Applications of EPR Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Research

A Special Issue of Pharmaceuticals (ISSN 1424-8247) belonging to the section "Pharmacology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 190

Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: EPR spectroscopy; free radicals; spin trapping; single-crystal EPR spectroscopy; biostatistics

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: analytical chemistry; toxicology; quantum-chemical calculations; prediction of drug degradation; relative stability of radicals; fluorescence spectroscopy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a highly specific analytical technique that enables the direct detection and characterization of paramagnetic species, including free radicals, transition metal complexes, spin labels, and spin probes. In pharmaceutical research, these species are relevant to oxidative stress, drug metabolism, antioxidant activity, drug-induced toxicity, photodegradation, sterilization-induced radical formation, and the stability of pharmaceutical formulations.

EPR spectroscopy can support multiple stages of drug discovery, development, and quality assessment. It is used to evaluate radical-scavenging activity, identify reactive intermediates involved in drug action, investigate drug-membrane interactions, monitor oxidative degradation pathways, and characterize paramagnetic metallodrugs. Spin probes and spin labels further enable the study of drug delivery systems, including liposomes, polymeric carriers, micro- and nanoparticles.

Recent advances in benchtop instrumentation, spectral simulation tools, spin-trapping methods, and in vivo EPR approaches have expanded the accessibility and relevance of this technique in pharmaceutical sciences.

In this Special Issue, we welcome original research articles and reviews addressing current applications and future directions of EPR spectroscopy in pharmaceutical research.

Dr. Erim Bešić
Dr. Davor Šakić
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • EPR spectroscopy
  • pharmaceutical research
  • free radicals
  • spin trapping
  • spin labels
  • oxidative stress
  • antioxidant activity
  • drug stability
  • drug delivery
  • metallodrugs

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

27 pages, 14687 KB  
Review
Continuous-Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Research: Current Applications and Emerging Opportunities
by Erim Bešić and Davor Šakić
Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(9), 1424; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19091424 - 9 Sep 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a direct and highly specific method for detecting paramagnetic species, including free radicals, transition-metal centers, spin labels and spin probes. In pharmaceutical research, it is particularly valuable in systems involving radical chemistry, oxidative degradation, drug–membrane [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a direct and highly specific method for detecting paramagnetic species, including free radicals, transition-metal centers, spin labels and spin probes. In pharmaceutical research, it is particularly valuable in systems involving radical chemistry, oxidative degradation, drug–membrane interactions, drug delivery carriers, metallodrugs and oxygen-sensitive microenvironments. This review aims to summarize current applications of and emerging opportunities for EPR spectroscopy in pharmaceutical research, with primary emphasis on continuous-wave (CW) EPR, the mode most widely used for routine pharmaceutical measurements. Methods: This review is organized around the main CW-EPR approaches relevant to pharmaceutical research, including direct detection of paramagnetic species, spin trapping, spin labeling and spin-probe analysis. The discussion emphasizes how spectral parameters such as the g-value, hyperfine splitting, signal intensity and linewidth can provide structural, kinetic and microenvironmental information. Results: CW-EPR supports the study of radical-mediated drug activity and toxicity, antioxidant properties, formulation stability, membrane interactions, carrier structure, metallodrug behavior and oxygenation. Its main strength is the ability to connect molecular-level radicals and paramagnetic processes with broader pharmaceutical questions related to drug efficacy, safety, stability and delivery. Conclusions: CW-EPR is a specialized but versatile analytical tool at the interface of radical chemistry, pharmaceutical technology and biomedical research. Recent developments in compact instrumentation, selective probes and spectral simulation may further expand its use in pharmaceutical development, stability assessment and drug delivery research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of EPR Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Research)
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