Abstract

Early and accurate prediction of grain yield is of great significance for ensuring food security and formulating food policy. The exploration of key growth phases and features is beneficial to improving the efficiency and accuracy of yield prediction. In this study, a hybrid [...] Read more.

Early and accurate prediction of grain yield is of great significance for ensuring food security and formulating food policy. The exploration of key growth phases and features is beneficial to improving the efficiency and accuracy of yield prediction. In this study, a hybrid approach using the WOFOST model and deep learning was developed to forecast corn yield, which analysed yield prediction potential at different growth phases and features. The World Food Studies (WOFOST) model was used to build a comprehensive simulated dataset by inputting meteorological, soil, crop and management data. Different feature combinations at various growth phases were designed to forecast yield using machine learning and deep learning methods. The results show that the key features of corn’s vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage were growth state features and water-related features, respectively. With the continuous advancement of the crop growth stage, the ability to predict yield continued to improve. Especially after entering the reproductive growth stage, corn kernels begin to form, and the yield prediction performance is significantly improved. The performance of the optimal yield prediction model in flowering (R² = 0.53, RMSE = 554.84 kg/ha, MRE = 8.27%), in milk maturity (R² = 0.89, RMSE = 268.76 kg/ha, MRE = 4.01%), and in maturity (R² = 0.98, RMSE = 102.65 kg/ha, MRE = 1.53%) were given. Thus, our method improves the accuracy of yield prediction, and provides reliable analysis results for predicting yield at various growth phases, which is helpful for farmers and governments in agricultural decision making. This can also be applied to yield prediction for other crops, which is of great value to guide agricultural production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic and Environmental Factors Affecting the Grain Quality and Yield of Cereals)

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21 pages, 4615 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Morpho-Physiological and Hormonal Response of Winter Wheat Varieties to Drought Stress at Stem Elongation and Anthesis Stages

by Jurica Duvnjak, Ante Lončarić, Lidija Brkljačić, Dunja Šamec, Hrvoje Šarčević, Branka Salopek-Sondi and Valentina Španić

Plants 2023, 12(3), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030418 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4040

Abstract

Drought stress can significantly reduce wheat growth and development as well as grain yield. This study investigated morpho-physiological and hormonal (abscisic (ABA) and salicylic (SA) acids) responses of six winter wheat varieties during stem elongation and anthesis stage as well grain yield-related traits [...] Read more.

Drought stress can significantly reduce wheat growth and development as well as grain yield. This study investigated morpho-physiological and hormonal (abscisic (ABA) and salicylic (SA) acids) responses of six winter wheat varieties during stem elongation and anthesis stage as well grain yield-related traits were measured after harvest. To examine drought response, plants were exposed to moderate non-lethal drought stress by withholding watering for 45 and 65% of the volumetric soil moisture content (VSMC) for 14 days at separate experiments for each of those two growth stages. During the stem elongation phase, ABA was increased, confirming the stress status of plants, and SA showed a tendency to increase, suggesting their role as stress hormones in the regulation of stress response, such as the increase in the number of leaves and tillers in drought stress conditions, and further keeping turgor pressure and osmotic adjustment in leaves. At the anthesis stage, heavier drought stress resulted in ABA accumulation in flag leaves that generated an integrated response of maturation, where ABA was not positively correlated with any of investigated traits. After harvest, the variety Bubnjar, followed by Pepeljuga and Anđelka, did not significantly decrease the number of grains per ear and 1000 kernel weight (except Anđelka) in drought treatments, thus, declaring them more tolerant to drought. On the other hand, Rujana, Fifi, and particularly Silvija experienced the highest reduction in grain yield-related traits, considering them drought-sensitive varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Wheat to Abiotic Stress)

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20 pages, 2411 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in Receptor-like Protein Kinases in Balancing Plant Growth and Stress Responses

by Qingfeng Zhu, Yanzhao Feng, Jiao Xue, Pei Chen, Aixia Zhang and Yang Yu

Plants 2023, 12(3), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030427 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7769

Abstract

Accompanying the process of growth and development, plants are exposed to ever-changing environments, which consequently trigger abiotic or biotic stress responses. The large protein family known as receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, as well [...] Read more.

Accompanying the process of growth and development, plants are exposed to ever-changing environments, which consequently trigger abiotic or biotic stress responses. The large protein family known as receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, as well as in the response to various stresses. Understanding the biological function and molecular mechanism of RLKs is helpful for crop breeding. Research on the role and mechanism of RLKs has recently received considerable attention regarding the balance between plant growth and environmental adaptability. In this paper, we systematically review the classification of RLKs, the regulatory roles of RLKs in plant development (meristem activity, leaf morphology and reproduction) and in stress responses (disease resistance and environmental adaptation). This review focuses on recent findings revealing that RLKs simultaneously regulate plant growth and stress adaptation, which may pave the way for the better understanding of their function in crop improvement. Although the exact crosstalk between growth constraint and plant adaptation remains elusive, a profound study on the adaptive mechanisms for decoupling the developmental processes would be a promising direction for the future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology)

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35 pages, 1286 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Trichoderma Species: Our Best Fungal Allies in the Biocontrol of Plant Diseases—A Review

by Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán, Ajay Kumar, Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos, Fannie I. Parra-Cota, Ma. del Carmen Orozco-Mosqueda, Ayomide Emmanuel Fadiji, Sajjad Hyder, Olubukola Oluranti Babalola and Gustavo Santoyo

Plants 2023, 12(3), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030432 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 193 | Viewed by 27594

Abstract

Biocontrol agents (BCA) have been an important tool in agriculture to prevent crop losses due to plant pathogens infections and to increase plant food production globally, diminishing the necessity for chemical pesticides and fertilizers and offering a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option. [...] Read more.

Biocontrol agents (BCA) have been an important tool in agriculture to prevent crop losses due to plant pathogens infections and to increase plant food production globally, diminishing the necessity for chemical pesticides and fertilizers and offering a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option. Fungi from the genus Trichoderma are among the most used and studied microorganisms as BCA due to the variety of biocontrol traits, such as parasitism, antibiosis, secondary metabolites (SM) production, and plant defense system induction. Several Trichoderma species are well-known mycoparasites. However, some of those species can antagonize other organisms such as nematodes and plant pests, making this fungus a very versatile BCA. Trichoderma has been used in agriculture as part of innovative bioformulations, either just Trichoderma species or in combination with other plant-beneficial microbes, such as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Here, we review the most recent literature regarding the biocontrol studies about six of the most used Trichoderma species, T. atroviride, T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. virens, T. longibrachiatum, and T. viride, highlighting their biocontrol traits and the use of these fungal genera in Trichoderma-based formulations to control or prevent plant diseases, and their importance as a substitute for chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Formulations to Increase Crop Production, from Laboratory to Fields)

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18 pages, 1566 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

New Paradigms in Brassinosteroids, Strigolactones, Sphingolipids, and Nitric Oxide Interaction in the Control of Lateral and Adventitious Root Formation

by Maria Maddalena Altamura, Diego Piacentini, Federica Della Rovere, Laura Fattorini, Giuseppina Falasca and Camilla Betti

Plants 2023, 12(2), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020413 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3873

Abstract

The root system is formed by the primary root (PR), which forms lateral roots (LRs) and, in some cases, adventitious roots (ARs), which in turn may produce their own LRs. The formation of ARs is also essential for vegetative propagation in planta and [...] Read more.

The root system is formed by the primary root (PR), which forms lateral roots (LRs) and, in some cases, adventitious roots (ARs), which in turn may produce their own LRs. The formation of ARs is also essential for vegetative propagation in planta and in vitro and for breeding programs. Root formation and branching is coordinated by a complex developmental network, which maximizes the plant’s ability to cope with abiotic stress. Rooting is also a response caused in a cutting by wounding and disconnection from the donor plant. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid molecules perceived at the cell surface. They act as plant-growth-regulators (PGRs) and modulate plant development to provide stress tolerance. BRs and auxins control the formation of LRs and ARs. The auxin/BR interaction involves other PGRs and compounds, such as nitric oxide (NO), strigolactones (SLs), and sphingolipids (SPLs). The roles of these interactions in root formation and plasticity are still to be discovered. SLs are carotenoid derived PGRs. SLs enhance/reduce LR/AR formation depending on species and culture conditions. These PGRs possibly crosstalk with BRs. SPLs form domains with sterols within cellular membranes. Both SLs and SPLs participate in plant development and stress responses. SPLs are determinant for auxin cell-trafficking, which is essential for the formation of LRs/ARs in planta and in in vitro systems. Although little is known about the transport, trafficking, and signaling of SPLs, they seem to interact with BRs and SLs in regulating root-system growth. Here, we review the literature on BRs as modulators of LR and AR formation, as well as their crosstalk with SLs and SPLs through NO signaling. Knowledge on the control of rooting by these non-classical PGRs can help in improving crop productivity and enhancing AR-response from cuttings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developmental and Environmental Control of Adventitious Root Formation in Cuttings: Towards Understanding of Underlying Principles)

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27 pages, 948 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plant Beneficial Bacteria and Their Potential Applications in Vertical Farming Systems

by Peerapol Chiaranunt and James F. White

Plants 2023, 12(2), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020400 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 17354

Abstract

In this literature review, we discuss the various functions of beneficial plant bacteria in improving plant nutrition, the defense against biotic and abiotic stress, and hormonal regulation. We also review the recent research on rhizophagy, a nutrient scavenging mechanism in which bacteria enter [...] Read more.

In this literature review, we discuss the various functions of beneficial plant bacteria in improving plant nutrition, the defense against biotic and abiotic stress, and hormonal regulation. We also review the recent research on rhizophagy, a nutrient scavenging mechanism in which bacteria enter and exit root cells on a cyclical basis. These concepts are covered in the contexts of soil agriculture and controlled environment agriculture, and they are also used in vertical farming systems. Vertical farming—its advantages and disadvantages over soil agriculture, and the various climatic factors in controlled environment agriculture—is also discussed in relation to plant–bacterial relationships. The different factors under grower control, such as choice of substrate, oxygenation rates, temperature, light, and CO₂ supplementation, may influence plant–bacterial interactions in unintended ways. Understanding the specific effects of these environmental factors may inform the best cultural practices and further elucidate the mechanisms by which beneficial bacteria promote plant growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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23 pages, 4049 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Valorization of Bioactive Compounds from By-Products of Matricaria recutita White Ray Florets

by Ilva Nakurte, Marta Berga, Laura Pastare, Liene Kienkas, Maris Senkovs, Martins Boroduskis and Anna Ramata-Stunda

Plants 2023, 12(2), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020396 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3122

Abstract

In this research, we have reported the valorization possibilities of Matricaria recutita white ray florets using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO₂. Experiments were conducted at temperatures of 35–55 °C and separation pressures of 5–9 MPa to evaluate their impact on [...] Read more.

In this research, we have reported the valorization possibilities of Matricaria recutita white ray florets using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO₂. Experiments were conducted at temperatures of 35–55 °C and separation pressures of 5–9 MPa to evaluate their impact on the chemical composition and biological activity of the extracts. The total obtained extraction yields varied from 9.76 to 18.21 g 100 g⁻¹ DW input. The greatest extraction yield obtained was at 9 MPa separation pressure and 55 °C in the separation tank. In all obtained extracts, the contents of total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and sugars were determined. The influence of the supercritical CO₂ extraction conditions on the extract antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the quenching activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The chemical composition of the extracts was identified using both gas and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods, whereas analyses of major and minor elements as well as heavy metals by microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer were provided. Moreover, extracts were compared with respect to their antimicrobial activity, as well as the cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of the extracts. The results revealed a considerable diversity in the phytochemical classes among all extracts investigated in the present study and showed that the Matricaria recutita white ray floret by-product possesses cytotoxic and proliferation-reducing activity in immortalized cell lines, as well as antimicrobial activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper presenting such comprehensive data on the chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and biological properties of SFE derived from Matricaria recutita white ray florets. For the first time, these effects have been studied in processing by-products, and the results generated in this study provide valuable preconditions for further studies in specific test systems to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action and potential applications, such as potential use in cosmetic formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uses & Efficient Valorisation of Plant Biomass in Biorefinery Context)

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27 pages, 3479 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimal Contribution Selection Improves the Rate of Genetic Gain in Grain Yield and Yield Stability in Spring Canola in Australia and Canada

by Wallace A. Cowling, Felipe A. Castro-Urrea, Katia T. Stefanova, Li Li, Robert G. Banks, Renu Saradadevi, Olaf Sass, Brian P. Kinghorn and Kadambot H. M. Siddique

Plants 2023, 12(2), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020383 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5781

Abstract

Crop breeding must achieve higher rates of genetic gain in grain yield (GY) and yield stability to meet future food demands in a changing climate. Optimal contributions selection (OCS) based on an index of key economic traits should increase the rate of genetic [...] Read more.

Crop breeding must achieve higher rates of genetic gain in grain yield (GY) and yield stability to meet future food demands in a changing climate. Optimal contributions selection (OCS) based on an index of key economic traits should increase the rate of genetic gain while minimising population inbreeding. Here we apply OCS in a global spring oilseed rape (canola) breeding program during three cycles of S_0,1 family selection in 2016, 2018, and 2020, with several field trials per cycle in Australia and Canada. Economic weights in the index promoted high GY, seed oil, protein in meal, and Phoma stem canker (blackleg) disease resistance while maintaining plant height, flowering time, oleic acid, and seed size and decreasing glucosinolate content. After factor analytic modelling of the genotype-by-environment interaction for the additive effects, the linear rate of genetic gain in GY across cycles was 0.059 or 0.087 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ (2.9% or 4.3% y⁻¹) based on genotype scores for the first factor (f₁) expressed in trait units or average predicted breeding values across environments, respectively. Both GY and yield stability, defined as the root-mean-square deviation from the regression line associated with f₁, were predicted to improve in the next cycle with a low achieved mean parental coancestry (0.087). These methods achieved rapid genetic gain in GY and other traits and are predicted to improve yield stability across global spring canola environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Basis of Yield and Yield Stability in Major Crops)

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24 pages, 5564 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 Gene-Editing Can Deliver Potato Cultivars with Reduced Browning and Acrylamide

by Diem Nguyen Phuoc Ly, Sadia Iqbal, John Fosu-Nyarko, Stephen Milroy and Michael G. K. Jones

Plants 2023, 12(2), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020379 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6797

Abstract

Storing potato tubers at cold temperatures, either for transport or continuity of supply, is associated with the conversion of sucrose to reducing sugars. When cold-stored cut tubers are processed at high temperatures, with endogenous asparagine, acrylamide is formed. Acrylamide is classified as a [...] Read more.

Storing potato tubers at cold temperatures, either for transport or continuity of supply, is associated with the conversion of sucrose to reducing sugars. When cold-stored cut tubers are processed at high temperatures, with endogenous asparagine, acrylamide is formed. Acrylamide is classified as a carcinogen. Potato processors prefer cultivars which accumulate fewer reducing sugars and thus less acrylamide on processing, and suitable processing cultivars may not be available. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to disrupt the genes encoding vacuolar invertase (VInv) and asparagine synthetase 1 (AS1) of cultivars Atlantic and Desiree to reduce the accumulation of reducing sugars and the production of asparagine after cold storage. Three of the four guide RNAs employed induced mutation frequencies of 17–98%, which resulted in deletions, insertions and substitutions at the targeted gene sites. Eight of ten edited events had mutations in at least one allele of both genes; for two, only the VInv was edited. No wild-type allele was detected in both genes of events DSpco7, DSpFN4 and DSpco12, suggesting full allelic mutations. Tubers of two Atlantic and two Desiree events had reduced fructose and glucose concentrations after cold storage. Crisps from these and four other Desiree events were lighter in colour and included those with 85% less acrylamide. These results demonstrate that multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 technology can generate improved potato cultivars for healthier processed potato products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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15 pages, 1270 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Iron Nutrition in Plants: Towards a New Paradigm?

by Meijie Li, Shunsuke Watanabe, Fei Gao and Christian Dubos

Plants 2023, 12(2), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020384 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 7031

Abstract

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development. Fe availability affects crops’ productivity and the quality of their derived products and thus human nutrition. Fe is poorly available for plant use since it is mostly present in soils in the [...] Read more.

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development. Fe availability affects crops’ productivity and the quality of their derived products and thus human nutrition. Fe is poorly available for plant use since it is mostly present in soils in the form of insoluble oxides/hydroxides, especially at neutral to alkaline pH. How plants cope with low-Fe conditions and acquire Fe from soil has been investigated for decades. Pioneering work highlighted that plants have evolved two different strategies to mine Fe from soils, the so-called Strategy I (Fe reduction strategy) and Strategy II (Fe chelation strategy). Strategy I is employed by non-grass species whereas graminaceous plants utilize Strategy II. Recently, it has emerged that these two strategies are not fully exclusive and that the mechanism used by plants for Fe uptake is directly shaped by the characteristics of the soil on which they grow (e.g., pH, oxygen concentration). In this review, recent findings on plant Fe uptake and the regulation of this process will be summarized and their impact on our understanding of plant Fe nutrition will be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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15 pages, 2865 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Small Heat Shock Protein (sHSP) Gene Family from Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits: Involvement in Ripening and Modulation by Nitric Oxide (NO)

by Salvador González-Gordo, José M. Palma and Francisco J. Corpas

Plants 2023, 12(2), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020389 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3505

Abstract

Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are usually upregulated in plants under diverse environmental stresses. These proteins have been suggested to function as molecular chaperones to safeguard other proteins from stress-induced damage. The ripening of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit involves important phenotypic, [...] Read more.

Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are usually upregulated in plants under diverse environmental stresses. These proteins have been suggested to function as molecular chaperones to safeguard other proteins from stress-induced damage. The ripening of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit involves important phenotypic, physiological, and biochemical changes, which have associated endogenous physiological nitro-oxidative stress, but they can also be significantly affected by environmental conditions, such as temperature. Based on the available pepper genome, a total of 41 sHSP genes were identified in this work, and their distributions in the 12 pepper chromosomes were determined. Among these genes, only 19 sHSP genes were found in the transcriptome (RNA-Seq) of sweet pepper fruits reported previously. This study aims to analyze how these 19 sHSP genes present in the transcriptome of sweet pepper fruits are modulated during ripening and after treatment of fruits with nitric oxide (NO) gas. The time-course expression analysis of these genes during fruit ripening showed that 6 genes were upregulated; another 7 genes were downregulated, whereas 6 genes were not significantly affected. Furthermore, NO treatment triggered the upregulation of 7 sHSP genes and the downregulation of 3 sHSP genes, whereas 9 genes were unchanged. These data indicate the diversification of sHSP genes in pepper plants and, considering that sHSPs are important in stress tolerance, the observed changes in sHSP expression support that pepper fruit ripening has an associated process of physiological nitro-oxidative stress, such as it was previously proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects of Genetic and Molecular Research in Plant)

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29 pages, 2477 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Current Trends for Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) Crops and Products with Emphasis on Essential Oil Quality

by Ioana Crișan, Andreea Ona, Dan Vârban, Leon Muntean, Rodica Vârban, Andrei Stoie, Tania Mihăiescu and Adriana Morea

Plants 2023, 12(2), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020357 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 15805

Abstract

Lavender is in the research spotlight due to its increasing economic importance, while market demand is expected to continue to grow. Among the hundreds of essential-oil-bearing plants, Lavandula angustifolia Mill. remains one of the most valuable. This paper explores the lavender chain timeline [...] Read more.

Lavender is in the research spotlight due to its increasing economic importance, while market demand is expected to continue to grow. Among the hundreds of essential-oil-bearing plants, Lavandula angustifolia Mill. remains one of the most valuable. This paper explores the lavender chain timeline from crop to products, examining the expanding knowledge on the characteristics, phytochemical profile and functional potential of lavender that could lead to new products and uses. Lavender crops can be expanded without competing for productive land, instead using marginal, contaminated or unproductive land. A novel cultivation trend proposes leveraging agri-background biodiversity, arbuscular mycorrhiza and the natural enemies of pests for healthy crops. Together with breeding efforts targeting highly performant genotypes with complex volatile profiles coupled with resistance to specific biotic (particularly Phytoplasma) and abiotic (salt, heavy metals) stressors, industry could have a steady supply of high-quality raw material. Besides the expansion of the uses of essential oil in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food and environmental and agri-applications, novel channels have appeared for the use of the solid by-product, which is rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides; these channels have the potential to create additional streams of value. The stabilization and optimization of techno-functional delivery systems through the encapsulation of essential oil can extend shelf-life and enhance biological activity efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Essential Oils of Plants (Chemical Composition, Variation and Properties))

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18 pages, 2054 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Production Technology Intensity on the Grain Yield, Protein Content and Amino Acid Profile in Common and Durum Wheat Grain

by Alicja Sułek, Grażyna Cacak-Pietrzak, Marcin Różewicz, Anna Nieróbca, Jerzy Grabiński, Marcin Studnicki, Katarzyna Sujka and Dariusz Dziki

Plants 2023, 12(2), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020364 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2968

Abstract

Products derived from wheat grains are an important source of protein in the daily diet of people in many parts of the world. The biological value of protein is determined by its amino acid composition and the proportions of the individual amino acids. [...] Read more.

Products derived from wheat grains are an important source of protein in the daily diet of people in many parts of the world. The biological value of protein is determined by its amino acid composition and the proportions of the individual amino acids. Synthesis of these compounds in wheat grains is influenced by genetic factors, as well as habitat conditions and the agrotechnology applied in cultivation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of production technology (integrated, intensive) on the grain yield and the content amino acid profile of protein in common and durum wheat grain. Field research was conducted at the Experimental Station IUNG-PIB in Osiny (Poland) in two growing seasons. It was found that grain yield significantly depended on the weather conditions in the years of harvesting and genotype, but did not depend on the production technology. On the other hand, the protein content and their amino acid composition depended significantly on the production technology and genotype. A significantly higher content of protein substances was found in durum wheat grain. Increasing the intensity of production technology had a positive effect on the total protein content and the content of individual amino acids, both exogenous and endogenous. The amino acid limiting the biological value of protein contained in grains of both wheat species was lysine, and the deficiency of this amino acid was significantly lower in grain protein from intensive than integrated cultivation technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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25 pages, 3063 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Insights into Plant miRNA Biogenesis: Multiple Layers of miRNA Level Regulation

by Mateusz Bajczyk, Artur Jarmolowski, Monika Jozwiak, Andrzej Pacak, Halina Pietrykowska, Izabela Sierocka, Aleksandra Swida-Barteczka, Lukasz Szewc and Zofia Szweykowska-Kulinska

Plants 2023, 12(2), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020342 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6986

Abstract

MicroRNAs are small RNAs, 20–22 nt long, the main role of which is to downregulate gene expression at the level of mRNAs. MiRNAs are fundamental regulators of plant growth and development in response to internal signals as well as in response to abiotic [...] Read more.

MicroRNAs are small RNAs, 20–22 nt long, the main role of which is to downregulate gene expression at the level of mRNAs. MiRNAs are fundamental regulators of plant growth and development in response to internal signals as well as in response to abiotic and biotic factors. Therefore, the deficiency or excess of individual miRNAs is detrimental to particular aspects of a plant’s life. In consequence, the miRNA levels must be appropriately adjusted. To obtain proper expression of each miRNA, their biogenesis is controlled at multiple regulatory layers. Here, we addressed processes discovered to influence miRNA steady-state levels, such as MIR transcription, co-transcriptional pri-miRNA processing (including splicing, polyadenylation, microprocessor assembly and activity) and miRNA-encoded peptides synthesis. MiRNA stability, RISC formation and miRNA export out of the nucleus and out of the plant cell also define the levels of miRNAs in various plant tissues. Moreover, we show the evolutionary conservation of miRNA biogenesis core proteins across the plant kingdom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetic Control Mechanisms and Transcriptional Reprogramming in Plants)

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26 pages, 2502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Tight Interaction between the Native Seagrass Cymodocea nodosa and the Exotic Halophila stipulacea in the Aegean Sea Highlights Seagrass Holobiont Variations

by Chiara Conte, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, Salvatrice Vizzini and Luciana Migliore

Plants 2023, 12(2), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020350 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3010

Abstract

Seagrasses harbour bacterial communities with which they constitute a functional unit called holobiont that responds as a whole to environmental changes. Epiphytic bacterial communities rapidly respond to both biotic and abiotic factors, potentially contributing to the host fitness. The Lessepsian migrant Halophila stipulacea [...] Read more.

Seagrasses harbour bacterial communities with which they constitute a functional unit called holobiont that responds as a whole to environmental changes. Epiphytic bacterial communities rapidly respond to both biotic and abiotic factors, potentially contributing to the host fitness. The Lessepsian migrant Halophila stipulacea has a high phenotypical plasticity and harbours a highly diverse epiphytic bacterial community, which could support its invasiveness in the Mediterranean Sea. The current study aimed to evaluate the Halophila/Cymodocea competition in the Aegean Sea by analysing each of the two seagrasses in a meadow zone where these intermingled, as well as in their monospecific zones, at two depths. Differences in holobionts were evaluated using seagrass descriptors (morphometric, biochemical, elemental, and isotopic composition) to assess host changes, and 16S rRNA gene to identify bacterial community structure and composition. An Indicator Species Index was used to identify bacteria significantly associated with each host. In mixed meadows, native C. nodosa was shown to be affected by the presence of exotic H. stipulacea, in terms of both plant descriptors and bacterial communities, while H. stipulacea responded only to environmental factors rather than C. nodosa proximity. This study provided evidence of the competitive advantage of H. stipulacea on C. nodosa in the Aegean Sea and suggests the possible use of associated bacterial communities as an ecological seagrass descriptor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Invasion Ecology)

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16 pages, 787 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Molecular Links between Flowering and Abiotic Stress Response: A Focus on Poaceae

by Daniele Chirivì and Camilla Betti

Plants 2023, 12(2), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020331 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4371

Abstract

Extreme temperatures, drought, salinity and soil pollution are the most common types of abiotic stresses crops can encounter in fields; these variations represent a general warning to plant productivity and survival, being more harmful when in combination. Plant response to such conditions involves [...] Read more.

Extreme temperatures, drought, salinity and soil pollution are the most common types of abiotic stresses crops can encounter in fields; these variations represent a general warning to plant productivity and survival, being more harmful when in combination. Plant response to such conditions involves the activation of several molecular mechanisms, starting from perception to signaling, transcriptional reprogramming and protein modifications. This can influence the plant’s life cycle and development to different extents. Flowering developmental transition is very sensitive to environmental stresses, being critical to reproduction and to agricultural profitability for crops. The Poacee family contains some of the most widespread domesticated plants, such as wheat, barley and rice, which are commonly referred to as cereals and represent a primary food source. In cultivated Poaceae, stress-induced modifications of flowering time and development cause important yield losses by directly affecting seed production. At the molecular level, this reflects important changes in gene expression and protein activity. Here, we present a comprehensive overview on the latest research investigating the molecular pathways linking flowering control to osmotic and temperature extreme conditions in agronomically relevant monocotyledons. This aims to provide hints for biotechnological strategies that can ensure agricultural stability in ever-changing climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges for Understanding the Molecular Regulation of Plant Developmental Processes)

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20 pages, 425 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Crop Wild Relatives: A Valuable Source of Tolerance to Various Abiotic Stresses

by Aliki Kapazoglou, Maria Gerakari, Efstathia Lazaridi, Konstantina Kleftogianni, Efi Sarri, Eleni Tani and Penelope J. Bebeli

Plants 2023, 12(2), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020328 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 7448

Abstract

Global climate change is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, production, and sustainability worldwide. Moreover, breeding efforts in the past years have focused on improving certain favorable crop traits, leading to genetic bottlenecks. The use of crop wild relatives (CWRs) to [...] Read more.

Global climate change is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, production, and sustainability worldwide. Moreover, breeding efforts in the past years have focused on improving certain favorable crop traits, leading to genetic bottlenecks. The use of crop wild relatives (CWRs) to expand genetic diversity and improve crop adaptability seems to be a promising and sustainable approach for crop improvement in the context of the ongoing climate challenges. In this review, we present the progress that has been achieved towards CWRs exploitation for enhanced resilience against major abiotic stressors (e.g., water deficiency, increased salinity, and extreme temperatures) in crops of high nutritional and economic value, such as tomato, legumes, and several woody perennial crops. The advances in -omics technologies have facilitated the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that may underlie abiotic stress tolerance. Comparative analyses of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and transcriptomic profiling (RNA-seq) data between crops and their wild relative counterparts have unraveled important information with respect to the molecular basis of tolerance to abiotic stressors. These studies have uncovered genomic regions, specific stress-responsive genes, gene networks, and biochemical pathways associated with resilience to adverse conditions, such as heat, cold, drought, and salinity, and provide useful tools for the development of molecular markers to be used in breeding programs. CWRs constitute a highly valuable resource of genetic diversity, and by exploiting the full potential of this extended allele pool, new traits conferring abiotic-stress tolerance may be introgressed into cultivated varieties leading to superior and resilient genotypes. Future breeding programs may greatly benefit from CWRs utilization for overcoming crop production challenges arising from extreme environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature paper in Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

13 pages, 915 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Wild Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Leaves and Roots Chemical Composition and Phenols Extraction

by Živilė Tarasevičienė, Miglė Vitkauskaitė, Aurelija Paulauskienė and Judita Černiauskienė

Plants 2023, 12(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020309 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 9237

Abstract

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is an herbaceous plant that grows all over the world and is widely used as an edible and medicinal plant. Overall research results reveal that the chemical content and antioxidant activity of aerial parts and roots of [...] Read more.

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is an herbaceous plant that grows all over the world and is widely used as an edible and medicinal plant. Overall research results reveal that the chemical content and antioxidant activity of aerial parts and roots of stinging nettle depends on the growing region, soil, meteorological conditions (especially sunshine), collecting time, etc. The chemical composition of stinging nettle growing in Lithuania and the solid–liquid extraction efficiency of leaves and roots using different solvents were analysed. Additionally, we determined leaves phenols extraction efficiency using 96% methanol at different extraction conditions. Research results showed that a higher amount of crude fats, non-nitrogen extractives, and total carotenoids were in leaves, but the amount of crude proteins and ash did not differ significantly compared with roots. A higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were detected in roots instead of leaves while saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were in leaves. The extraction results showed that the most effective solvent for total phenols and flavonoids in leaves was 96% methanol, for total phenols in roots was 50% methanol and 50% ethanol for total flavonoids in roots. The most effective temperature for the Urtica dioica L. leaves phenols extraction was 70 °C, while time does not have a significant influence. The present study’s findings suggested that concentrated and binary solvents had different effects on the phenol’s extraction efficiency from different stinging nettle parts and extraction temperature performed a key role instead of extraction time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemical Profiles of Plant Materials: From Extracts to Added Value Ingredients)

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22 pages, 812 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chemistry, Occurrence, Properties, Applications, and Encapsulation of Carotenoids—A Review

by Marco Antonio González-Peña, Ana Eugenia Ortega-Regules, Cecilia Anaya de Parrodi and José Daniel Lozada-Ramírez

Plants 2023, 12(2), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020313 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 118 | Viewed by 11504

Abstract

Carotenoids are natural lipophilic pigments and antioxidants that are present in many fruits and vegetables. The consumption of carotenoids is correlated with positive health effects and a decreased risk of several chronic diseases. Provitamin A carotenoids (β-carotene, α-carotene, γ-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin) are essential [...] Read more.

Carotenoids are natural lipophilic pigments and antioxidants that are present in many fruits and vegetables. The consumption of carotenoids is correlated with positive health effects and a decreased risk of several chronic diseases. Provitamin A carotenoids (β-carotene, α-carotene, γ-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin) are essential for the development and maintenance of sight. β-carotene, α-carotene, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and lycopene have high antioxidant activity and promote free radical scavenging, which helps protect against chronic diseases. However, carotenoids are chemically unstable and prone to oxidation in the presence of light, heat, oxygen, acids, and metal ions. The use of carotenoids in the food industry is limited due to their poor solubility in water, bioavailability and quick release. Encapsulation techniques, such as microencapsulation, nanoencapsulation and supercritical encapsulation, are used to overcome these problems. The objective of this paper is to describe the characteristics and potential health benefits of carotenoids and advances in encapsulation techniques for protecting and enhancing their solubility or bioavailability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemical Profiles of Plant Materials: From Extracts to Added Value Ingredients)

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13 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Combination of Biochar and Functional Bacteria Drives the Ecological Improvement of Saline–Alkali Soil

by Shuang Liang, Sheng-Nan Wang, Lu-Lu Zhou, Shuo Sun, Jian Zhang and Lin-Lan Zhuang

Plants 2023, 12(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020284 - 7 Jan 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4044

Abstract

The addition of functional bacteria (FB) is low-cost and is widely applied in saline–alkali soil remediation, which may gradually become ineffective due to inter-specific competition with indigenous bacteria. To improve the adaptability of FB, the target FB strains were isolated from local saline–alkali [...] Read more.

The addition of functional bacteria (FB) is low-cost and is widely applied in saline–alkali soil remediation, which may gradually become ineffective due to inter-specific competition with indigenous bacteria. To improve the adaptability of FB, the target FB strains were isolated from local saline–alkali soil, and the combined effects of FB and biochar were explored. The results showed that FB isolated from local soil showed better growth than the purchased strains under high saline–alkali conditions. However, the indigenous community still weakened the function of added FB. Biochar addition provided a specific niche and increased the relative abundance of FB, especially for Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota. As a result, the co-addition of 10% biochar and FB significantly increased the soil available phosphorus (AP) by 74.85% and available nitrogen (AN) by 114.53%. Zea Mays’s growth (in terms of height) was enhanced by 87.92% due to the decreased salinity stress and extra nutrients provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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20 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of Pistacia lentiscus Polyphenols: Chemical Diversity and Pharmacological Activities

by Chabha Sehaki, Nathalie Jullian, Fadila Ayati, Farida Fernane and Eric Gontier

Plants 2023, 12(2), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020279 - 7 Jan 2023

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5589

Abstract

Pistacia lentiscus (lentisk) is a plant species of the Anacardiaceae family. It is a medicinal plant that grows wild in the Mediterranean region. This review aims to update the existing knowledge regarding P. lentiscus polyphenols by consulting references dated from 1996 to 2022. [...] Read more.

Pistacia lentiscus (lentisk) is a plant species of the Anacardiaceae family. It is a medicinal plant that grows wild in the Mediterranean region. This review aims to update the existing knowledge regarding P. lentiscus polyphenols by consulting references dated from 1996 to 2022. The data are organized and analyzed as follows: (i) to show the chemical diversity of phenolic products from P. lentiscus; (ii) to summarize the variability in phenolic composition and quantity; this could be attributed to plant origin, environmental conditions, phenological stage, and the polarity of the extraction solvents; (iii) to present the pharmacological properties in agreement with the traditional uses of this plant; and (iv) to demonstrate the correlation between the chemical profile and the pharmacological effect. Various compositions were observed, including phenolic acids, flavonoid glycosides, anthocyanins, catechins, and their derivatives. The biological and therapeutic potentials of lentisk extracts have been evaluated in terms of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Most of these activities are related to the phenolic composition of this plant. The content of this review will undoubtedly contribute to the choice of techniques for isolating the different bioactive molecules contained in the P. lentiscus. It is also of significance for the potential development of a micro-industrial sector based on the valorization of lentisk polyphenols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in the Research of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Origin with Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Potential II)

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18 pages, 1594 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Applications of Metabolomics for the Elucidation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants: A Special Focus on Osmotic Stress and Heavy Metal Toxicity

by Manamele Dannies Mashabela, Priscilla Masamba and Abidemi Paul Kappo

Plants 2023, 12(2), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020269 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4698

Abstract

Plants undergo metabolic perturbations under various abiotic stress conditions; due to their sessile nature, the metabolic network of plants requires continuous reconfigurations in response to environmental stimuli to maintain homeostasis and combat stress. The comprehensive analysis of these metabolic features will thus give [...] Read more.

Plants undergo metabolic perturbations under various abiotic stress conditions; due to their sessile nature, the metabolic network of plants requires continuous reconfigurations in response to environmental stimuli to maintain homeostasis and combat stress. The comprehensive analysis of these metabolic features will thus give an overview of plant metabolic responses and strategies applied to mitigate the deleterious effects of stress conditions at a biochemical level. In recent years, the adoption of metabolomics studies has gained significant attention due to the growing technological advances in analytical biochemistry (plant metabolomics). The complexity of the plant biochemical landscape requires sophisticated, advanced analytical methods. As such, technological advancements in the field of metabolomics have been realized, aided much by the development and refinement of separatory techniques, including liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC), often hyphenated to state-of-the-art detection instruments such as mass spectrometry (MS) or nuclear resonance magnetic (NMR) spectroscopy. Significant advances and developments in these techniques are briefly highlighted in this review. The enormous progress made thus far also comes with the dawn of the Internet of Things (IoT) and technology housed in machine learning (ML)-based computational tools for data acquisition, mining, and analysis in the 4IR era allowing for broader metabolic coverage and biological interpretation of the cellular status of plants under varying environmental conditions. Thus, scientists can paint a holistic and comprehensive roadmap and predictive models for metabolite-guided crop improvement. The current review outlines the application of metabolomics and related technological advances in elucidating plant responses to abiotic stress, mainly focusing on heavy metal toxicity and subsequent osmotic stress tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Strategies & Solutions against Abiotic Stresses in Crops under Climate Changes)

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18 pages, 3592 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genotype-Dependent Jasmonic Acid Effect on Pinus sylvestris L. Growth and Induced Systemic Resistance Indicators

by Emilija Beniušytė, Ieva Čėsnienė, Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė and Dorotėja Vaitiekūnaitė

Plants 2023, 12(2), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020255 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2817

Abstract

Due to temperature changes, forests are expected to encounter more stress than before, both in terms of biotic factors, such as increased insect attacks, and abiotic factors, such as more frequent droughts. Priming trees to respond to these changes faster and more effectively [...] Read more.

Due to temperature changes, forests are expected to encounter more stress than before, both in terms of biotic factors, such as increased insect attacks, and abiotic factors, such as more frequent droughts. Priming trees to respond to these changes faster and more effectively would be beneficial. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is a mechanism that is turned on when plants encounter unfavorable conditions. Certain elicitors, such as jasmonic acid (JA) are known to induce plants’ metabolic response. However, even though studies on ISR in herbaceous species are common and varied ISR elicitors can be used in agriculture, the same cannot be said about trees and forestry enterprises. We aimed to investigate whether JA used in different concentrations could induce metabolic changes (total phenol content, total flavonoid content, photosynthesis pigment content, antioxidant enzyme activity) in Pinus sylvestris seedlings and how this varies between different pine half-sib families (genotypes). After six weeks with a single application of JA, pine seedlings in several pine genetic families exhibited increased antioxidant enzyme activity, total phenol content and carotenoid content that correlated positively with JA concentrations used. Results from other genetic families were varied, but in many cases, there was a significant response to JA, with a noticeable increase as compared to the unaffected group. The impact on chlorophyll content and flavonoids was less noticeable overall. A positive effect on seedling growth parameters was not observed in any of the test cases. We conclude that JA can induce systemic resistance after a single application exogenously in P. sylvestris seedlings and recommend that the use of JA needs to be optimized by selecting appropriate concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Induced Resistance of Plants)

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41 pages, 6749 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Rice Phytoalexins: Half a Century of Amazing Discoveries; Part I: Distribution, Biosynthesis, Chemical Synthesis, and Biological Activities

by Alessio Valletta, Lorenzo Maria Iozia, Laura Fattorini and Francesca Leonelli

Plants 2023, 12(2), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020260 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6226

Abstract

Cultivated rice is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population, providing approximately 20% of the world’s food energy needs. A broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms causes rice diseases leading to huge yield losses worldwide. Wild and cultivated rice species [...] Read more.

Cultivated rice is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population, providing approximately 20% of the world’s food energy needs. A broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms causes rice diseases leading to huge yield losses worldwide. Wild and cultivated rice species are known to possess a wide variety of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, known as phytoalexins, which are part of their active defense mechanisms. These compounds are biosynthesized transiently by rice in response to pathogens and certain abiotic stresses. Rice phytoalexins have been intensively studied for over half a century, both for their biological role and their potential application in agronomic and pharmaceutical fields. In recent decades, the growing interest of the research community, combined with advances in chemical, biological, and biomolecular investigation methods, has led to a notable acceleration in the growth of knowledge on rice phytoalexins. This review provides an overview of the knowledge gained in recent decades on the diversity, distribution, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, and bioactivity of rice phytoalexins, with particular attention to the most recent advances in this research field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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46 pages, 1207 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Traditional, Therapeutic Uses and Phytochemistry of Terrestrial European Orchids and Implications for Conservation

by Miriam Bazzicalupo, Jacopo Calevo, Antonella Smeriglio and Laura Cornara

Plants 2023, 12(2), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020257 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6523

Abstract

The Orchidaceae family accounts for about 28,000 species, and most of them are mentioned in the folk medicine of nations around the world. The use of terrestrial orchids in European and Mediterranean regions has been reported since ancient times, but little information is [...] Read more.

The Orchidaceae family accounts for about 28,000 species, and most of them are mentioned in the folk medicine of nations around the world. The use of terrestrial orchids in European and Mediterranean regions has been reported since ancient times, but little information is available on their medicinal properties, as well as on their phytochemicals and biological activities. However, plant collection for human use is still listed as one of the main threats for terrestrial orchids, alongside other menacing factors such as wrong habitat management and disturbance to symbionts, such as pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi. Therefore, the primary aim of this review was to resume and discuss available information regarding the past and current popular uses of European orchids. We then grouped phytochemical data to evaluate the presence of bioactive compounds of pharmacological relevance, and we discussed whether these could support the therapeutic employment of the different organs. Finally, we briefly debated the sustainability of orchid utilizations, considering the different threatening factors and conservation actions including plant propagation methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Review Papers in Phytochemistry)

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17 pages, 1527 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Converting Hybrid Potato Breeding Science into Practice

by Michiel E. de Vries, James R. Adams, Ernst-jan Eggers, Su Ying, Julia E. Stockem, Olivia C. Kacheyo, Luuk C. M. van Dijk, Pawan Khera, Christian W. Bachem, Pim Lindhout and Edwin A. G. van der Vossen

Plants 2023, 12(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020230 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5248

Abstract

Research on diploid hybrid potato has made fast advances in recent years. In this review we give an overview of the most recent and relevant research outcomes. We define different components needed for a complete hybrid program: inbred line development, hybrid evaluation, cropping [...] Read more.

Research on diploid hybrid potato has made fast advances in recent years. In this review we give an overview of the most recent and relevant research outcomes. We define different components needed for a complete hybrid program: inbred line development, hybrid evaluation, cropping systems and variety registration. For each of these components the important research results are discussed and the outcomes and issues that merit further study are identified. We connect fundamental and applied research to application in a breeding program, based on the experiences at the breeding company Solynta. In the concluding remarks, we set hybrid breeding in a societal perspective, and we identify bottlenecks that need to be overcome to allow successful adoption of hybrid potato. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diploid F1 Hybrid Breeding in Potato)

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22 pages, 9418 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High-Performance Plant Pest and Disease Detection Based on Model Ensemble with Inception Module and Cluster Algorithm

by Manzhou Li, Siyu Cheng, Jingyi Cui, Changxiang Li, Zeyu Li, Chang Zhou and Chunli Lv

Plants 2023, 12(1), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010200 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6912

Abstract

Protecting crop yields is the most important aspect of agricultural production, and one of the important measures in preserving yields is the control of crop pests and diseases; therefore, the identification of crop pests and diseases is of irreplaceable importance. In recent years, [...] Read more.

Protecting crop yields is the most important aspect of agricultural production, and one of the important measures in preserving yields is the control of crop pests and diseases; therefore, the identification of crop pests and diseases is of irreplaceable importance. In recent years, with the maturity of computer vision technology, more possibilities have been provided for implementing plant disease detection. However, although deep learning methods are widely used in various computer vision tasks, there are still limitations and obstacles in practical applications. Traditional deep learning-based algorithms have some drawbacks in this research area: (1) Recognition accuracy and computational speed cannot be combined. (2) Different pest and disease features interfere with each other and reduce the accuracy of pest and disease diagnosis. (3) Most of the existing researches focus on the recognition efficiency and ignore the inference efficiency, which limits the practical production application. In this study, an integrated model integrating single-stage and two-stage target detection networks is proposed. The single-stage network is based on the YOLO network, and its internal structure is optimized; the two-stage network is based on the Faster-RCNN, and the target frame size is first clustered using a clustering algorithm in the candidate frame generation stage to improve the detection of small targets. Afterwards, the two models are integrated to perform the inference task. For training, we use transfer learning to improve the model training speed. Finally, among the 37 pests and 8 diseases detected, this model achieves 85.2% mAP, which is much higher than other comparative models. After that, we optimize the model for the poor detection categories and verify the generalization performance on open source datasets. In addition, in order to quickly apply this method to real-world scenarios, we developed an application embedded in this model for the mobile platform and put the model into practical agricultural use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Modeling)

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12 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chemical Profiling of Sea Fennel (Crithmum maritimum L., Apiaceae) Essential Oils and Their Isolation Residual Waste-Waters

by Olivera Politeo, Marijana Popović, Maja Veršić Bratinčević, Kristina Kovačević, Branimir Urlić and Ivana Generalić Mekinić

Plants 2023, 12(1), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010214 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3908

Abstract

Sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) is a wild-growing halophyte used in cuisine, traditional medicine or cosmetic products for its beneficial nutritive value and pleasant sensory characteristics. This study aimed to investigate sea fennel essential oils (EOs) from different parts of the plant [...] Read more.

Sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) is a wild-growing halophyte used in cuisine, traditional medicine or cosmetic products for its beneficial nutritive value and pleasant sensory characteristics. This study aimed to investigate sea fennel essential oils (EOs) from different parts of the plant (flowers, leaves and stems) and the corresponding hydrodistillation by-products (residual water) to validate their potential use and application in different industries. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the phenolic profile of the residual water was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric methods. The EO analysis confirmed the presence of 14 compounds, dominated by sabinene (from 42.55 to 51.47%) and limonene (from 36.28 to 43.58%), while among the 12 detected phenolics, chlorogenic acid and its isomers (cryptochlorogenic and neochlorogenic acid) were found in the highest concentrations. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents were concentrated in the order flowers > leaves > stems. Although the sea fennel samples showed differences in chemical profiles, overall they were rich in bioactive compounds with relatively high amounts of key compounds with already proved good biological properties, especially in waste-water, indicating great potential for re-use in accordance with green processing technology trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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13 pages, 4455 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Microplastic Contamination on the Aquatic Plant Lemna minuta (Least Duckweed)

by Simona Ceschin, Flaminia Mariani, Dario Di Lernia, Iole Venditti, Emanuele Pelella and Maria Adelaide Iannelli

Plants 2023, 12(1), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010207 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7932

Abstract

Microplastics are widely spread in aquatic environments. Although they are considered among the most alarming contaminants, toxic effects on organisms are unclear, particularly on freshwater plants. In this study, the duckweed Lemna minuta was grown on different concentrations (50, 100 mg/L) of poly(styrene-co-methyl [...] Read more.

Microplastics are widely spread in aquatic environments. Although they are considered among the most alarming contaminants, toxic effects on organisms are unclear, particularly on freshwater plants. In this study, the duckweed Lemna minuta was grown on different concentrations (50, 100 mg/L) of poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) microplastics (MP) and exposure times (T0, T7, T14, T28 days). The phytotoxic effects of MP were investigated by analyzing several plant morphological and biochemical parameters (frond and root size, plant growth, chlorophyll, and malondialdehyde content). Observations by scanning electron microscope revealed MP adsorption on plant surfaces. Exposition to MP adversely affected plant growth and chlorophyll content with respect to both MP concentrations and exposure times. Conversely, malondialdehyde measurements did not indicate an alteration of oxidative lipid damage in plant tissue. The presence of MP induced root elongation when compared to the control plants. The effects of MP on L. minuta plants were more evident at T28. These results contribute to a better understanding of MP’s impact on aquatic plants and highlight that MP contamination manifests with chronic-type effects, which are thus detectable at longer exposure times of 7 days than those traditionally used in phytotoxicology tests on duckweeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Duckweed: Research Meets Applications)

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17 pages, 2842 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Tolerant and Sensitive Genotypes of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Response to Terminal Drought Stress

by Mayavan Subramani, Carlos A. Urrea, Rasheed Habib, Ketaki Bhide, Jyothi Thimmapuram and Venu Kalavacharla

Plants 2023, 12(1), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010210 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4291

Abstract

We conducted a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of three drought tolerant and sensitive genotypes of common bean to examine their transcriptional responses to terminal drought stress. We then conducted pairwise comparisons between the root and leaf transcriptomes from the resulting tissue based on combined [...] Read more.

We conducted a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of three drought tolerant and sensitive genotypes of common bean to examine their transcriptional responses to terminal drought stress. We then conducted pairwise comparisons between the root and leaf transcriptomes from the resulting tissue based on combined transcriptomic data from the tolerant and sensitive genotypes. Our transcriptomic data revealed that 491 (6.4%) DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were upregulated in tolerant genotypes, whereas they were downregulated in sensitive genotypes; likewise, 396 (5.1%) DEGs upregulated in sensitive genotypes were downregulated in tolerant genotypes. Several transcription factors, heat shock proteins, and chaperones were identified in the study. Several DEGs in drought DB (data Base) overlapped between genotypes. The GO (gene ontology) terms for biological processes showed upregulation of DEGs in tolerant genotypes for sulfate and drug transmembrane transport when compared to sensitive genotypes. A GO term for cellular components enriched with upregulated DEGs for the apoplast in tolerant genotypes. These results substantiated the temporal pattern of root growth (elongation and initiation of root growth), and ABA-mediated drought response in tolerant genotypes. KEGG (kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) analysis revealed an upregulation of MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) signaling pathways and plant hormone signaling pathways in tolerant genotypes. As a result of this study, it will be possible to uncover the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in response to terminal drought stress in the field. Further, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of both tolerant and sensitive genotypes will assist us in identifying potential genes that may contribute to improving drought tolerance in the common bean. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress of Crops: Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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13 pages, 636 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Yield and Quality of Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Improved by Biodegradable Mulching Film

by Eugenio Cozzolino, Ida Di Mola, Lucia Ottaiano, Maurizio Bilotto, Milena Petriccione, Elvira Ferrara, Mauro Mori and Luigi Morra

Plants 2023, 12(1), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010219 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3526

Abstract

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic mulching films have an important function, but at the end of their lifetime pose an economic and environmental problem in terms of their removal and disposal. Biodegradable mulching films represent an alternative to LDPE with the potential to avoid [...] Read more.

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic mulching films have an important function, but at the end of their lifetime pose an economic and environmental problem in terms of their removal and disposal. Biodegradable mulching films represent an alternative to LDPE with the potential to avoid these environmental issues. In this preliminary study, we employed a biodegradable film based on Mater-Bi^® (MB) in comparison with low-density polyethylene to assess their effect on the yield and particular quality traits (organoleptic and nutraceutical composition of the fruits) of muskmelon (cv Pregiato) grown on soils with different textures (clay–loam—CL and sandy loam—SL) in two private farms in South Italy. Soil temperature under the mulch was also measured. During the monitored periods, mean soil temperature under LDPE was higher (about 1.3 °C) than that under the biodegradable film and was higher in SL soil than in CL soil, at 25.5° and 24.2 °C, respectively. However, the biodegradable film was able to limit the daily temperature fluctuation, which was 1.7 °C in both soils compared with 2.3 °C recorded for LDPE. Fruit yields were higher with MB film than LDPE (+9.5%), irrespective of soil texture. MaterBi^® also elicited increases in total soluble solids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity compared with LDPE films: 13.3%, 22.4%, 27.2%, and 24.6%, respectively. Color parameters of flesh, namely brightness, chroma, and hue angle were better in fruits grown on LDPE. Our findings suggest that Mater-Bi^® based biodegradable mulching film is a potentially valid alternative to traditional LDPE, particularly for obtaining the agronomical benefits outlined above and for promoting environmental sustainability due to its favourable biodegradable properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Mulching Films: A Valuable Ally for Sustainable Agriculture)

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12 pages, 1978 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Overexpression of lncRNA77580 Regulates Drought and Salinity Stress Responses in Soybean

by Xiangqian Chen, Xuemin Jiang, Fengjuan Niu, Xianjun Sun, Zheng Hu, Fei Gao, Hui Zhang and Qiyan Jiang

Plants 2023, 12(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010181 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3599

Abstract

Emerging evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in diverse biological processes. However, the biological functions of most plant lncRNAs are still unknown. We previously discovered a soybean abiotic-stress-related lncRNA, lncRNA77580, and cloned the entire full-length sequence. Here, in [...] Read more.

Emerging evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in diverse biological processes. However, the biological functions of most plant lncRNAs are still unknown. We previously discovered a soybean abiotic-stress-related lncRNA, lncRNA77580, and cloned the entire full-length sequence. Here, in order to fully identify the function of lncRNA77580 in soybean stress response, we created transgenic soybean lines overexpressing lncRNA77580. Compared with the wild type, overexpression of lncRNA77580 enhances the drought tolerance of soybean. However, the transgenic plants exhibit increased sensitivity to high salinity at the seedling stage. We found that lncRNA77580 modulates the transcription of different gene sets during salt and drought stress response. Under water deficit at the reproductive stage, lncRNA77580 overexpression increases the seed yield by increasing the seed number per plant. These results provide insight into the role of lncRNA77580 in soybean stress response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Salt Stress Tolerance: From Physiology to Molecular Genetic Improvement)

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17 pages, 2136 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nutrients, Phytic Acid and Bioactive Compounds in Marketable Pulses

by Lovro Sinkovič, Barbara Pipan, Filip Šibul, Ivana Nemeš, Aleksandra Tepić Horecki and Vladimir Meglič

Plants 2023, 12(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010170 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5223

Abstract

Pulses are edible seeds of plants belonging to the legume family, which are of great importance for human and animal nutrition. In this study, several nutrients, antinutrients and bioactive compounds were quantified in the seeds of ten pulses, i.e., common and runner beans, [...] Read more.

Pulses are edible seeds of plants belonging to the legume family, which are of great importance for human and animal nutrition. In this study, several nutrients, antinutrients and bioactive compounds were quantified in the seeds of ten pulses, i.e., common and runner beans, field peas, lupins (white, blue and yellow), faba beans, lentils (brown and red) and chickpeas. Homogenised, air-dried seed samples were analysed for various parameters: protein (18.0–43.1%), fat (0.6–18.5%) and phytic acid content (507–2566 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)), phenolic profile (27 phenolic compounds in total) and multi-mineral composition. The analysed phenolic compounds mainly belong to phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids) and/or flavonoids (flavones, flavonols and flavanols). Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 719 μg/g DW in chickpeas to 5012 μg/g DW in common beans. A total of ten elements belonging to macro- (Mg, P, S, K and Ca) and micro-minerals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn and Mo) were determined. Using cluster analysis, pulses were divided into three groups according to the parameters studied: 1. common and runner bean; 2. field pea, white and blue lupin, faba bean, red and brown lentil and chickpea; and 3. yellow lupin. The most varying phytochemicals in terms of their content in the analysed pulses were phytic acid, quinic acid, catechin and TPC. A perfect positive significant Pearson correlation (1.00) was observed for six pairs of variables within the group of phenolic compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding and Cultivation Management of Legumes)

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17 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Different Elicitors on Micropropagation, Biomass and Secondary Metabolite Production of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni—A Review

by Kamelia Miladinova-Georgieva, Maria Geneva, Ira Stancheva, Maria Petrova, Mariana Sichanova and Elisaveta Kirova

Plants 2023, 12(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010153 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5348

Abstract

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a valuable plant whose products are increasingly used in medicine, pharmacy and the food industry. This necessitates the use of biotechnological approaches for its mass propagation. Establishing optimal conditions for in vitro cultivation is essential for obtaining high biomass [...] Read more.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a valuable plant whose products are increasingly used in medicine, pharmacy and the food industry. This necessitates the use of biotechnological approaches for its mass propagation. Establishing optimal conditions for in vitro cultivation is essential for obtaining high biomass and secondary metabolites production. A large number of articles considering the role of plant growth regulators and other additives in the culture medium in the growth and development of Stevia are available in the literature. However, there are no summarized data about the use of nanoparticles in Stevia tissue cultures. Therefore, this review also includes the research conducted so far on the effect of nanoparticles on Stevia micropropagation. Furthermore, the influence of different elicitors on secondary metabolite production and antioxidant activity of in vitro-cultivated Stevia plants have been discussed. By referring to the collected literature, we concluded that biotechnological approaches applied to S. rebaudiana cultivation might improve the agronomic traits of plants and steviol glycosides production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

14 pages, 7176 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Novel Genes Associated with Low-Temperature Seed Germination in Sweet Corn

by Yingni Xiao, Mei Chen, Nannan Zheng, Zhuoyi Xu, Jie Zhang, Xinmin Hu, Li Li, Riliang Gu, Xuemei Du and Jianhua Wang

Plants 2023, 12(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010159 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3132

Abstract

Typically, sweet corn, particularly sh2 sweet corn, has low seed vigor owing to its high sugar and low starch content, which is a major problem in sweet corn production, particularly at low temperatures. There is considerable variation in the germination rates among sweet [...] Read more.

Typically, sweet corn, particularly sh2 sweet corn, has low seed vigor owing to its high sugar and low starch content, which is a major problem in sweet corn production, particularly at low temperatures. There is considerable variation in the germination rates among sweet corn varieties under low-temperature conditions, and the underlying mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain unclear. In this study, we screened two inbred sweet corn lines (tolerant line L282 and sensitive line L693) differing in their low-temperature germination rates; while no difference was observed in their germination rates at normal temperatures. To identify the specifically induced genes influencing the germination capacity of sweet corn at low temperatures, a transcriptome analysis of the two lines was conducted at both normal and low temperatures. Compared to the lines at a normal temperature, 3926 and 1404 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from L282 and L693, respectively, under low-temperature conditions. Of them, 830 DEGs were common DEGs (cDEGs) that were identified from both L282 and L693, which were majorly enriched in terms of microtubule-based processes, histone H3-K9 modification, single-organism cellular processes, and carbohydrate metabolic processes. In addition, 3096 special DEGs (sDEGs), with 2199 upregulated and 897 downregulated, were detected in the tolerant line L282, but not in the sensitive line L693. These sDEGs were primarily related to plasma membranes and oxygen-containing compounds. Furthermore, electric conductivity measurements demonstrated that the membrane of L282 experienced less damage, which is consistent with its strong tolerance at low temperatures. These results expand our understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in the cold germination of sweet corn and provide a set of candidate genes for further genetic analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Genetic Analysis of Germplasm Resources in Major Crops)

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15 pages, 1094 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Wheat Crop under Waterlogging: Potential Soil and Plant Effects

by Isabel P. Pais, Rita Moreira, José N. Semedo, José C. Ramalho, Fernando C. Lidon, José Coutinho, Benvindo Maçãs and Paula Scotti-Campos

Plants 2023, 12(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010149 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 10034

Abstract

Inundation, excessive precipitation, or inadequate field drainage can cause waterlogging of cultivated land. It is anticipated that climate change will increase the frequency, intensity, and unpredictability of flooding events. This stress affects 10–15 million hectares of wheat every year, resulting in 20–50% yield [...] Read more.

Inundation, excessive precipitation, or inadequate field drainage can cause waterlogging of cultivated land. It is anticipated that climate change will increase the frequency, intensity, and unpredictability of flooding events. This stress affects 10–15 million hectares of wheat every year, resulting in 20–50% yield losses. Since this crop greatly sustains a population’s food demands, providing ca. 20% of the world’s energy and protein diets requirements, it is crucial to understand changes in soil and plant physiology under excess water conditions. Variations in redox potential, pH, nutrient availability, and electrical conductivity of waterlogged soil will be addressed, as well as their impacts in major plant responses, such as root system and plant development. Waterlogging effects at the leaf level will also be addressed, with a particular focus on gas exchanges, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, membrane integrity, lipids, and oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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25 pages, 19514 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Long-Term Use of Organic Fertilizer with Different Dosages on Soil Improvement, Nitrogen Transformation, Tea Yield and Quality in Acidified Tea Plantations

by Jianghua Ye, Yuhua Wang, Jiaqian Kang, Yiling Chen, Lei Hong, Mingzhe Li, Yun Jia, Yuchao Wang, Xiaoli Jia, Zeyan Wu and Haibin Wang

Plants 2023, 12(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010122 - 26 Dec 2022

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5313

Abstract

In this study, sheep manure fertilizers with different dosages were used for five consecutive years to treat acidified tea plantation soils, and the effects of sheep manure fertilizer on soil pH value, nitrogen transformation, and tea yield and quality were analyzed. The results [...] Read more.

In this study, sheep manure fertilizers with different dosages were used for five consecutive years to treat acidified tea plantation soils, and the effects of sheep manure fertilizer on soil pH value, nitrogen transformation, and tea yield and quality were analyzed. The results showed that soil pH value showed an increasing trend after a continuous use of sheep manure fertilizer from 2018 to 2022. After the use of low dosage of sheep manure fertilizer (6 t/hm²–15 t/hm²), tea yield, the content of tea quality indicators (tea polyphenols, theanine, amino acid, and caffeine) and soil ammonium nitrogen content, ammoniating bacteria number, ammoniating intensity, urease activity and protease activity showed increasing trends and were significantly and positively correlated to soil pH value, while the related indexes showed increasing and then decreasing trends after the use of high dosage of sheep manure fertilizer (18 t/hm²). Secondly, the nitrate nitrogen content, nitrifying bacteria number, nitrifying intensity, nitrate reductase activity, and nitrite reductase activity showed decreasing trends after the use of low dosage of sheep manure fertilizer and showed significant negative correlations with soil pH value, while the related indexes showed decreasing trends after the use of high dosage of sheep manure and then increased. The results of principal component and interaction analysis showed that the effects of sheep manure fertilizers with different dosages on tea yield and quality were mainly based on the transformation ability of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soil, and the strong transformation ability of ammonium nitrogen and the high ammonium nitrogen content in the soil were conducive to the improvement of tea yield and quality, and vice versa. The results of topsis comprehensive evaluation and analysis showed that the most influential effect on the fertilization effect was the ammonium nitrogen content in the soil and long-term treatment with 15 t/hm² of sheep manure fertilizer had the highest proximity to the best fertilization effect. This study provided an important practical basis for the remediation and fertilizer management in acidified tea plantation soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tea Plants Response to Abiotic Stress)

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11 pages, 751 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Water Deficit-Induced Changes in Phenolic Acid Content in Maize Leaves Is Associated with Altered Expression of Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase and p-Coumaric Acid 3-Hydroxylase

by Zintle Kolo, Anelisa Majola, Kyle Phillips, Ali Elnaeim Elbasheir Ali, Robert E. Sharp and Ndiko Ludidi

Plants 2023, 12(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010101 - 25 Dec 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2948

Abstract

The amino acid phenylalanine is a precursor to phenolic acids that constitute the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Although there is evidence of a role of some phenolic acids in plant responses to pathogens and salinity, characterization of the involvement of phenolic acids in plant [...] Read more.

The amino acid phenylalanine is a precursor to phenolic acids that constitute the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Although there is evidence of a role of some phenolic acids in plant responses to pathogens and salinity, characterization of the involvement of phenolic acids in plant responses to drought is limited. Drought reduces water content in plant tissue and can lead to decreased cell viability and increased cell death. We thus subjected maize seedlings to water deficit and evaluated relative water content and cell viability together with p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid contents in the leaves. Furthermore, we measured the enzymatic activity of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.11) and p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.17.2) and associated these with the expression of genes encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase and p-coumarate-3 hydroxylase in response to water deficit. Water deficit reduced relative water content and cell viability in maize leaves. This corresponded with decreased p-coumaric acid but increased caffeic and ferulic acid content in the leaves. Changes in the phenolic acid content of the maize leaves were associated with increased enzymatic activities of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase and p-coumarate hydroxylase. The increased enzymatic activity of p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase was associated with increased expression of a gene encoding p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase. We thus conclude that metabolic pathways involving phenolic acids may contribute to the regulation of drought responses in maize, and we propose that further work to elucidate this regulation may contribute to the development of new maize varieties with improved drought tolerance. This can be achieved by marker-assisted selection to select maize lines with high levels of expression of genes encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase and/or p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase for use in breeding programs aimed and improving drought tolerance, or by overexpression of these genes via genetic engineering to confer drought tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress)

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20 pages, 2440 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Systematic Review on the Impacts of Climate Change on Coffee Agrosystems

by Christine Bilen, Daniel El Chami, Valentina Mereu, Antonio Trabucco, Serena Marras and Donatella Spano

Plants 2023, 12(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010102 - 25 Dec 2022

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 16021

Abstract

Coffee production is fragile, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports indicate that climate change (CC) will reduce worldwide yields on average and decrease coffee-suitable land by 2050. This article adopted the systematic review approach to provide an update of the [...] Read more.

Coffee production is fragile, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports indicate that climate change (CC) will reduce worldwide yields on average and decrease coffee-suitable land by 2050. This article adopted the systematic review approach to provide an update of the literature available on the impacts of climate change on coffee production and other ecosystem services following the framework proposed by the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. The review identified 148 records from literature considering the effects of climate change and climate variability on coffee production, covering countries mostly from three continents (America, Africa, and Asia). The current literature evaluates and analyses various climate change impacts on single services using qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Impacts have been classified and described according to different impact groups. However, available research products lacked important analytical functions on the precise relationships between the potential risks of CC on coffee farming systems and associated ecosystem services. Consequently, the manuscript recommends further work on ecosystem services and their interrelation to assess the impacts of climate change on coffee following the ecosystem services framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Future Climate Scenarios)

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21 pages, 3111 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multiomic Approaches Reveal Hormonal Modulation and Nitrogen Uptake and Assimilation in the Initial Growth of Maize Inoculated with Herbaspirillum seropedicae

by Luiz Eduardo Souza da Silva Irineu, Cleiton de Paula Soares, Tatiane Sanches Soares, Felipe Astolpho de Almeida, Fabrício Almeida-Silva, Rajesh Kumar Gazara, Carlos Henrique Salvino Gadelha Meneses, Luciano Pasqualoto Canellas, Vanildo Silveira, Thiago Motta Venancio and Fabio Lopes Olivares

Plants 2023, 12(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010048 - 22 Dec 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3392

Abstract

Herbaspirillum seropedicae is an endophytic bacterium that can fix nitrogen and synthesize phytohormones, which can lead to a plant growth-promoting effect when used as a microbial inoculant. Studies focused on mechanisms of action are crucial for a better understanding of the bacteria-plant interaction [...] Read more.

Herbaspirillum seropedicae is an endophytic bacterium that can fix nitrogen and synthesize phytohormones, which can lead to a plant growth-promoting effect when used as a microbial inoculant. Studies focused on mechanisms of action are crucial for a better understanding of the bacteria-plant interaction and optimization of plant growth-promoting response. This work aims to understand the underlined mechanisms responsible for the early stimulatory growth effects of H. seropedicae inoculation in maize. To perform these studies, we combined transcriptomic and proteomic approaches with physiological analysis. The results obtained eight days after inoculation (d.a.i) showed increased root biomass (233 and 253%) and shoot biomass (249 and 264%), respectively, for the fresh and dry mass of maize-inoculated seedlings and increased green content and development. Omics data analysis, before a positive biostimulation phenotype (5 d.a.i.) revealed that inoculation increases N-uptake and N-assimilation machinery through differentially expressed nitrate transporters and amino acid pathways, as well carbon/nitrogen metabolism integration by the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the polyamine pathway. Additionally, phytohormone levels of root and shoot tissues increased in bacterium-inoculated-maize plants, leading to feedback regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The early biostimulatory effect of H. seropedicae partially results from hormonal modulation coupled with efficient nutrient uptake-assimilation and a boost in primary anabolic metabolism of carbon–nitrogen integrative pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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19 pages, 3382 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Encapsulation with Natural Polymers to Improve the Properties of Biostimulants in Agriculture

by David Jíménez-Arias, Sarai Morales-Sierra, Patrícia Silva, Henrique Carrêlo, Adriana Gonçalves, José Filipe Teixeira Ganança, Nuno Nunes, Carla S. S. Gouveia, Sónia Alves, João Paulo Borges and Miguel Â. A. Pinheiro de Carvalho

Plants 2023, 12(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010055 - 22 Dec 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7750

Abstract

Encapsulation in agriculture today is practically focused on agrochemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or fertilizers to enhance the protective or nutritive aspects of the entrapped active ingredients. However, one of the most promising and environmentally friendly technologies, biostimulants, is hardly explored in [...] Read more.

Encapsulation in agriculture today is practically focused on agrochemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or fertilizers to enhance the protective or nutritive aspects of the entrapped active ingredients. However, one of the most promising and environmentally friendly technologies, biostimulants, is hardly explored in this field. Encapsulation of biostimulants could indeed be an excellent means of counteracting the problems posed by their nature: they are easily biodegradable, and most of them run off through the soil, losing most of the compounds, thus becoming inaccessible to plants. In this respect, encapsulation seems to be a practical and profitable way to increase the stability and durability of biostimulants under field conditions. This review paper aims to provide researchers working on plant biostimulants with a quick overview of how to get started with encapsulation. Here we describe different techniques and offer protocols and suggestions for introduction to polymer science to improve the properties of biostimulants for future agricultural applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Biostimulants in Agriculture)

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28 pages, 4500 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pedoclimatic Conditions Influence the Morphological, Phytochemical and Biological Features of Mentha pulegium L.

by Laura Cornara, Federica Sgrò, Francesco Maria Raimondo, Mariarosaria Ingegneri, Luca Mastracci, Valeria D’Angelo, Maria Paola Germanò, Domenico Trombetta and Antonella Smeriglio

Plants 2023, 12(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010024 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2731

Abstract

In this study, Mentha pulegium leaves and flowers harvested in three different Sicilian areas were investigated from a micromorphological, phytochemical and biological point of view. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of spherocrystalline masses of diosmin both in the leaf epidermal [...] Read more.

In this study, Mentha pulegium leaves and flowers harvested in three different Sicilian areas were investigated from a micromorphological, phytochemical and biological point of view. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of spherocrystalline masses of diosmin both in the leaf epidermal cells and in thin flower petals. Two different chemotypes were identified (I, kaempferide/rosmarinic acid; II, jaceidin isomer A). Phytochemical screening identified plant from collection site II as the richest in total phenolics (16.74 g GAE/100 g DE) and that from collection site I as the richest in flavonoids (46.56 g RE/100 g DE). Seventy-seven metabolites were identified both in flower and leaf extracts. Plant from site II showed the best antioxidant (0.90–83.72 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (27.44–196.31 µg/mL) activity expressed as half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) evaluated by DPPH, TEAC, FRAP, ORAC, BSA denaturation and protease inhibition assays. These data were also corroborated by in vitro cell-based assays on lymphocytes and erythrocytes. Moreover, plant of site II showed the best antiangiogenic properties (IC₅₀ 33.43–33.60 µg/mL) in vivo on a chick chorioallantoic membrane. In conclusion, pedoclimatic conditions influence the chemotype and the biological activity of M. pulegium, with chemotype I showing the most promising biological properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants)

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20 pages, 4868 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dynamics Changes in Basal Area Increment, Carbon Isotopes Composition and Water Use Efficiency in Pine as Response to Water and Heat Stress in Silesia, Poland

by Barbara Sensuła and Sławomir Wilczyński

Plants 2022, 11(24), 3569; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243569 - 17 Dec 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2682

Abstract

Trees can be used as archives of changes in the environment. In this paper, we present the results of the analysis of the impact of water stress and increase in air temperature on BAI and carbon stable isotopic composition and water use efficiency [...] Read more.

Trees can be used as archives of changes in the environment. In this paper, we present the results of the analysis of the impact of water stress and increase in air temperature on BAI and carbon stable isotopic composition and water use efficiency of pine. Dendrochronological methods together with mass spectrometry techniques give a possibility to conduct a detailed investigation of pine growing in four industrial forests in Silesia (Poland). Detailed analysis-based bootstrap and moving correlation between climatic indices (temperature, precipitation, and Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index) and tree parameters give the chance to check if the climatic signals recorded by trees can be hidden or modified over a longer period of time. Trees have been found to be very sensitive to weather conditions, but their sensitivity can be modified and masked by the effect of pollution. Scots pine trees at all sites systematically increased the basal area increment (BAI) and the intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and decreased δ¹³C in the last century. Furthermore, their sensitivity to the climatic factor remained at a relatively high level. Industrial pollution caused a small reduction in the wood growth of pines and an increase in the heterogeneity of annual growth responses of trees. The main factors influencing the formation of wood in the pines were thermal conditions in the winter season and pluvial conditions in the previous autumn, and also in spring and summer in the year of tree ring formation. The impact of thermal and pluvial conditions in the year of tree ring formation has also been reflected in the isotopic composition of tree rings and water use efficiency. Three different scenarios of trees’ reaction link to the reduction of stomata conductance or changes in photosynthesis rate as the response to climate changes in the last 40 years have been proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Forest Ecophysiology: Stress Response and Ecophysiological Indicators of Tree Vitality)

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13 pages, 4296 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Leaves

by Michela Di Napoli, Giusy Castagliuolo, Natale Badalamenti, Viviana Maresca, Adriana Basile, Maurizio Bruno, Mario Varcamonti and Anna Zanfardino

Plants 2022, 11(24), 3573; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243573 - 17 Dec 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4196

Abstract

Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae) is an aromatic fennel with important practices in medicinal and traditional fields, used in the treatment of digestive complications, and gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. Its leaves and stems, tender and fresh, are used in the production of pasta dressing and [...] Read more.

Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae) is an aromatic fennel with important practices in medicinal and traditional fields, used in the treatment of digestive complications, and gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. Its leaves and stems, tender and fresh, are used in the production of pasta dressing and main courses, while its seeds, with a strong smell of anise, are excellent flavoring for baked goods, meat dishes, fish, and alcoholic beverages. The aim of this work is concerning the extraction of essential oil (EO) from the leaves of F. vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare, investigating antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant efficacy. In particular, GC-MS analysis showed how the chemical composition of EO was influenced by the massive presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene 33.75%) and phenylpropanoids (estragole 25.06%). F. vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare EO shows excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. This EO can inhibit biofilm formation at very low concentrations and has a good ability to scavenge oxygen radicals in vitro. F. vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare EO also has an increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes and decreased ROS levels in zymosan opsonized PMNs (OZ). Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Essential Oils of Plants (Chemical Composition, Variation and Properties))

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16 pages, 1814 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Polyphenolic Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Sanguisorba officinalis L. and Sanguisorba minor Scop.

by Alexandra-Cristina Tocai (Moţoc), Floricuta Ranga, Andrei George Teodorescu, Annamaria Pallag, Andreea Margareta Vlad, Livia Bandici and Simona Ioana Vicas

Plants 2022, 11(24), 3561; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243561 - 16 Dec 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4984

Abstract

The most widespread Sanguisorba species are Sanguisorba officinalis L. and Sanguisorba minor Scop. which are also found in the Romanian flora and classified as medicinal plants because of hemostatic, antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant and antiviral activities. This study aimed to characterize and compare Sanguisorba [...] Read more.

The most widespread Sanguisorba species are Sanguisorba officinalis L. and Sanguisorba minor Scop. which are also found in the Romanian flora and classified as medicinal plants because of hemostatic, antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant and antiviral activities. This study aimed to characterize and compare Sanguisorba species in order to highlight which species is more valuable according to phenolic profile and antimicrobial activity. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry (electrospray ionization) (HPLC–DAD-MS (ESI⁺)) analysis, it was evident that the ethanol extract obtained from the leaves of S. minor Scop. contains the highest content of phenolic compounds at 160.96 mg/g p.s., followed by the flower and root extract (131.56 mg/g dw and 121.36 mg/g dw, respectively). While in S. officinalis, the highest amount of phenols was recorded in the root extract (127.06 mg/g), followed by the flower and leaves extract (102.31 mg/g and 81.09 mg/g dw, respectively). Our results show that among the two species, S. minor Scop. is richer in phenolic compounds compared with the S. officinalis L. sample. In addition, the antimicrobial potential of each plant organ of Sanguisorba species was investigated. The ethanol extract of S. minor Scop. leaves exhibited better antibacterial activity against all of the bacteria tested, especially on Staphylococcus aureus, with an inhibition zone of 15.33 ± 0.83 mm. Due to the chemical composition and antimicrobial effect, the Sanguisorba species can be used as food supplements with beneficial effects on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plant Extracts)

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25 pages, 3106 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Volatile Chemical Variation of Essential Oils and Their Correlation with Insects, Phenology, Ontogeny and Microclimate: Piper mollicomum Kunth, a Case of Study

by Daniel de Brito-Machado, Ygor Jessé Ramos, Anna Carina Antunes e Defaveri, George Azevedo de Queiroz, Elsie Franklin Guimarães and Davyson de Lima Moreira

Plants 2022, 11(24), 3535; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243535 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3293

Abstract

The aim of this study was to monitor the volatile chemical composition from leaves and reproductive organs of Piper mollicomum Kunth (PM), in its reproduction period, as well as register inflorescence visitors, microclimate and phenological information. The essential oils (EOs) obtained from the [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to monitor the volatile chemical composition from leaves and reproductive organs of Piper mollicomum Kunth (PM), in its reproduction period, as well as register inflorescence visitors, microclimate and phenological information. The essential oils (EOs) obtained from the different fresh organs by hydrodistillation were identified and quantified by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and by GC coupled to a Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID), respectively. The cercentage content of some volatiles present in reproductive organs, such as limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool and eupatoriochromene, increased during the maturation period of the inflorescences, and decreased during the fruiting period, suggesting a defense/attraction activities. Furtermore, a biosynthetic dichotomy between 1,8-cineole (leaves) and linalool (reproductive organs) was recorded. A high frequency of bee visits was registered weekly, and some correlations showed a positive relationship between this variable and terpenes. Microclimate has an impact on this species’ phenological cycles and insect visiting behavior. All correlations between volatiles, insects, phenology and microclimate allowed us to present important data about the complex information network in PM. These results are extremely relevant for the understanding of the mechanisms of chemical–ecological plant–insect interactions in Piperaceae, a basal angiosperm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Herbivore Interactions: Insights from Chemical Ecology and Chemodiversity)

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26 pages, 2656 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plant Cell Wall Integrity Perturbations and Priming for Defense

by Sivakumar Swaminathan, Vincenzo Lionetti and Olga A. Zabotina

Plants 2022, 11(24), 3539; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243539 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 8371

Abstract

A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks of polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth and development in various tissues. The cell wall not only acts as a physical barrier but also dynamically responds to disturbances [...] Read more.

A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks of polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth and development in various tissues. The cell wall not only acts as a physical barrier but also dynamically responds to disturbances caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants have well-established surveillance mechanisms to detect any cell wall perturbations. Specific immune signaling pathways are triggered to contrast biotic or abiotic forces, including cascades dedicated to reinforcing the cell wall structure. This review summarizes the recent developments in molecular mechanisms underlying maintenance of cell wall integrity in plant–pathogen and parasitic interactions. Subjects such as the effect of altered expression of endogenous plant cell-wall-related genes or apoplastic expression of microbial cell-wall-modifying enzymes on cell wall integrity are covered. Targeted genetic modifications as a tool to study the potential of cell wall elicitors, priming of signaling pathways, and the outcome of disease resistance phenotypes are also discussed. The prime importance of understanding the intricate details and complete picture of plant immunity emerges, ultimately to engineer new strategies to improve crop productivity and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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14 pages, 1906 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Saponin Biosynthesis in Pulses

by Bianyun Yu, Nii Patterson and L. Irina Zaharia

Plants 2022, 11(24), 3505; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243505 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5516

Abstract

Pulses are a group of leguminous crops that are harvested solely for their dry seeds. As the demand for plant-based proteins grows, pulses are becoming important food crops worldwide. In addition to being a rich source of nutrients, pulses also contain saponins that [...] Read more.

Pulses are a group of leguminous crops that are harvested solely for their dry seeds. As the demand for plant-based proteins grows, pulses are becoming important food crops worldwide. In addition to being a rich source of nutrients, pulses also contain saponins that are traditionally considered anti-nutrients, and impart bitterness and astringency. Saponins are plant secondary metabolites with great structural and functional diversity. Given their diverse functional properties and biological activities, both undesirable and beneficial, saponins have received growing attention. It can be expected that redirecting metabolic fluxes to control the saponin levels and produce desired saponins would be an effective approach to improve the nutritional and sensory quality of the pulses. However, little effort has been made toward understanding saponin biosynthesis in pulses, and, thus there exist sizable knowledge gaps regarding its pathway and regulatory network. In this paper, we summarize the research progress made on saponin biosynthesis in pulses. Additionally, phylogenetic relationships of putative biosynthetic enzymes among multiple pulse species provide a glimpse of the evolutionary routes and functional diversification of saponin biosynthetic enzymes. The review will help us to advance our understanding of saponin biosynthesis and aid in the development of molecular and biotechnological tools for the systematic optimization of metabolic fluxes, in order to produce the desired saponins in pulses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seed Biology at the System Level)

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