Development of Copper-Based Drugs: Synthesis, Characterisation and Biological Activity

A special issue of Pharmaceuticals (ISSN 1424-8247). This special issue belongs to the section "Medicinal Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 October 2025 | Viewed by 1781

Special Issue Editors


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Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera Av. 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
Interests: medicinal chemistry; heterocyclic compounds; design and synthesis; anticancer activity; antimicrobial activity; structure–activity relationship
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E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera Av. 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
Interests: medicinal chemistry; nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds; Cu(II) complexes; design and synthesis; anticancer activity; structure-activity relationship
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Among transition metals, copper occupies a pivotal position due to its presence in living organisms and its role in physiological processes. As a trace element, copper is broadly distributed in biological tissues and is involved in protein formation and related physiological regulation. Since copper ions can adopt distinct redox states, oxidized Cu(II) or reduced Cu(I), the metal is capable of playing an essential role as a catalytic cofactor in the redox chemistry of enzymes, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, iron absorption, antioxidant defence, and other crucial life processes. Moreover, copper as a redox-active metal may form stable coordination compounds with diverse ligands containing donor atoms, such as nitrogen, sulphur, or oxygen. In the field of medicinal chemistry, it has been confirmed that metal complexes may possess higher biological activity, selectivity, and lower toxicity compared to free ligands.

Copper complexes constitute one of the prospective groups of metal-based anticancer drugs with various mechanisms of action and the potential to overcome drug resistance. For example, the antitumor activity of copper compounds may be the consequence of their ability to induce apoptosis and nonapoptotic cell death—paraptosis and cuproptosis—reactive oxygen species formation that triggers cancer cell death, and antiangiogenic properties. Furthermore, copper-containing coordination compounds attract considerable attention due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and their antiviral, antituberculosis, antifungal, or antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. This versatility of copper-based compounds has increased interest in these agents as potential drugs for therapeutic intervention in various diseases, giving them a strong position in the development of novel pharmaceuticals.

This Special Issue aims to explore the multifaceted effects of copper-based drugs and their implications for human health and disease, such as their potential use as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor agents, enzyme inhibitors, or chemical nucleases. It also offers a range of radioisotopes suitable for nuclear imaging and radiotherapy. We invite investigators in the field to submit original research or review articles convergent on the importance of copper-based drugs.

Dr. Anita Kornicka
Dr. Łukasz Balewski
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • copper
  • copper coordination compounds
  • biologically active agents
  • radiopharmaceuticals
  • drug development
  • drug design

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

33 pages, 6857 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Structure, and Stability of Copper(II) Complexes Containing Imidazoline-Phthalazine Ligands with Potential Anticancer Activity
by Łukasz Balewski, Iwona Inkielewicz-Stępniak, Maria Gdaniec, Katarzyna Turecka, Anna Hering, Anna Ordyszewska and Anita Kornicka
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(3), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030375 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1128
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Recently, there has been great interest in metallopharmaceuticals as potential anticancer agents. In this context, presented studies aim to synthesize and evaluate of two copper(II) complexes derived from phthalazine- and imidazoline-based ligands against on three human cancer cell lines: cervix epithelial [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Recently, there has been great interest in metallopharmaceuticals as potential anticancer agents. In this context, presented studies aim to synthesize and evaluate of two copper(II) complexes derived from phthalazine- and imidazoline-based ligands against on three human cancer cell lines: cervix epithelial cell line (HeLa), breast epithelial-like adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), and triple–negative breast epithelial cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), as well as non-tumorigenic cell line (HDFa). Moreover their antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties were assessed. Methods: The synthetized compounds—both free ligands L1, L2, L3 and copper(II) complexes C1 and C2—were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, a single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies we performed for free ligand L3 and its copper(II) complex C2. The stability of Cu(II)-complexes C1 and C2 was evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The cytotoxic potency of free ligands and their copper(II) complexes was estimated on HeLa, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, as well as non-cancerous HDFa by use of an MTT assay after 48 h of incubation. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of ligands L1 and L3 and their copper(II) complexes C1 and C2 was evaluated using reference strains of the following bacteria and yeasts: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The free radical scavenging properties of free ligands L1, L3 and the corresponding copper(II) complexes C1, C2 was tested with two colorimetric methods—ABTS, DPPH, and reduction ability assay (FRAP). Additionally, the ADME webtool was used to assess the drug-likeness of the synthesized compounds, as well as their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Results: Copper(II) complex C2 exhibited antitumor properties towards MDA-MB-231 compared with Cisplatin (cancer cell viability rate of 23.6% vs. 22.5%). At a concentration of 200 μg/mL, complexes C1 and C2 were less cytotoxic than the reference Cisplatin against a normal, non-cancerous skin fibroblast cell line (HDFa). According to in vitro tests, C2 reduced the viability of HeLa, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cells by about 57.5–81.2%. It was evident that all compounds were devoid of antibacterial or antifungal activity. In vitro assays revealed that a moderate antiradical effect was observed for free ligand L1 containing phthalazin-1(2H)-imine in the ABTS radical scavenging assay (IC50 = 23.63 µg/mL). Conclusions: The anticancer studies revealed that the most potent compound was copper(II) complex C2 bearing a phthalazin-1(2H)-one scaffold. None of the tested compounds showed antimicrobial or antifungal activity. This feature seems to be beneficial in terms of their potential uses as anticancer agents in the future. In vitro antiradical assays revealed that a moderate antioxidant effect was observed only for free ligand L1 containing phthalazin-1(2H)-imine. Full article
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