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Nutrients
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Thyroid in the Periphery: Diet Supplementation in Health and Disease
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Thyroid in the Periphery: Diet Supplementation in Health and Disease

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2023) | Viewed by 21258

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Elena Silvestri

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi del Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
Interests: thyroid hormones; iodothyronines; diet and metabolism; metabolic syndrome; glucose and lipid metabolism; insulin sensitivity; fatty liver
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Federica Cioffi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
Interests: metabolic homeostasis; intermediate and energy metabolism; thyroid function; thyronines; thyroid hormone receptors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Antonia Giacco

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
Interests: dietary patterns; thyroid function; thyronines; thyroid hormone receptors; metabolic syndrome
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Alterations of the thyroid state may occur in the form of chronic or transient diseases caused by complex interactions between genetic factors and environmental conditions. The management of different dysthyroidisms depends on the specific clinical manifestations, commonly including thyroid gland structural alterations, even under euthyroidism, subclinical, or overt hypo- or hyper-function, and metabolic disturbances generally linked to metabolic syndromes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In most cases, pharmacological interventions are required. The additional role of diet for managing thyroid patients is usually overlooked.

Recent evidence has demonstrated an association between low micronutrient status and thyroid diseases, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, among others. Specifically, the importance and the influence of iodine, selenium, vitamin D, zinc, and other micronutrients is continuously emerging. Indeed, such nutrients have been demonstrated to regulate thyroid and other body functions such as reproduction, autoimmunity, glucose and lipid metabolism, or bone metabolism, directly or indirectly supporting thyroid hormone synthesis and its metabolism in peripheral tissues. Special dietary regimens or inadequate nutrition may produce specific deficiencies as well as toxic effects, which may translate into both disturbed thyroid functions and metabolic diseases.

The complex interactions between diet, thyroid functions, and metabolism/dysmetabolism have been only partially characterized, and much more remains to be discovered.

This Special Issue aims to gather up-to-date knowledge about the relation dysthyroidism/altered diet above all in terms of effects on peripheral tissues and metabolism. 

The collected contributions are expected to furnish new perspectives for translational interventions in managing thyroid dysfunction-associated dysmetabolisms.

Prof. Dr. Elena Silvestri
Dr. Federica Cioffi
Dr. Antonia Giacco
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • thyroid
  • hyperthyroidism
  • thyroid disease
  • thyroid health
  • iodine supplementation
  • thyroid hormones
  • iodine deficiency

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 2467 KiB  
Article
Pregnant Dutch Women Have Inadequate Iodine Status and Selenium Intake
by K. Clara Mayunga, Melany Lim-A-Po, Janniek Lubberts, Eline Stoutjesdijk, Daan J. Touw, Frits A. J. Muskiet and D. A. Janneke Dijck-Brouwer
Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3936; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193936 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3181
Abstract
Iodine and selenium are essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Iodine and selenium interact. Pregnancy increases the maternal iodine requirement. We previously reported inadequate iodine status in pregnant Dutch women. Since little is known about their selenium intake, we investigated the iodine status and [...] Read more.
Iodine and selenium are essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Iodine and selenium interact. Pregnancy increases the maternal iodine requirement. We previously reported inadequate iodine status in pregnant Dutch women. Since little is known about their selenium intake, we investigated the iodine status and selenium intake in relation to iodine and selenium supplement use during pregnancy. Iodine status was established in 201 apparently healthy pregnant women as 24 h iodine excretion (24H-UIE; sufficient if median ≥225 µg), iodine concentration (24H-UIC; ≥150 µg/L) and iodine/creatinine ratio (24H-UICR; ≥150 µg/g). Selenium intake was calculated from 24 h selenium excretion. Iodine status in pregnancy proved insufficient (medians: 24H-UIE 185 µg; 24H-UIC 95 µg/L; 24H-UICR 141 µg/g). Only women taking 150 µg iodine/day were sufficient (median 24H-UIE 244 µg). Selenium intake was below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR; 49 µg/day) in 53.8%, below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA; 60 µg/day) in 77.4% and below the Adequate Intake (AI; 70 µg/day) in 88.7%. Combined inadequate iodine status and selenium intake <RDA was found in 61%. Women who want to become pregnant should, consistently with WHO and ETA recommendations, be advised to use a 150 µg iodine-containing supplement. Concomitant selenium supplementation should be added to this advice, at least in The Netherlands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid in the Periphery: Diet Supplementation in Health and Disease)
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22 pages, 4145 KiB  
Article
Potential Applications of Thyroid Hormone Derivatives in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on 3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) in Psammomys obesus (Fat Sand Rat) Model
by Asma Bouazza, Roland Favier, Eric Fontaine, Xavier Leverve and Elhadj-Ahmed Koceir
Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3044; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153044 - 25 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2601
Abstract
3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) has been shown to exert pleiotropic beneficial effects. In this study we investigated whether 3,5-T2 prevent several energy metabolism disorders related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in gerbils diabetes-prone P. obesus. 157 male gerbils were randomly to Natural Diet [...] Read more.
3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) has been shown to exert pleiotropic beneficial effects. In this study we investigated whether 3,5-T2 prevent several energy metabolism disorders related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in gerbils diabetes-prone P. obesus. 157 male gerbils were randomly to Natural Diet (ND-controlled) or a HED (High-Energy Diet) divided in: HED- controlled, HED-3,5-T2 and HED- Placebo groups. 3,5-T2 has been tested at 25 µg dose and was administered under subcutaneous pellet implant during 10 weeks. Isolated hepatocytes were shortly incubated with 3,5-T2 at 10−6 M and 10−9 M dose in the presence energetic substrates. 3,5-T2 treatment reduce visceral adipose tissue, prevent the insulin resistance, attenuated hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and reversed liver steatosis in diabetes P. obesus. 3,5-T2 decreased gluconeogenesis, increased ketogenesis and enhanced respiration capacity. 3,5-T2 potentiates redox and phosphate potential both in cytosol and mitochondrial compartment. The use of 3,5-T2 as a natural therapeutic means to regulate cellular energy metabolism. We suggest that 3,5-T2 may help improve the deleterious course of obesity and T2DM, but cannot replace medical treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid in the Periphery: Diet Supplementation in Health and Disease)
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Review

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29 pages, 1472 KiB  
Review
Thyroidal and Extrathyroidal Requirements for Iodine and Selenium: A Combined Evolutionary and (Patho)Physiological Approach
by D. A. Janneke Dijck-Brouwer, Frits A. J. Muskiet, Richard H. Verheesen, Gertjan Schaafsma, Anne Schaafsma and Jan M. W. Geurts
Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3886; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193886 - 20 Sep 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4828
Abstract
Iodide is an antioxidant, oxidant and thyroid hormone constituent. Selenoproteins are needed for triiodothyronine synthesis, its deactivation and iodine release. They also protect thyroidal and extrathyroidal tissues from hydrogen peroxide used in the ‘peroxidase partner system’. This system produces thyroid hormone and reactive [...] Read more.
Iodide is an antioxidant, oxidant and thyroid hormone constituent. Selenoproteins are needed for triiodothyronine synthesis, its deactivation and iodine release. They also protect thyroidal and extrathyroidal tissues from hydrogen peroxide used in the ‘peroxidase partner system’. This system produces thyroid hormone and reactive iodine in exocrine glands to kill microbes. Exocrine glands recycle iodine and with high urinary clearance require constant dietary supply, unlike the thyroid. Disbalanced iodine-selenium explains relations between thyroid autoimmune disease (TAD) and cancer of thyroid and exocrine organs, notably stomach, breast, and prostate. Seafood is iodine unconstrained, but selenium constrained. Terrestrial food contains little iodine while selenium ranges from highly deficient to highly toxic. Iodine vs. TAD is U-shaped, but only low selenium relates to TAD. Oxidative stress from low selenium, and infection from disbalanced iodine-selenium, may generate cancer of thyroid and exocrine glands. Traditional Japanese diet resembles our ancient seashore-based diet and relates to aforementioned diseases. Adequate iodine might be in the milligram range but is toxic at low selenium. Optimal selenoprotein-P at 105 µg selenium/day agrees with Japanese intakes. Selenium upper limit may remain at 300–400 µg/day. Seafood combines iodine, selenium and other critical nutrients. It brings us back to the seashore diet that made us what we currently still are. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid in the Periphery: Diet Supplementation in Health and Disease)
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16 pages, 1300 KiB  
Review
The Relationship between Gastrointestinal Health, Micronutrient Concentrations, and Autoimmunity: A Focus on the Thyroid
by Michael Ruscio, Gavin Guard, Gabriela Piedrahita and Christopher R. D’Adamo
Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3572; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173572 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 9824
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of understanding of why many patients with thyroid dysfunction remain symptomatic despite being biochemically euthyroid. Gastrointestinal (GI) health is imperative for absorption of thyroid-specific nutrients as well as thyroid function directly. This comprehensive narrative review describes the impact [...] Read more.
Currently, there is a lack of understanding of why many patients with thyroid dysfunction remain symptomatic despite being biochemically euthyroid. Gastrointestinal (GI) health is imperative for absorption of thyroid-specific nutrients as well as thyroid function directly. This comprehensive narrative review describes the impact of what the authors have conceptualized as the “nutrient–GI–thyroid axis”. Compelling evidence reveals how gastrointestinal health could be seen as the epicenter of thyroid-related care given that: (1) GI conditions can lower thyroid-specific nutrients; (2) GI care can improve status of thyroid-specific nutrients; (3) GI conditions are at least 45 times more common than hypothyroidism; (4) GI care can resolve symptoms thought to be from thyroid dysfunction; and (5) GI health can affect thyroid autoimmunity. A new appreciation for GI health could be the missing link to better nutrient status, thyroid status, and clinical care for those with thyroid dysfunction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid in the Periphery: Diet Supplementation in Health and Disease)
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