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Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications

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A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Lasers, Light Sources and Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2024) | Viewed by 22515

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ting Feng

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Guest Editor

Photonics Information Innovation Center, Hebei Provincial Center for Optical Sensing Innovations, College of Physics Science & Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
Interests: single-frequency fiber laser; narrowband optical filter; laser linewidth compression method; wavelength-swept fiber laser; Q-switched and mode-locked fiber lasers; distributed optical fiber sensing; distributed polarization analysis and measurement

Prof. Dr. Guolu Yin

E-Mail Website
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Professor, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Interests: optical sensors; distributed fiber sensing technology; optical frequency domain reflectometry; 3D shape sensing technology; signal processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Wanjing Peng

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Guest Editor

Associate Professor, Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High Energy Laser, Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
Interests: fiber laser; high power fiber amplifier; narrow linewidth; polarization control; MOPA

Dr. Bin Yin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Associate Professor, Lidar Laboratory, Institute of Marine Technology, College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Interests: fiber laser; fiber sensor; microwave photonics; environment exploration for atmospheric and ocean

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Single-frequency fiber lasers have attracted wide attention owing to their distinctive advantages such as narrow linewidth, low noise, high efficiency, operating in both near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) regions, as well as preferred all-fiber structure with excellent beam quality, high compactness and free of maintenance. They can be broadly used in applications from advanced scientific research to practical applications, including cold atom physics, optical atomic clocks, measurements of fundamental constants and physics, high-resolution spectroscopy, gravitational wave detection, laser weapons, LIDARs, long-haul coherent communications, high-precision optical sensing and so on. In the last two decades, the performance of single-frequency fiber lasers has been improved significantly based on the developments of related basic techniques, including specialty fibers, optical filters, noise suppression and linewidth compression. In addition, single-frequency fiber lasers based on special oscillation mechanisms (such as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), random distributed feedback, etc.) and new fiberglass matrices emitting in new spectral ranges have been widely studied as well. Moreover, novel mathematical analysis methods are being developed to study and optimize the performance of various single-frequency fiber lasers.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to attract the latest theoretical and experimental results about single-frequency fiber lasers and recent developments in their applications.

Topics to be covered include, but are not limited to, the following:

Fiber lasers operating in traditional and new spectral ranges from NIR to MIR regions;
New gain optical fibers and gain mechanisms (SBS-based and SRS-based);
Novel single-longitudinal-mode or single-frequency selection mechanisms;
Novel optical filters (fiber-based and waveguide-based);
Laser frequency stabilization, noise suppression and linewidth compression methods;
Single-frequency laser amplifying and high-power fiber lasers;
Multi-wavelength lasing, and wavelength-switchable and tunable operations;
Single-frequency Q-switched lasing operation;
theoretical modeling of single-frequency fiber lasers; new materials used as saturable absorbers in fiber lasers;
Practical applications such as LIDAR, optical communication, fiber sensor, spectroscopy, laser manufacturing, microwave photonics, and all other related areas.

Prof. Dr. Ting Feng
Prof. Dr. Guolu Yin
Dr. Wanjing Peng
Dr. Bin Yin
Guest Editors

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Keywords

fiber optics
fiber lasers
single-frequency operation
narrow-linewidth
optical filters
multi-wavelength operation
single-frequency amplifiers
applications of single-frequency fiber laser

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 2104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 30 mW Laser Oscillator at 2.72 μm and 2.8 μm Wavelengths Based on Er³⁺-Doped Tungsten–Tellurite Fibers

by Sergei Muraviev, Vitaly Dorofeev, Sergei Motorin, Maxim Koptev and Arkady Kim

Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121159 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 749

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to develop fiber lasers in the 2.7–2.8 μm range based on the tungsten–tellurite glass fiber that is technically robust compared to the other fibers currently used in laser engineering. Using an advanced technology for producing ultra-dry tellurite glasses, we manufactured Er³⁺-doped tungsten–tellurite glass preforms with extremely low absorption and obtained active single-mode tungsten–tellurite fibers. Based on a 70 cm long fiber, we developed a laser oscillator pumped by a low-cost, high-efficiency diode laser at 976 nm. At the highest used pump power, the laser output reached 33 mW, which may be interesting for practical applications. We also measured the single-pass on/off gain of the fibers and showed that with increasing pump power amplification, as high as 5 can be reached, showing that such active fibers may also be used for increasing laser output. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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15 pages, 7500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wavelength-Switchable 2 μm Single-Longitudinal-Mode Thulium-Doped Fiber Laser Based on Dual-Active Cavity and DLTCTR

by Pengfei Wang, Qi Qin, Fengping Yan, Dandan Yang, Chenhao Yu, Junjie Hu, Xiqing Cao, Darui Xu, Peng Liu, Biao Guan and Ying Guo

Photonics 2024, 11(11), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11111031 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1034

Abstract

A thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL) with a dual-active cavity and a directly linked three-coupler triple-ring filter is designed and demonstrated. Its operational principle is analyzed, and a corresponding experimental setup is built. Eleven single-wavelength laser outputs with a single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) output near 2 μm are obtained. The laser output covers a wavelength range from 1933.95 nm to 1971.76 nm, with a continuous switchable output range of 37.81 nm and a minimum center wavelength interval of 0.22 nm. The optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of the output laser within the tuning range is >48.53 dB, and its maximum OSNR is 70.24 dB. The minimum wavelength fluctuation is 0.03 nm, and the power fluctuation is between 0.15 and 2.61 dB. A single wavelength with a center wavelength of 1933.95 nm is monitored for 75 min, and the radio-frequency spectrum is scanned 27 times within the frequency range of 0 to 400 MHz. The results demonstrate that the TDFL can operate continuously and stably in an SLM state. The linewidth and linewidth fluctuation of the TDFL are measured, and the minimum linewidth, corresponding to a measurement time of 0.001 s, is 65.14 kHz. The experimental results show that the proposed TDFL has a high OSNR and excellent wavelength-switching ability, and its SLM operation is very stable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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8 pages, 3225 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Generation of High-Quality Cylindrical Vector Beams from All-Few-Mode Fiber Laser

by Pingping Xiao, Zhen Tang, Fei Wang, Yaqiong Lu and Zuxing Zhang

Photonics 2024, 11(10), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100975 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 904

Abstract

Transverse mode control of laser intracavity oscillation is crucial for generating high-purity cylindrical vector beams (CVBs). We utilized the mode conversion and mode selection properties of two-mode long-period fiber gratings (TM-LPFGs) and two-mode fiber Bragg gratings (TM-FBGs) to achieve intracavity hybrid-mode oscillations of LP₀₁ and LP₁₁ from an all-few-mode fiber laser. A mode-locked pulse output with a repetition rate of 12.46 MHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 53 dB was achieved with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) for mode-locking, at a wavelength of 1550.32 nm. The 30 dB spectrum bandwidth of the mode-locked pulse was 0.13 nm. Furthermore, a high-purity CVB containing radially polarized and azimuthally polarized LP₁₁ modes was generated. The purity of the obtained CVB was greater than 99%. The high-purity CVB pulses have great potential for applications in optical tweezers, high-speed mode-division multiplexing communication, and more. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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16 pages, 29393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Switchable Dual-Wavelength Fiber Laser with Narrow-Linewidth Output Based on Parity-Time Symmetry System and the Cascaded FBG

by Kaiwen Wang, Bin Yin, Chao Lv, Yanzhi Lv, Yiming Wang, Hao Liang, Qun Wang, Shiyang Wang, Fengjie Yu, Zhong Zhang, Ziwang Li and Songhua Wu

Photonics 2024, 11(10), 946; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100946 - 8 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1514

Abstract

In this paper, a dual-wavelength narrow-linewidth fiber laser based on parity-time (PT) symmetry theory is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The PT-symmetric filter system consists of two optical couplers (OCs), four polarization controllers (PCs), a polarization beam splitter (PBS), and cascaded fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), enabling stable switchable dual-wavelength output and single longitudinal-mode (SLM) operation. The realization of single-frequency oscillation requires precise tuning of the PCs to match gain, loss, and coupling coefficients to ensure that the PT-broken phase occurs. During single-wavelength operation at 1548.71 nm (λ₁) over a 60-min period, power and wavelength fluctuations were observed to be 0.94 dB and 0.01 nm, respectively, while for the other wavelength at 1550.91 nm (λ₂), fluctuations were measured at 0.76 dB and 0.01 nm. The linewidths of each wavelength were 1.01 kHz and 0.89 kHz, with a relative intensity noise (RIN) lower than −117 dB/Hz. Under dual-wavelength operation, the maximum wavelength fluctuations for λ₁ and λ₂ were 0.03 nm and 0.01 nm, respectively, with maximum power fluctuations of 3.23 dB and 2.38 dB. The SLM laser source is suitable for applications in long-distance fiber-optic sensing and coherent LiDAR detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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8 pages, 5221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Energy Injection-Seeded Single-Frequency Er:YAG Laser at 1645 nm Pumped by a 1532 nm Fiber Laser

by Jiaze Wu, Youlun Ju, Jiawei Fan, Yiming Zhao, Kun Yang, Lijie Geng, Yuanxue Cai, Lei Song, Yaming Zhuang, Shuyun Wu and Xiaoming Duan

Photonics 2024, 11(8), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080752 - 12 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1379

Abstract

A single-frequency, Q-switched Er:YAG laser, pumped by a 1532 nm fiber laser, has been demonstrated. At the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 200 Hz, the maximum single-frequency laser of 5.5 mJ is attained, and, correspondingly, the pulse width is 212 ns. Using the heterodyne technique, the single-frequency laser spectrum’s full width at half maximum is determined to be 2.73 MHz. The experimental results show that the single-frequency laser has excellent beam quality factors (M²) of 1.18 and 1.21. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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8 pages, 447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Writing of Fiber Bragg Gratings with Low Energy Focused fs Pulses Using a Two-Mask Interferometer

by François Ouellette

Photonics 2024, 11(7), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070639 - 4 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1217

Abstract

We demonstrate fast writing of strong fiber Bragg grating (FBG) without hydrogen loading using 343 nm femtosecond pulses of only 7

μ

J energy at 60 kHz repetition rates and a two-mask interferometer. The beam was focused to a 30–50

μ

m diameter [...] Read more.

We demonstrate fast writing of strong fiber Bragg grating (FBG) without hydrogen loading using 343 nm femtosecond pulses of only 7

μ

J energy at 60 kHz repetition rates and a two-mask interferometer. The beam was focused to a 30–50

μ

m diameter along the fiber axis, greatly enhancing the peak power while avoiding damage to the masks. A refractive index modulation of more than

10^{- 3}

could be obtained in less than one minute exposure. To avoid the observed strong temperature gradient observed in the SMF-28 fiber, a galvo scanner was used to rapidly move the beam back and forth laterally up to 1 mm. FBG were written in SMF-28, as well as 20/400

μ

m fiber. In the latter fiber, better heat dissipation allowed us to write the FBG with the standard phase mask scanning technique, and a 0.28 mm Gaussian apodized FBG could be written. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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9 pages, 2057 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Linear Fiber Laser Configurations for Optical Concentration Sensing in Liquid Solutions

by Liliana Soares, Rosa Ana Perez-Herrera, Susana Novais, António Ferreira, Susana Silva and Orlando Frazão

Photonics 2024, 11(5), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11050393 - 24 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1259

Abstract

In this study, different configurations based on linear fiber lasers were proposed and experimentally demonstrated to measure the concentration of liquid solutions. Samples of paracetamol liquid solutions with different concentrations, in the range from 52.61 to 201.33 g/kg, were used as a case-study. The optical gain was provided by a commercial bidirectional Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) and the linear cavity was obtained using two commercial Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs). The main difference of each configuration was the coupling ratio of the optical coupler used to extract the system signal. The sensing head corresponded to a Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) tip that worked as an intensity sensor. The results reveal that, despite the optical coupler used (50:50, 60:40, 70:30 or 80:20), all the configurations reached the laser condition, however, the concentration sensing was only possible using a laser drive current near to the threshold value. The configurations using a 70:30 and an 80:20 optical coupler allowed paracetamol concentration measurements with a higher sensitivity of (

- 3.00 \pm 0.24

) pW/(g/kg) to be performed. In terms of resolution, the highest value obtained was 1.75 g/kg, when it was extracted at 20% of the output power to the linear cavity fiber laser configuration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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11 pages, 3819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Switchable Dual-Wavelength Thulium-Doped Fiber Laser Based on Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Bragg Grating and Compound Cavity Filter

by Xiangdong Wang, Fengping Yan, Hao Guo, Wei Wang, Dandan Yang, Pengfei Wang, Ting Li, Chenhao Yu, Kazuo Kumamoto and Yuping Suo

Photonics 2024, 11(4), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11040360 - 12 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1809

Abstract

This paper presents experimental evidence regarding a novel switchable dual-wavelength thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL). Wavelength switching is achieved by combining a polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg grating (PM-FBG) with a polarization controller (PC). The three-coupler double-ring compound cavity (TC-DRC) structure, acting as a mode-selection filter, is designed to select a single longitudinal mode (SLM) from the dense longitudinal modes. This paper introduces the design and fabrication method of the TC-DRC filter and analyzes, in detail, the mechanism for SLM selection. The experimental results demonstrate that the designed filter exhibits excellent performance. By adjusting the PC, the TDFL achieves stable SLM operation at the wavelengths of 1940.54 nm and 1941.06 nm, respectively. The optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is superior to 65 dB. When the TDFL is tested at room temperature, there is no significant wavelength drift, and power fluctuations are less than 1.5 dB. The operation of the SLM is verified through the self-heterodyne method, and the laser maintains stable SLM states for both wavelengths after continuous operation for an hour. Furthermore, based on the phase noise demodulation method, the linewidths of both wavelengths are measured to be less than 10 kHz at the integration time of 0.001 s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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13 pages, 7077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wavelength-Tunable Single-Longitudinal-Mode Narrow-Linewidth Thulium/Holmium Co-Doped Fiber Laser with Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating and Dual-Coupler-Ring Filter

by Dongyuan Li, Ting Feng, Shaoheng Guo, Shengbao Wu, Fengping Yan, Qi Li and Xiaotian Steve Yao

Photonics 2023, 10(6), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10060693 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1993

Abstract

A wavelength-tunable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) narrow-linewidth thulium/holmium co-doped fiber laser (THDFL) was developed in this study. The lasing wavelength was determined by combining a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PS-FBG) and a uniform FBG (UFBG). SLM oscillation was achieved by incorporating a dual-coupler ring filter with the PS-FBG. At a pump power of 2.0 W, the THDFL exhibited excellent SLM lasing performance with a stable optical spectrum. It operated at an output wavelength of ~2050 nm with an optical signal-to-noise ratio of >81 dB, an output power fluctuation of 0.15 dB, a linewidth of 8.468 kHz, a relative intensity noise of ≤−140.32 dB/Hz@≥5 MHz, a slope efficiency of 2.15%, and a threshold power of 436 mW. The lasing wavelength tunability was validated experimentally by stretching the PS-FBG and UFBG simultaneously. The proposed THDFL had significant potential for application in many fields, including free-space optical communication, LiDAR, and high-precision spectral measurement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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10 pages, 1638 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Single-Longitudinal Mode Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Laser with Ultra-Narrow Linewidth and High OSNR Using a Double-Ring Passive Subcavity

by Han Wen, Yaqi Zhai, Baole Lu and Haowei Chen

Photonics 2023, 10(5), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050500 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1705

Abstract

A continuous wave (CW) ultra-narrow linewidth single-longitudinal mode (SLM) ytterbium-doped fiber laser (YDFL) based on narrowband fiber Bragg grating (NB-FBG) and double-ring passive subcavity (DR-PS) was studied. The filtering characteristics of the double-ring passive subcavity are analyzed theoretically, and it is used as a high-precision mode filter to eliminate the dense longitudinal mode and mode hopping of YDFL and ensure that the laser operates in the SLM state. Experimental results show that the laser has a central wavelength of 1030.052 nm at room temperature, an optical signal-to-noise ratio of up to 73 dB, and an ultra-narrow linewidth of 355 Hz. In addition, we measured the short-term and long-term stability of the laser, with wavelength and power fluctuations of less than 0.008 nm and 0.19 dB, respectively, over 120 min. As a result, we obtain SLM YDFL with high stability, ultra-narrow linewidth, and a high optical signal-to-noise ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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8 pages, 1928 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

High-Power, Narrow-Linewidth, Continuous-Wave, Thulium-Doped Fiber Laser Based on MOPA

by Biao Guan, Fengping Yan, Wenguo Han, Qi Qin, Dandan Yang, Ting Li, Chenhao Yu, Xiangdong Wang, Kazuo Kumamoto and Yuping Suo

Photonics 2023, 10(4), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040347 - 23 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2570

Abstract

A high-power, narrow-linewidth, continuous-wave, thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL) based on a master-oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) was experimentally demonstrated. The main oscillator (seed source) yielded 0.64 W of narrow-linewidth laser output at a central wavelength of 1940.32 nm and a 3 dB spectral bandwidth of 0.05 nm. The output narrow-linewidth laser from the main oscillator was amplified by two-stage, cladding-pumped, thulium-doped, all-fiber amplifiers. The main amplifier yielded 26 W of narrow-linewidth laser at a central wavelength of 1940.33 nm. The slope efficiency of the main amplifier was approximately 55.6%. Significant residual pumping light component in the output laser was not observed. During the amplification process, no stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effect, strong amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) effect, and parasitic lasers were observed at the reverse monitoring end. Moreover, the output power was only limited by the incident pump power and the output power had a good stability in a 50 min monitoring period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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10 pages, 4229 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Sub-kHz Narrow-Linewidth Single-Longitudinal-Mode Thulium-Doped Fiber Laser Utilizing Triple-Coupler Ring-Based Compound-Cavity Filter

by Biao Guan, Fengping Yan, Dandan Yang, Qi Qin, Ting Li, Chenhao Yu, Xiangdong Wang, Kazuo Kumamoto and Yuping Suo

Photonics 2023, 10(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020209 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2008

Abstract

This paper proposes and demonstrates a single-longitudinal-mode thulium-doped fiber laser using a passive triple-coupler ring-based compound-cavity filter (TCR-CC) and a uniform fiber Bragg grating. For the first time, the TCR-CC filter is used to select a single mode from dense longitudinal modes. Experimental results show that laser in the wavelength of 1941.28 nm can maintain exceptional stability with an optical signal-to-noise ratio of 74.1 dB. The measured maximum wavelength drift and power fluctuation are 0.01 nm and 0.45 dB, respectively. Meanwhile, the measured linewidth of the laser is 910 Hz, and the relative intensity noise is below −125.82 dB/Hz above 2 MHz frequencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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8 pages, 2506 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Narrow-Linewidth Tunable Fiber Laser Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Heated Fiber Bragg Grating with Low Voltage

by Baoshan Gu, Feng Yang, Li Shen, Shouhuan Zhou, Shutong Wang and Sha Wang

Photonics 2023, 10(2), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020136 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2544

Abstract

In this paper, we demonstrate a narrow-linewidth tunable fiber laser based on laser-induced graphene (LIG) paper-heated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with low voltage. A linewidth of less than 600 Hz is achieved by the combination of a piece of unpumped Er-doped fiber and an FBG. Changing the temperature of the FBG will result in the central transmission spectrum shifting, and hence the laser wavelength tuning. LIG-heated (LIG-H) fabrication on polyimide (PI) paper by CO₂ laser is used to offer temperature control of the FBG. By adjusting the voltage of the LIG-H from 0 to 5 V, the temperature of the LIG-H can be changed from room temperature up to 220 °C, while the central wavelength of the output laser can be continuously adjusted from 1549.5 nm to 1552 nm with a full range of 2.5 nm. The proposed technique by electric control of LIG-H can provide a low-cost and compact wavelength tunable laser design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single Frequency Fiber Lasers and Their Applications)

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