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Diet, Weight Control, and Cardiometabolic Risks in Adults

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutritional Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2023) | Viewed by 11915

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Dr. Zhihong Wang

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Guest Editor

Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing 100050, China
Interests: diet structure; dietary pattern; foods; obesity; cardiometabolic risks

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Although nutrition and health status has improved over the last few decades, many countries are facing an increased burden of obesity and communicable diseases related to population aging and lifestyle changes. Globally, according to the WHO, 1.9 billion people are overweight or obese, and excess weight contributes to 2.5 million deaths each year; furthermore, approximately 167 million people will become less healthy as a result of overweight or obese by 2025. This could lead to high risks of cardiometabolic factors and a range of noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, and various forms of cancer. Therefore, focus should be placed on the key role of diet, together with physical activity and other lifestyle factors, in preventing obesity, cardiometabolic risks and even chronic diseases, especially considering the increased frequency of dining out and ordering takeout. In this Special Issue, we aim to investigate the association of diet (foods, nutrients, dietary pattern or dietary quality), eating behavior, physical activities with weight management or risk of cardiometabolic factors in adults. We encourage all experts in this field to submit relevant original articles, reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analysis to enhance current knowledge and fill a gap in the aforementioned field.

Dr. Zhihong Wang
Guest Editor

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Keywords

diet structure
dietary pattern
nutrient
foods
obesity
weight control
adult
physical activity
lifestyle
cardiometabolic risks

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Risk of Overweight or Obesity in Chinese Adults: Chinese Food Consumption Survey 2017–2020

by Feng Pan, Tongwei Zhang, Weifeng Mao, Fanglei Zhao, Dechun Luan and Jianwen Li

Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 4005; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15184005 - 16 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1284

Abstract

Overweight and obesity have increased rapidly in the past few decades in China, and less research has focused on the association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and overweight or obesity in Chinese adults. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of UPF consumption with the risk of overweight or obesity in Chinese adults. Residents aged 18 years and above who participated in the nationally representative survey Chinese Food Consumption Survey in 2017–2020 were included in this study. Dietary intake data were collected via non-consecutive three-day 24 h dietary recalls and weighing household foods and condiments. According to the NOVA food classification system, UPFs were classified depending on the purpose and extent of food processing. Multiple logistic regression and multivariate-adjusted restricted cubic spline (RCS) regressions were performed to estimate the association between UPF consumption (categorized into quartiles: quartile 1 (Q1), quartile 2 (Q2), quartile 3 (Q3), and quartile 4 (Q4)) and risk of overweight or obesity. A total of 38,658 adults aged 18 years and above participated in the present study. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in adults was 33.0% (95% CI: 32.91–33.10) and 9.6% (95% CI 9.55–9.67), respectively. After a multivariable adjustment, the risk of overweight or obesity was increased by 10% in Q3 (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04–1.17) compared to Q1 as a reference. Women (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01–1.20) and adults living in small and medium-sized cities (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01–1.26) with higher UPF consumption had higher odds of overweight or obesity. Nevertheless, the effect of higher UPF consumption on the risk of overweight or obesity was relatively weak for overall adults in China. The top three categories of subgroups consumption of UPFs were 1: sugar-sweetened beverages; 2: sauces, cheeses, spreads, and gravies; and 3: ultra-processed breads and breakfast cereals. These findings provide evidence that higher UPF consumption was positively associated with overweight or obesity, which was defined based on Chinese criteria among women and adults living in small and medium-sized cities in China. Further studies, such as intervention trials, are needed to identify the mechanism of correlation between the consumption of UPFs and health-related outcomes in Chinese adults. From a public health perspective, with the prevalence of overweight and obesity growing and the increase in UPF consumption in Chinese adults, it is necessary to promote healthy food intake and a balanced diet through active nutritional education actions for overweight and obesity prevention and control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Weight Control, and Cardiometabolic Risks in Adults)

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11 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trajectories of Meat Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997–2018)

by Mengran Liu, Huijun Wang, Shufa Du, Yingying Jiao, Qi Wang, Chang Su, Bing Zhang and Gangqiang Ding

Nutrients 2023, 15(14), 3277; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143277 - 24 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1183

Abstract

Few articles have investigated the impact of long-term meat intake trends and their changes during follow-up on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to explore the long-term trajectories of meat intake and determine its association with T2D risk in Chinese adults. This study used seven rounds of data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2015, and 2018), and 4464 adults aged 18 years or older were analyzed. The group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify meat intake trajectories over 21 years. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard and restricted cubic spline models were used to analyze the association and dose–response relationship between meat intake and T2D. Four trajectory groups were identified: “low-increase intake group” (Group 1), “moderate-increase intake group” (Group 2), “medium-stable intake group” (Group 3), and “high intake group” (Group 4). Compared with Group 2, Group 4 was associated with a higher risk of developing T2D (hazard ratio 2.37 [95% CI 1.41–3.98]). After adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle, total energy intake, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure, and using the third quintile as a reference, the risk of T2D was increased by 46% in the lowest quintile with meat intake (hazard ratio 1.46 [95% CI 1.07–2.01]) and by 41% in the highest quintile with meat intake (HR 1.41 [95% CI 1.03–1.94]). A U-shape was observed between meat intake and T2D risk (p for nonlinear < 0.001). When the intake was lower than 75 g/day, the risk of T2D was negatively correlated with meat intake, while the risk of T2D was positively correlated with meat intake when the intake was higher than 165 g/day. We identified four trajectory groups of meat intake from 1997 to 2018, which were associated with different risks of developing T2D. A U-shaped association was observed between meat intake and T2D in Chinese adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Weight Control, and Cardiometabolic Risks in Adults)

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12 pages, 1213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intake Levels of Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Manganese in Relation to Cognitive Function: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Dong Zhao, Yilun Huang, Binghan Wang, Hui Chen, Wenfei Pan, Min Yang, Zhidan Xia, Ronghua Zhang and Changzheng Yuan

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030704 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2727

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have related circulating levels of trace metal elements, of which dietary intake is the major source, to cognitive outcomes. However, there are still relatively few studies evaluating the associations of dietary intake levels of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese with cognitive function (CF). Methods: We leveraged the data of 6863 participants (mean [standard deviation] age = 66.7 [10.5] years) in the Health and Retirement Study (2013/2014). Dietary intake levels of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese were calculated from a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. CF was assessed using the 27-point modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS). We used linear regression models to calculate the mean differences in global CF scores by quintiles of dietary intake levels of trace metal elements. Results: Among the study participants, the mean (SD) values of daily dietary intake were 13.3 (6.3) mg for iron, 1.4 (0.7) mg for copper, 10.7 (4.6) mg for zinc, and 3.3 (1.6) mg for manganese. Compared with the lowest quintile of dietary iron intake (<8.1 mg), the highest quintile (≥17.7 mg) was associated with a lower cognitive score (−0.50, −0.94 to −0.06, P-trend = 0.007). Higher dietary copper was significantly associated with poorer CF (P-trend = 0.002), and the mean difference in cognitive score between extreme quintiles (≥1.8 vs. <0.8 mg) was −0.52 (95% confidence interval: −0.94 to −0.10) points. We did not observe significant associations for dietary intake of zinc (P-trend = 0.785) and manganese (P-trend = 0.368). Conclusion: In this cross-sectional study, higher dietary intake of iron and copper was related to worse CF, but zinc and manganese intake levels were not significantly associated with CF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Weight Control, and Cardiometabolic Risks in Adults)

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12 pages, 285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Micronutrient-Related Dietary Pattern and Cognitive Function among Persons 55 Years and Older in China: A Longitudinal Study

by Xiaofan Zhang, Feifei Huang, Jiguo Zhang, Yanli Wei, Jing Bai, Huijun Wang and Xiaofang Jia

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030481 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

Appropriate dietary patterns for preserving cognitive function in China remains unknown. This study explored the association between dietary pattern and cognitive function in the Chinese population. A total of 6308 adults aged 55 and above who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey at least two waves from 1997 to 2018 were selected. The dietary pattern was determined using the reduced rank regression method with responses regarding vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium intakes. We used a three-level random coefficient model to evaluate the association. A “vegetable-pork” dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of Legume products, vegetables, fruits, nuts, pork, fish, and plant oil was identified. Compared to the first quartile (Q1) of dietary scores, the regression coefficients (p value) for the global cognitive score across Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.27 (p = 0.030), 0.45 (p < 0.001), and 0.50 (p < 0.001), respectively. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for poor cognition across Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.82 (0.73 to 0.93), 0.79 (0.69 to 0.91), and 0.74 (0.63 to 0.86), respectively. The relationship appeared to be stronger among people who were 65 years and older, women, people from the south, and smokers. Higher adherence to the “vegetable-pork” diet is associated with better cognitive function among Chinese elders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Weight Control, and Cardiometabolic Risks in Adults)

10 pages, 801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Mushrooms and Algae Consumption with Mortality among Chinese Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Jie Shen, Mengjie He, Rongxia Lv, Liyan Huang, Jiaxi Yang, You Wu, Yuxuan Gu, Shuang Rong, Min Yang, Changzheng Yuan and Ronghua Zhang

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3891; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193891 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1882

Abstract

Mushrooms and algae are important sources of dietary bioactive compounds, but their associations with mortality remain unclear. We examined the association of mushrooms and algae consumption with subsequent risk of all-cause mortality among older adults. This study included 13,156 older adults aged 65 years and above in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (2008–2018). Consumption of mushrooms and algae at baseline and age of 60 were assessed using a simplified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During 74,976 person-years of follow-up, a total of 8937 death cases were documented. After adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, and other dietary factors, participants who consumed mushrooms and algae at least once per week had a lower risk of all-cause mortality than rare consumers (0–1 time per year) (HR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.80–0.93). Compared to participants with rare intake at both age 60 and the study baseline (average age of 87), those who maintained regular consumptions over time had the lowest hazard of mortality (HR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76–0.98). Our findings supported the potential beneficial role of long-term consumption of mushrooms and algae in reducing all-cause mortality among older adults. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the health benefit for longevity of specific types of mushrooms and algae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Weight Control, and Cardiometabolic Risks in Adults)

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13 pages, 1787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison between Dietary Consumption Status and Healthy Dietary Pattern among Adults Aged 55 and Older in China

by Siting Zhang, Liusen Wang, Xiaofang Jia, Jiguo Zhang, Hongru Jiang, Weiyi Li, Feifei Huang, Huijun Wang, Bing Zhang, Gangqiang Ding and Zhihong Wang

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2778; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132778 - 05 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2048

Abstract

The nutrition and health of middle-aged and elderly people is crucial to the long-term development of a country. The present study aimed to analyze the dietary consumption status in Chinese adults by using baseline and follow-up data from the community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Diseases between 2018–2020 and selecting those aged 55 and older (n = 23,296). Dividing 65 food items into 17 subgroups on the basis of a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, we analyze the consumption amount and consumption rate of foods in relation to wave and sociodemographic factors by employing the Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal–Wallis analysis, the Chi-squared test, and the Cochran–Armitage trend test and evaluate food intake status using the Chinese Dietary Guidelines Recommendations (2022). Compared to 2018, the median daily intake of livestock meat, poultry, and eggs increased in 2020 (p < 0.05), while the median daily intake of wheat, other cereals, tubers, legumes, fruits, and fish and seafood decreased (p < 0.05). The proportion of subjects with excessive intake of grain, livestock and poultry, and eggs was 46.3%, 36.6%, and 26.6%, respectively, while the proportion of subjects with insufficient intake of whole grains and mixed beans, tubers, legumes, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and fish and seafood were 98.4%, 80.3%, 74.0%, 94.6%, 94.3%, 75.8%, and 86.5%, respectively, and more than 50% of subjects were non-consumers of dairy products, nuts, and whole grains and mixed beans. In conclusion, the problem of unhealthy dietary structure is prominent among adults aged 55 and older in China; insufficient or excessive intakes of various types of foods are common; and excessive consumption of edible oil and salt remains a serious problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Weight Control, and Cardiometabolic Risks in Adults)

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