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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Phytochemicals and Human Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2026) | Viewed by 28960

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Prof. Dr. PrzemysŁaw ł. Zalewski

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Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Street, Poznan, Poland
Interests: natural drugs; pharmacognosy; polyphenols; amorphous formulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The aim of this Special Issue, “Phytonutrients in Diseases of Affluence”, is to focus on the importance of phytonutrients and other natural substances in diseases of civilization.

Phytonutrients contain active biological ingredients that prevent and even effectively treat diseases of affluence. Research on phytonutrients is currently the subject of great interest in both the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.

Phytonutrients are successfully used in the prevention and treatment of diseases such as: caries, heart and vascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, overweight and obesity, gout, some allergies, certain cancers (e.g. lung cancer, colon cancer), some skin diseases (e.g. neurodermatitis, acne) and myopia.

In the near future, phytonutrients will probably the basis of new therapeutic strategies, and new research focused on them is needed to understand the mechanisms of their action and finally increase the number of tools in the treatment of diseases of affluence.

Dr. PrzemysŁaw ł. Zalewski
Guest Editor

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Keywords

diseases of affluence
anti-inflammatory effect
antioxidant properties
functional foods
innovative plant extract applications
mechanism of action
medicinal plants
phytochemicals
toxicity

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 6120 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nobiletin Protects Endothelial Function in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice Through Activation of 5′ Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase

by Qiaowen Deng, Yuehan Wang, Yifan Yang, Lingchao Miao, Chumin Zhong, Manqin Fu and Wai San Cheang

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1564; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101564 - 14 May 2026

Viewed by 159

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Nobiletin, one of the main components of citrus peel, exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory properties. However, its effect on obesity-associated vasculopathay remains unknown. We aim to investigate the effect of nobiletin in ameliorating oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFD (60 kcal% fat) or normal chow for four months and orally administered with vehicle or nobiletin (50 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. Vasoreactivity in aortas was measured on a wire myograph. Primary rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats for in vitro study. Protein expressions were detected by Western blot. Superoxide production was determined by fluorescence imaging. Results: Exposure to high glucose increased the phosphorylation of JNK (Tyr185) and decreased the protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1, as well as downregulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and eNOS (Ser1177) in RAECs. This led to reduced nitric oxide (NO) generation and elevation of oxidative stress. High glucose induction also impaired the endothelium-dependent relaxations (EDRs) in murine aortas. These high glucose-induced impairments were restored by co-treatment of nobiletin (1 μM or 10 μM) whereas effects of nobiletin were abolished by AMPK inhibitor Compound C. The DIO-induced diabetic animal model showed increased body weight and blood pressure, imbalance of glucolipid metabolism, impaired EDRs, and elevated oxidative stress in aortas. AMPK/eNOS and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways were downregulated in aortas from DIO mice. Oral administration of nobiletin could at least partially reverse the above damage. Conclusions: Nobiletin ameliorates endothelial dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing NO bioavailability upon activation of AMPK/eNOS and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways in obese diabetic mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytonutrients in Diseases of Affluence)

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22 pages, 3449 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sulforaphane Against the Metabolic Consequences of a High-Glycemic-Index Diet: Protective and Therapeutic Mechanisms Associated with Obesity and Insulin Resistance

by Mihrican Çubuk, Aylin Açıkgöz Pınar, Bahadır Süleyman and Necip Gökhan Taş

Nutrients 2026, 18(4), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040574 - 9 Feb 2026

Viewed by 999

Abstract

Objective: This study investigated the effects of different doses and timing of sulforaphane (SFN) supplementation on reducing obesity induced by a high-glycemic-index diet (HGID) and on correcting poor glycemic control and dyslipidemia in C57BL/6 mice. Method: For 15 weeks, mice were administered a control diet (control), HGID, HGID + oral 5 mg/kg/day SFN (HGID + LSFN), or HGID + 20 mg/kg/day SFN (HGID + HSFN), and following 15 weeks of HGID, mice were treated with 5 mg/kg/day SFN (PO-HGID + LSFN) or 20 mg/kg/day SFN (PO-HGID + HSFN) for 5 weeks. Results: SFN reduced body weight gain and serum glucose. The lowest levels of HbA1c were observed in the control and HGID + LSFN groups. Mice in the HGID group exhibited impaired glucose clearance and were less sensitive to insulin compared to the control. A remarkable improvement in glucose and insulin tolerance was observed in both PO-HGID + SFN and HGID + SFN groups. Lipid profile parameters and serum insulin levels were found to be lower in the control and HGID + SFN groups compared to the HGID group. SFN increased serum adiponectin levels when administered concurrently with HGID. IRS1 and IRS2 levels were highest in the control and HGID + LSFN groups, and high-dose SFN supplementation suppressed IRS1 independently of timing. Exposure to HGID downregulated the expression of PGC-1α and sirtuins. SIRT1 and SIRT3 gene expressions showed a significant increase at both doses, whereas SIRT2 gene expression increased significantly only at 5 mg/kg/day SFN. FASN expression was upregulated in all HGID-fed groups with or without SFN intervention. Conclusions: SFN may reverse the adverse effects of HGID in a time- and dose-dependent manner by regulating postprandial insulin, inhibiting gluconeogenesis, and enhancing fatty acid oxidation through the activation of sirtuins and PGC-1α. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytonutrients in Diseases of Affluence)

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14 pages, 278 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenol Consumption and Its Association with Physical and Mental Health in Adults with Major Depressive Disorder

by Joanna Rog, Paulina Pawlikowska, Małgorzata Futyma-Jędrzejewska, Paulina Wróbel-Knybel, Ryszard Maciejewski, Kinga Kulczycka and Hanna Karakula-Juchnowicz

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010047 - 22 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Research confirms that diet can influence the onset or course of depression. Polyphenols are bioactive plant compounds with proven beneficial effects on health. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between polyphenol intake and the health status of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: The study included 44 participants. Health status was assessed using questionnaires adapted into Polish, body composition analysis, and laboratory blood tests. Polyphenol intake was estimated using the Phenol-Explorer program. Results: Among men, polyphenol intake was positively associated with glycated hemoglobin levels (R = 0.70; p = 0.038). Lower polyphenol intake in women was associated with poorer physical health (p = 0.014) and overall quality of life (p = 0.013). Polyphenol intake enhanced the effects of visceral fat content, muscle mass, severity of depressive symptoms (positive), and severity of stress symptoms (negative) on triglyceride levels. Polyphenol intake was positively associated with LDL cholesterol levels, and this relationship was attenuated by body water and fat content. Polyphenol intake weakened the relationship between fat content (negative) and quality of life (positive) with cortisol levels (R² = 0.61; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Polyphenols act both directly and mediate the effects of other factors on the health status of individuals with MDD. Despite their proven beneficial effects, further research is needed to explore their potential impact and mechanisms of action in patients with MDD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytonutrients in Diseases of Affluence)

19 pages, 1700 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Outcomes of Oat Beta-Glucan Nutritional Intervention in Ulcerative Colitis: Case Reports of a Female and a Male Patient

by Alicja Zalecińska, Joanna Harasym, Katarzyna Dziendzikowska, Katarzyna Sikorska and Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(24), 3812; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17243812 - 5 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1999

Abstract

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). These diseases are characterized by periods of exacerbated inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, interspersed with periods of remission. Current pharmacological interventions are only partially effective. There is a need for effective dietary therapies and interventions involving plant substances that can alleviate the course of this disease. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effects of a 28-day dietary intervention involving a 3% solution of chemically pure, low-molar-mass oat beta-glucan (OBG) in patients diagnosed with de novo UC. Similar-aged men and women were compared. Methods: The OBG was isolated and prepared for consumption as a sterile aqueous suspension. This solution had previously been evaluated for in vitro toxicity using 3D intestinal co-cultures comprising Caco-2, HT29-MTX and THP-1 cells. Before and after the dietary intervention, endoscopic colon examinations were performed and blood hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters, as well as stool calprotectin concentrations, were analyzed. The Disease Activity Index (DAI), endoscopic Mayo score, the Lichtiger Colitis Activity Index (LCAI) and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were also determined. Following dietary intervention, the Mayo score, DAI, fecal calprotectin levels, and indices of peripheral blood white cells, CRP, and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were decreased. Results/Conclusions: The obtained results demonstrated the beneficial effect of dietary intervention with OBG in accelerating the achievement of clinical remission in patients with UC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytonutrients in Diseases of Affluence)

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Review

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18 pages, 1802 KB

Open AccessReview

The Chemopreventive and Anticancer Potential of Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products from Cruciferous Vegetables

by Mateusz Labudda, Anna Rybarczyk-Płońska, Kamil Aleksander Sobieszek, Tomasz Niedziński, Wesley Borges Wurlitzer, Ewa Muszyńska, Beata Prabucka, Szymon Florczak, Monika Tomczykowa, Wojciech Makowski, Jakub Graska, Jakub Frankowski, Paulina Kęszycka, Danuta Gajewska, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Iwona Morkunas, Joanna Trafiałek, Michał Tomczyk and Michał Czapla

Nutrients 2026, 18(5), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18050751 - 26 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1476

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Glucosinolates (GSLs) from cruciferous vegetables (CVs), sulfur (S)- and nitrogen-containing compounds, are enzymatically hydrolyzed by myrosinase (EC 3.2.1.147) to yield bioactive derivatives such as isothiocyanates (ITCs) and indoles. These metabolites exhibit chemopreventive and anticancer properties. The article compiles evidence regarding the following: (i) the molecular mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis of key derivatives, including sulforaphane (SFN), phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), and indole-3-carbinol (I3C); (ii) epidemiological and clinical findings; and (iii) strategies to link plant science with nutritional interventions for cancer prevention. Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted using Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PubMed. English-language studies addressing mechanistic insights, nutritional factors, epidemiology, and clinical trials were included. Results: The biosynthesis and metabolism of GSL in plants are regulated by S and several transcription factors that promote or repress GSL production. Additionally, food processing has been shown to influence retention time and the formation of ITCs. In humans, ITCs activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated detoxification, induce apoptosis, and modulate epigenetic pathways. Epidemiological data show inverse associations between CV intake and cancer risk, though variability exists. Clinical trials have confirmed the bioavailability and effects of glucoraphanin and SFN on cancer-related biomarkers. Conclusions: The described compounds are bioavailable in humans and modulate the clinically relevant pathways linked to carcinogenesis. Larger, standardized interventions are needed to determine effective intake levels, optimize bioavailability, and define their potential role in evidence-based nutritional strategies for cancer prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytonutrients in Diseases of Affluence)

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16 pages, 580 KB

Open AccessReview

Mechanistic Analysis of Fisetin in Liver Diseases and Its Potential Therapeutic Application in IFALD—A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

by Marta Belka, Maciej Stawny, Michal M. Masternak and Violetta Krajka-Kuźniak

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010102 - 28 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2021

Abstract

Fisetin (3,3′,4′,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a naturally occurring flavonol in fruits and vegetables. It exhibits diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, senolytic, and lipid-lowering properties. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying fisetin’s hepatoprotective effects and evaluates its potential application in Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease (IFALD), a severe complication associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). IFALD is characterized by inflammation, cholestasis, steatosis, oxidative stress, and dysregulated lipid and bile acid metabolism. Fisetin modulates several key signaling pathways, including NF-κB, Nrf2, AMPK, and SIRT1, leading to reduced inflammatory cytokine expression, enhanced antioxidant defenses, and improved lipid homeostasis. Fisetin shows potential anti-fibrotic and microbiota-modulating effects. More importantly, fisetin is recognized as a potent senolytic agent, selectively activating pro-apoptotic pathways in senescent cells, which are known sources of inflammation and tissue damage. However, despite its promising pharmacological profile, the poor bioavailability of fisetin remains a significant limitation, particularly for parenteral use. Emerging drug delivery systems such as liposomes and nanoparticles offer potential solutions. Given its broad spectrum of beneficial effects and favorable safety profile, fisetin represents a compelling candidate for future studies in the prevention and management of IFALD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytonutrients in Diseases of Affluence)

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24 pages, 1254 KB

Open AccessReview

Chlorogenic Acid’s Role in Metabolic Health: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

by Katarzyna Zalewska, Maciej Kulawik, Julia Gierszewska, Zofia Gramala, Oliwia Kalus, Michał Karpiński, Joanna Maćkowiak, Antoni Staniewski, Zofia Szymańska, Barbara Zalewska, Wei Lu, Judyta Cielecka-Piontek and Przemysław Zalewski

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3303; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203303 - 21 Oct 2025

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6954

Abstract

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an ester of caffeic and quinic acids, is a dietary polyphenol abundant in coffee, tea, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, with 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) as its predominant isomer. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the biological activities, mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutic applications of CGA in the prevention and management of metabolic disorders. CGA demonstrates a broad spectrum of biological activities relevant to human health. Its mechanisms of action involve modulation of oxidative stress and key cellular signaling pathways, as well as regulation of metabolic processes, contributing to improved insulin sensitivity, lipid balance, and overall energy homeostasis. These properties make CGA a promising agent against metabolic syndrome (type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) which is a major global health challenge. Despite its health benefits, CGA’s oral bioavailability remains limited, prompting research into optimized extraction methods, novel formulations, and structural modifications. Current evidence supports its safety even at high doses, reinforcing its potential as a nutraceutical, functional food ingredient, and adjunctive therapeutic compound in chronic disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytonutrients in Diseases of Affluence)

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15 pages, 953 KB

Open AccessReview

Influence of Matcha and Tea Catechins on the Progression of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)—A Review of Patient Trials and Animal Studies

by Danuta I. Kosik-Bogacka and Katarzyna Piotrowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(15), 2532; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152532 - 31 Jul 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 13384

Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) is a chronic, non-communicable spectrum of diseases characterized by lipid accumulation. It is often asymptomatic, and its prevalence varies by region, age, gender, and economic status. It is estimated that 25% of the world’s population currently suffer from MAFLD, and 20 million patients will die from MAFLD-related diseases. In the last 20 years, tea and anti-obesity research have indicated that regularly consuming tea decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MeS). In this review, we aimed to present studies concerning the influence of matcha extracts and epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG) supplements on metabolic functions in the context of MAFLD in human and animal studies. The published data show promise. In both human and animal studies, the beneficial effects on body weight, cholesterol levels, and liver metabolism and function were noted, even in short-period experiments. The safety levels for EGCG and green tea extract consumption are marked. More experiments are needed to confirm the results observed in animal studies and to show the mechanisms by which green tea exerts its effects. The preliminary data from research concerning microbiota or epigenetic changes observed after polyphenols and green tea consumption need to be expanded. To improve the efficiency and availability of green tea or supplement consumption as a treatment for MAFLD patients, more research with larger groups and longer study durations is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytonutrients in Diseases of Affluence)

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