Nanomaterials

23 pages, 4982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laser-Ablative Structuring of Elastic Bandages—An Experimental Study

by Peijiao Huang, Daoyong Zhang, Wenyuan Lu, Xihuai Wang, Da Chen, Shengbin Zhao and Mingdi Wang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090701 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

To address the problem of excessive ablation in conventional laser processing caused by the inhomogeneous energy distribution at the focal point, along with the inherent heterogeneity and surface irregularities of textile materials, a new method for laser printing elastic bandage fabrics was developed. [...] Read more.

To address the problem of excessive ablation in conventional laser processing caused by the inhomogeneous energy distribution at the focal point, along with the inherent heterogeneity and surface irregularities of textile materials, a new method for laser printing elastic bandage fabrics was developed. We used flat top light sources, short focal field mirrors, and low power lasers instead of the Gaussian light sources, long focal field mirrors, and high-power lasers used in traditional methods. First, the sample was preheated, and the aspherical lens system was designed and simulated. Then, the physical and chemical properties of laser-processed elastic bandage fabrics were investigated. Finally, based on single-factor experiments, orthogonal experimental analysis was conducted to determine the optimal process parameters. The results show that the optimized optical path can effectively improve the uniformity of the temperature field during laser scanning and enhance focusing performance; as energy gradually accumulates, chemical bonds in polymer molecules break; when the elastic bandage fabric is in a highly elastic state, it exhibits appropriate breaking strength and color difference. The best parameters obtained from the single-factor experiment are as follows: laser power range of 25–34 W, scanning speed range of 2200–2800 mm/s, preheating temperature range of 125–200 °C. The best parameters obtained from the orthogonal experiment are as follows: laser power 28 W, scanning speed 2800 mm/s, and the preheating temperature 175 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)

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22 pages, 5731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ab Initio Study of the Structures, Bonding Interactions, and Thermal Stability of the Li-Decorated 2D Biphenylene Sheet

by María Begoña Torres, Alexandre Lebon, Luis Enrique González, Luis Javier Gallego and Andrés Vega

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090700 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

We performed an extensive study on the most stable structures, the electronic properties, and the thermal stability of the 2D biphenylene sheet decorated with Li atoms. Our structural results show that the Li storage capacity of biphenylene is much higher than that recently [...] Read more.

We performed an extensive study on the most stable structures, the electronic properties, and the thermal stability of the 2D biphenylene sheet decorated with Li atoms. Our structural results show that the Li storage capacity of biphenylene is much higher than that recently reported, which increases the interest in this 2D material as a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries, although Li diffusion is not expected at room temperature. Moreover, we found striking phenomena that had not been detected yet, such as the formation of Li zigzag wires and metallic Li monolayers on the biphenylene sheet beyond a certain coverage threshold. In our calculations, we use high-level density-functional theory, quantum chemical topology analysis, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, the latter methodology allows for confirming the stability of the predicted Li-decorated biphenylene structures at room-temperature conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)

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15 pages, 8761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solvent-Engineered PEACl Passivation: A Pathway to 24.27% Efficiency and Industrially Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells

by Min Xin, Ihtesham Ghani, Yu Zhang, Huaxi Gao, Danish Khan, Xin Yang and Zeguo Tang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090699 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Addressing the critical challenges of interfacial defects and insufficient stability in perovskite solar cells, this work introduces a co-solvent engineering strategy to dynamically regulate the phenethylammonium chloride (PEACl) passivation layer. The effect of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and a DMSO: IPA (1:100) mixture as [...] Read more.

Addressing the critical challenges of interfacial defects and insufficient stability in perovskite solar cells, this work introduces a co-solvent engineering strategy to dynamically regulate the phenethylammonium chloride (PEACl) passivation layer. The effect of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and a DMSO: IPA (1:100) mixture as solvent for forming the PEACl 2D passivation layer is systematically explored, and the synergistic interplay between solvent coordination strength and crystallization kinetics is systematically investigated. The DMSO: IPA (1:100) blend balances Pb-O coordination (via DMSO) and rapid phase separation (via IPA), enabling the oriented growth of a dense, ultrathin 2D perovskite overlayer. This suppresses defect density (electron traps reduced to 1.68 × 10¹⁵ cm⁻³) and extends carrier lifetime, yielding a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.27%—a significant improvement over the control (22.73%). For the first time, we establish a dual-parameter “solvent coordination-crystallization kinetics” model, providing a universal framework for designing environmentally benign solvent systems and advancing the industrial scalability of high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscale Materials and (Flexible) Devices)

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15 pages, 8916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preheating Modeling of Forming Region and Design of Electrode Structure During Integral Electric Hot Incremental Forming

by Zhengfang Li, Lijia Liu, Jiangpeng Song, Shuang Wu, Li Liu and Xinhao Zhai

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090698 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Recently, integral electric hot incremental forming technology has been proposed to form hard-to-form sheet metals and to eliminate some defects obtained through the local heating method via current, such as inhomogeneous temperature distribution, arc burns for the sheet and the tool, unsuitability for [...] Read more.

Recently, integral electric hot incremental forming technology has been proposed to form hard-to-form sheet metals and to eliminate some defects obtained through the local heating method via current, such as inhomogeneous temperature distribution, arc burns for the sheet and the tool, unsuitability for multistage forming, etc. However, the simulation of integral electric hot incremental forming involves coupled electro-thermal-mechanical analysis, which is difficult through existing simulation software. Meanwhile, the effect of the electrode structure on temperature distribution is not clear; therefore, a preheating flux model for Joule heat was proposed to simulate the temperature distribution of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheet in this work, which could simplify the coupled electro-thermal-mechanical analysis to the coupled thermal–mechanical simulation. Meanwhile, the effect of the electrode section and length on the temperature distribution was analyzed in detail, and then a design criterion for the electrode length was obtained during integral electric hot incremental forming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)

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16 pages, 3401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochar-Enhanced Sulfur: Mechanistic Insights into a Novel and Effective Bactericide

by Yuanqi Peng, Lezhu Su, Meng Liu, Chen Zeng, Bo Xiang, Zhuoyao Xie, Zijing Hu and Nan Zhou

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090697 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

The development of green, efficient, and stable pesticides for controlling agricultural pathogens remains a critical research focus. Elemental sulfur, although widely used for its bactericidal and insecticidal properties, suffers from aggregation, poor dispersibility, and limited contact with target organisms, restricting its effectiveness. In [...] Read more.

The development of green, efficient, and stable pesticides for controlling agricultural pathogens remains a critical research focus. Elemental sulfur, although widely used for its bactericidal and insecticidal properties, suffers from aggregation, poor dispersibility, and limited contact with target organisms, restricting its effectiveness. In this study, we synthesized a novel biochar–sulfur composite by combining sustainable biochar with sulfur at low temperatures. The resulting material exhibited enhanced dispersibility and a five-fold increase in bactericidal efficacy compared to sulfur alone, as demonstrated in tests against R. solanacearum and E. coli. Additionally, the composite maintained 80% efficacy after five cycles of use, highlighting its favorable cyclic performance. Mechanistic studies revealed that biochar accelerates sulfur’s redox reaction, generating free radicals that drive efficient bactericidal action. This work provides a simple and sustainable approach for developing sulfur-based antimicrobial pesticides, offering new opportunities for sulfur utilization in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Carbon-Based Materials)

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23 pages, 6020 KiB

Open AccessReview

Poly(arylene ether nitrile) Based Dielectrics with High Energy Storage Properties: A Review

by Yongxian Liu, Guangjun Liu, Yayao Jiao, Zaixing Wang, Shumin Bao, Xiufu Hua, Lingling Wang, Bo Tang, Zhiyuan Xiong and Renbo Wei

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090696 - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Polymer-based nanocomposites have demonstrated significant strategic value in dielectric energy storage systems due to their tunable high energy density and rapid charge–discharge efficiency. Poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN), owing to its superior thermal stability, high mechanical strength, chemical corrosion resistance, and outstanding dielectric properties, [...] Read more.

Polymer-based nanocomposites have demonstrated significant strategic value in dielectric energy storage systems due to their tunable high energy density and rapid charge–discharge efficiency. Poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN), owing to its superior thermal stability, high mechanical strength, chemical corrosion resistance, and outstanding dielectric properties, exhibits distinct advantages in the field of high-performance dielectric energy storage devices. This review focuses on key strategies for enhancing the dielectric energy storage performance of PEN-based composites, emphasizing molecular engineering approaches, microstructural design, the multiscale interface regulation mechanisms within composite systems, and the optimization of the dielectric constant (ε_r) and breakdown strength (E_b) through thermal stretching. Furthermore, the potential of PEN-based polymer composites in energy storage devices is highlighted, and future research directions are proposed, including the establishment of a dynamic balance mechanism between dielectric/insulating properties and the development of novel composite systems that offer both high energy storage density and stability. These advancements will provide the material foundation for the miniaturization and intellectualization of advanced pulse power equipment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colloid Chemistry and Applications of Nanomaterials)

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15 pages, 5870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Dielectric Tunability and Figure of Merit at Low Voltage in (001)-Oriented Epitaxial Tetragonal Pb_0.52Zr_0.48TiO₃ Thin Films

by Hongwang Li, Chao Liu and Jun Ouyang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090695 - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Ferroelectric thin films with a high dielectric tunability (η) have great potential in electrically tunable applications, including microwave tunable devices such as phase shifters, filters, delay lines, etc. Using a modified Landau–Devonshire type thermodynamic potential, we show that the dielectric tunability [...] Read more.

Ferroelectric thin films with a high dielectric tunability (η) have great potential in electrically tunable applications, including microwave tunable devices such as phase shifters, filters, delay lines, etc. Using a modified Landau–Devonshire type thermodynamic potential, we show that the dielectric tunability η of a (001) tetragonal ferroelectric film can be analytically solved. After a survey of materials, a large η value above 60% was predicted to be achievable in a (001)-oriented tetragonal Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃ (PZT) film. Experimentally, (001)-oriented PZT thin films were prepared on LaNiO₃-coated (100) SrTiO₃ substrates by using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). These films exhibited good dielectric tunability (η ~ 67.6%) measured at a small electric field E of ~250 kV/cm (corresponding to 5 volts for a 200 nm thick film). It only dropped down to ~54.2% when E was further reduced to 125 kV/cm (2.5 volts for 200 nm film). The measured dielectric tunability η as functions of the applied electric field E and measuring frequency f are discussed for a 500 nm thick PZT film, with the former well described by the theoretical η(E) curves and the latter showing a weak frequency dependence. These observations validate our integrated approach rooted in a theoretical understanding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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30 pages, 7563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Fluorine Doping on Rutile TiO₂ Nanostructures for Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysis: A DFT + U Study

by Fikadu Takele Geldasa and Francis Birhanu Dejene

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090694 - 5 May 2025

Abstract

In this work, a density functional theory (DFT) with Hubbard correction (U) approaches implemented through the Quantum ESPRESSO code is utilized to investigate the effects of fluorine (F) doping on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of rutile TiO₂. Rutile TiO [...] Read more.

In this work, a density functional theory (DFT) with Hubbard correction (U) approaches implemented through the Quantum ESPRESSO code is utilized to investigate the effects of fluorine (F) doping on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of rutile TiO₂. Rutile TiO₂ is a promising material for renewable energy production and environmental remediation, but its wide bandgap limits its application to the UV spectrum, which is narrow and expensive. To extend the absorption edge of TiO₂ into the visible light range, different concentrations of F were substituted at oxygen atom sites. The structural analysis reveals that the lattice constants and bond lengths of TiO₂ increased with F concentrations. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (AIMD) at 1000 K confirm that both pristine and F-doped rutile TiO₂ maintains structural integrity, indicating excellent thermal stability essential for high-temperature photocatalytic applications. Band structure calculations show that pure rutile TiO₂ has a bandgap of 3.0 eV, which increases as the F concentration rises, with the 0.25 F-doped structures exhibiting an even larger bandgap, preventing it from responding to visible light. The absorption edge of doped TiO₂ shifts towards the visible region, as shown by the imaginary part of the dielectric function. This research provides valuable insights for experimentalists, helping them understand how varying F concentrations influence the properties of rutile TiO₂ for photocatalytic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Nanomaterials—Theoretical Design of Green Chemistry Nanomaterials)

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19 pages, 3423 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Landscape of Micro-LED Display Industrialization

by Yang-En Wu, Chia-Hung Tsai, Li-Yin Chen, Fang-Chung Chen and Hao-Chung Kuo

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090693 - 4 May 2025

Abstract

Micro-LED display technology has emerged as a significant area of interest, with numerous research teams globally approaching it from various disciplines. Concurrently, several enterprises have initiated production or plan to invest in equipment manufacturing. However, the industry currently lacks standardized production processes for [...] Read more.

Micro-LED display technology has emerged as a significant area of interest, with numerous research teams globally approaching it from various disciplines. Concurrently, several enterprises have initiated production or plan to invest in equipment manufacturing. However, the industry currently lacks standardized production processes for Micro-LED displays. This is largely due to major manufacturers adapting their equipment and material choices to suit their specific product applications. Nevertheless, advancements in recent years and developments within the supply chain reveal a gradual convergence of technology across the sector. This review paper aims to provide an investment and cost analysis perspective of the current industrial landscape of Micro-LED technology. It examines key aspects such as the selection of bonding materials, differences in driving modes, considerations for native RGB versus color conversion, strategies for cost optimization, market information and unique differentiation features of Micro-LED displays. To make this paper accessible to a broader audience, including those outside the electronics industry, key technical processes are described with clear explanations and the relevant context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Dots and Micro-LED Display, 3rd Edition)

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11 pages, 4598 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Scalable Production and Multifunctional Coating of Gold Nanostars for Catalytic Applications

by Silvia Nuti, Adrián Fernández-Lodeiro, Inmaculada Ortiz-Gómez, Carlos Lodeiro and Javier Fernández-Lodeiro

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090692 - 3 May 2025

Abstract

Gold nanostars (AuNSTs) stabilized with adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were synthesized using a scalable method, achieving a 30-fold yield increase compared to previous studies using AMP as a shaping agent, while also reducing the reaction time to 3 h. The AuNSTs were coated with [...] Read more.

Gold nanostars (AuNSTs) stabilized with adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were synthesized using a scalable method, achieving a 30-fold yield increase compared to previous studies using AMP as a shaping agent, while also reducing the reaction time to 3 h. The AuNSTs were coated with mesoporous silica (mSiO₂) via a robust approach, producing the AuNSTs@mSiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) with tunable thicknesses and consistent optical properties for a range of morphologies. The NPs were additionally coated with platinum (Pt) before synthesizing the mSiO₂ layer, facilitating a comparative analysis of catalytic activity. The catalytic performance of the bare AuNSTs, the AuNSTs@mSiO₂, and the AuNSTs@Pt@mSiO₂ was evaluated through methylene blue reduction, confirming the gold core as the primary catalytic source. The AuNSTs@Pt@mSiO₂ exhibited enhanced activity, highlighting the potential of the mSiO₂ coatings. Additionally, solid-phase catalytic tests using 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) on cellulose discs demonstrated the effectiveness of these NPs under diverse conditions. These findings showcase the versatility and broad catalytic potential of silica-coated NPs for solution- and solid-phase applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Noble Metal-Based Nanostructures: Optical Properties and Applications)

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19 pages, 3868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring Metal Phthalocyanine/Graphene Interfaces for Highly Sensitive Gas Sensors

by Daniele Perilli, Alberto Maria Rizzi and Cristiana Di Valentin

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090691 - 3 May 2025

Abstract

Developing novel gas-sensing materials is critical for overcoming the limitations of current metal oxide semiconductor technologies, which, despite their widely commercial use, require high operating temperatures to achieve optimal performance. In this context, integrating graphene with molecular organic layers provides a promising platform [...] Read more.

Developing novel gas-sensing materials is critical for overcoming the limitations of current metal oxide semiconductor technologies, which, despite their widely commercial use, require high operating temperatures to achieve optimal performance. In this context, integrating graphene with molecular organic layers provides a promising platform for next-generation gas-sensing materials. In this work, we systematically explore the gas-sensing properties of metal phthalocyanine/graphene (MPc/Gr) interfaces using density functional theory calculations. Specifically, we examine the role of different MPcs (FePc, CoPc, NiPc, and CuPc) and Gr doping levels (p-doped, neutral, and n-doped) in the detection of NH₃ and NO₂ molecules, used as representative electron-donor and -acceptor testing gases, respectively. Our results reveal that a p-doped Gr is necessary for NH₃ detection, while the choice of metal cation plays a crucial role in determining sensitivity, following the trend FePc/Gr > CoPc/Gr > NiPc/Gr, with CuPc/Gr exhibiting no response. Remarkably, FePc/Gr demonstrates sensitivity down to the limit of a single NH₃ molecule per FePc. Conversely, NO₂ detection is possible under both neutral and n-doped Gr, with the strongest response observed for n-doped FePc/Gr and CoPc/Gr. Crucially, we identify the d_z2 orbital of the MPc as a key factor in mediating charge transfer between the gas molecule and Gr, governing the electronic interactions that drive the sensing response. These insights provide valuable guidelines for the rational design of high-sensitivity graphene-based gas sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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12 pages, 3451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Silicon Anode Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries Through Hybrid Artificial SEI Layer and Prelithiation

by Bo Peng, Weizhai Bao, Kaiwen Sun and Jin Xiao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090690 - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Prelithiation has been widely accepted as one of the most promising strategies to compensate for the loss of active substance and to improve the initial Coulombic efficiency in silicon-based anodes for advanced high-energy-density batteries. But because of their unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) [...] Read more.

Prelithiation has been widely accepted as one of the most promising strategies to compensate for the loss of active substance and to improve the initial Coulombic efficiency in silicon-based anodes for advanced high-energy-density batteries. But because of their unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and low initial Coulombic efficiency, they expand in volume during prelithiation and react with moisture, which makes commercialization a difficult process. Herein, we have developed a strategy using lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) treatment to eliminate redundant lithium and generate LiF-based inorganic compounds on the surface of the prelithiated electrode. Such method not only reduces the reactiveness of the prelithiated anode but also enhances the ionic conductivity of the SEI. The rich LiF surface works as an artificial SEI, and according to electrochemical evaluation, the initial Coulombic efficiency of the prelithiated silicon anode treated with LiFSI can reach 92.9%. This technique not only increases the battery’s energy density but also its cycle stability, resulting in superior capacity retention and a longer cycling life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials and Energetic Application: Experiment and Simulation)

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12 pages, 16015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compact Nonvolatile Reconfigurable Mode Converter by Sb₂S₃ Embedded in 4H-Silicon-Carbide-on-Insulator Platform

by Danfeng Zhu, Junbo Chen, Shaobin Qiu, Dingnan Deng and Jinming Luo

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090689 - 1 May 2025

Abstract

Nonvolatile switching is emerging and shows potential in integrated optics. A compact nonvolatile reconfigurable mode converter implemented on a 4H-silicon-carbide-on-insulator (4H-SiCOI) platform with a footprint of 0.5 × 1 × 1.8 μm³ is proposed in this study. The functional region features an [...] Read more.

Nonvolatile switching is emerging and shows potential in integrated optics. A compact nonvolatile reconfigurable mode converter implemented on a 4H-silicon-carbide-on-insulator (4H-SiCOI) platform with a footprint of 0.5 × 1 × 1.8 μm³ is proposed in this study. The functional region features an Sb₂S₃ film embedded in a 4H-SiC strip waveguide. The functionality is achieved through manipulating the phase state of the Sb₂S₃. The high refractive index contrast between the crystalline Sb₂S₃ and 4H-SiC enables high-efficiency mode conversion within a compact footprint. The incident TM0 mode is converted to the TM1 mode with a high transmittance (T) beyond 0.91 and a mode purity (MP) over 91.72% across the 1500–1600 nm waveband. Additionally, when the Sb₂S₃ transitions to its amorphous state, the diminished refractive index contrast efficiently mitigates the mode conversion effect. In this state, the TM0 mode propagates through the functional region with minimal perturbation, exhibiting T ≥ 0.99 and MP_TM₀ ≥ 97.65% within a 1500–1600 nm waveband. Furthermore, the device performances were investigated under partially crystallized states of Sb₂S₃. The proposed structure offers a broad range of transmittance differences (−16.42 dB ≤ ΔT ≤ 17.1 dB) and mode purity differences (−90.91% ≤ ΔMP ≤ 96.11%) between the TM0 mode and TM1 mode. The proposed device exhibits a high robustness within ±20 nm Δl and ±10 nm Δw. We believe that the proposed multi-level manipulation can facilitate a large communication capacity and that it can be deployed in neuromorphic optical computing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)

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10 pages, 2743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ternary Heterojunction Synaptic Transistors Based on Perovskite Quantum Dots

by Shuqiong Lan, Jinkui Si, Wangying Xu, Lan Yang, Jierui Lin and Chen Wu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090688 - 1 May 2025

Abstract

The traditional von Neumann architecture encounters significant limitations in computational efficiency and energy consumption, driving the development of neuromorphic devices. The optoelectronic synaptic device serves as a fundamental hardware foundation for the realization of neuromorphic computing and plays a pivotal role in the [...] Read more.

The traditional von Neumann architecture encounters significant limitations in computational efficiency and energy consumption, driving the development of neuromorphic devices. The optoelectronic synaptic device serves as a fundamental hardware foundation for the realization of neuromorphic computing and plays a pivotal role in the development of neuromorphic chips. This study develops a ternary heterojunction synaptic transistor based on perovskite quantum dots to tackle the critical challenge of synaptic weight modulation in organic synaptic devices. Compared to binary heterojunction synaptic transistor, the ternary heterojunction synaptic transistor achieves an enhanced hysteresis window due to the synergistic charge-trapping effects of acceptor material and perovskite quantum dots. The memory window decreases with increasing source-drain voltage (V_DS) but expands with prolonged program/erase time, demonstrating effective carrier trapping modulation. Furthermore, the device successfully emulates typical photonic synaptic behaviors, including excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), and the transition from short-term plasticity (STP) to long-term plasticity (LTP). This work provides a simplified strategy for high-performance optoelectronic synaptic transistors, showcasing significant potential for neuromorphic computing and adaptive intelligent systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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9 pages, 2086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metasurface Design for Dual-Mode Sensors Based on Broken Symmetry Structure

by Rundong Yang, Minjing Dai, Yihao Zhao and Xiangfu Wang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090687 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Dual-mode sensors are currently facing difficulties in achieving independent sensing of parameters as well as low sensitivity. In this paper, we propose a dual-mode sensor using the finite element method (FEM) based on a coupled silver–PDMS–gold (SPG) cavity. We coupled a square ring [...] Read more.

Dual-mode sensors are currently facing difficulties in achieving independent sensing of parameters as well as low sensitivity. In this paper, we propose a dual-mode sensor using the finite element method (FEM) based on a coupled silver–PDMS–gold (SPG) cavity. We coupled a square ring resonant cavity with a double-ring resonant cavity structure, thus identifying a unique resonant cavity structure. The square ring resonator is made of silver and a double-ring resonant cavity filled with PDMS. Our proposed SPG cavity can independently achieve temperature and refractive index sensing. The SPG cavity enables us to obtain the highest biosensing sensitivity of about 1030 nm/RIU and the highest temperature sensitivity of about 216 pm/K. In addition, SPG cavities have excellent tolerances for geometric parameters. Our results provide new methodologies for metasurface design for dual-mode sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two-Dimensional Materials and Metamaterials in Photonics and Optoelectronics (Second Edition))

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11 pages, 5339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasmonic Nanosensors Based on Highly Tunable Multiple Fano Resonances Induced in Metal–Insulator–Metal Waveguide Systems

by Ping Jiang and Yilin Wang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090686 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

We designed and investigated a plasmonic nanosensor with ultra-high sensitivity and tunability, which is composed of a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide integrated with a side-coupled resonator (SR) and metal baffle. Its high performance is derived from Fano resonance, which is generated by the interaction [...] Read more.

We designed and investigated a plasmonic nanosensor with ultra-high sensitivity and tunability, which is composed of a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide integrated with a side-coupled resonator (SR) and metal baffle. Its high performance is derived from Fano resonance, which is generated by the interaction between the modes of the SR and the baffle, and it can be precisely tuned by adjusting the parameters of the SR. Further investigation based on the incorporation of a side-coupled rectangular-ring resonator (SRR) generates three distinct Fano resonances, and the Fano resonance can be accurately tuned by manipulating the parameters of the resonators within the system. Our proposed plasmonic system can serve as a highly sensitive refractive index nanosensor, achieving a sensitivity up to 1150 nm/RIU. The plasmonic structures featuring independently tunable triple Fano resonances open new avenues for applications in nanosensing, bandstop filtering, and slow-light devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics of Low-Dimensional Materials)

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32 pages, 6341 KiB

Open AccessReview

Catalytic Oxidative Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Perovskite Catalysts: A Review

by Tong Xu, Chenlong Wang, Yanfei Lv, Bin Zhu and Xiaomin Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090685 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions have become a critical environmental concern due to their contributions to photochemical smog formation, secondary organic aerosol generation, and adverse human health impacts in the context of accelerated industrialization and urbanization. Catalytic oxidation over perovskite-type catalysts is an [...] Read more.

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions have become a critical environmental concern due to their contributions to photochemical smog formation, secondary organic aerosol generation, and adverse human health impacts in the context of accelerated industrialization and urbanization. Catalytic oxidation over perovskite-type catalysts is an attractive technological approach for efficient VOC abatement. This review systematically evaluates the advancements in perovskite-based catalysts for VOC oxidation, focusing on their crystal structure–activity relationships, electronic properties, synthetic methodologies, and nanostructure engineering. Emphasis is placed on metal ion doping strategies and supported catalyst configurations, which have been demonstrated to optimize catalytic performance through synergistic effects. The applications of perovskite catalysts in diverse oxidation systems, including photocatalysis, thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and plasma-assisted catalysis, are comprehensively discussed with critical analysis of their respective advantages and limitations. It summarizes the existing challenges, such as catalyst deactivation caused by carbon deposition, sulfur/chlorine poisoning, and thermal sintering, as well as issues like low energy utilization efficiency and the generation of secondary pollutants. By consolidating current knowledge and highlighting future research directions, this review provides a solid foundation for the rational design of next-generation perovskite catalysts for sustainable VOC management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured and Multifunctional Solid Catalysts for Sustainable Chemical Processes)

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13 pages, 5617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxygen Vacancy in Magnéli Phases and Its Effect on Thermoelectric Performances

by Zhou Guan, Chuangshi Feng, Hongquan Song, Lingxu Yang, Xin Wang, Huijun Liu, Jiawei Zhang, Fanqian Wei, Xin Yuan, Hengyong Yang, Yu Tang and Fuxiang Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090684 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Magnéli phases exhibit significant potential for applications in electronic materials in energy conversion due to their high electrical conductivity and excellent thermal stability. In this study, single-phase Ti_nO_2n−1 (n = 4, 5, 6) bulk materials were successfully prepared by [...] Read more.

Magnéli phases exhibit significant potential for applications in electronic materials in energy conversion due to their high electrical conductivity and excellent thermal stability. In this study, single-phase Ti_nO_2n−1 (n = 4, 5, 6) bulk materials were successfully prepared by a combination of the carbothermal reduction of nano-sized rutile TiO₂ and hot-press sintering methods. The relationships between the phase evolution, microstructural features, and thermoelectric performance were investigated systematically. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that the Ti₄O₇ and Ti₅O₉ materials had single-phase structures with high densities (relative density > 97%) and no obvious grain boundary holes or microcracks. We tested the thermoelectric properties of the Magnéli phases in the temperature range of 300–1100 K. The Magnéli phases exhibited a significant temperature dependence, with peak zT values of 0.17, 0.18, and 0.14 for Ti₄O₇, Ti₅O₉, and Ti₆O₁₁, respectively, at 1100 K. This variation in thermoelectric performance was mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the oxygen vacancy concentration and the shear surface density on the carrier concentration and lattice thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the Fermi energy levels and electronic thermal conductivity of the Magnéli phases were calculated using the single parabolic band (SPB) model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanostructures for Thermoelectric Applications)

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14 pages, 3746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scalable Synthesis of PtAu Nanoalloy-Decorated Hydrogenated TiO₂ for High-Efficiency Indoor Formaldehyde Photodegradation

by Hairui Cai, Benjamin Yang, Jie Hou, Ziqi Wang and Zhuo Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090683 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

Formaldehyde, a pervasive indoor air pollutant posing significant health risks, has driven extensive research into advanced mitigation strategies to ensure safer living environments. Herein, this study presents a synthesis method for the large-scale production of hydrogenated TiO₂ (P25) loaded with PtAu nanoalloys [...] Read more.

Formaldehyde, a pervasive indoor air pollutant posing significant health risks, has driven extensive research into advanced mitigation strategies to ensure safer living environments. Herein, this study presents a synthesis method for the large-scale production of hydrogenated TiO₂ (P25) loaded with PtAu nanoalloys (P25(H)-PtAu), using a combination of ball milling and high-temperature annealing. Hydrogenation-induced defect-rich TiO₂ efficiently improves visible light absorption, enhancing the utilization of visible light in photocatalytic reactions. Mechanochemical ball milling was employed to prepare ultrasmall PtAu nanoalloys with a size of 3.7 ± 0.1 nm, which were uniformly dispersed on the surface of P25(H). Density functional theory (DFT) results indicate that PtAu nanoalloys synergistically enhance charge separation via Schottky junctions and surface reaction kinetics by optimizing reactant adsorption. As a result, P25(H)-PtAu achieves industrially relevant formaldehyde removal efficiency (97.8%) under ambient light conditions while maintaining scalability (10 g batches). This work provides a scalable framework for developing manufacturable photocatalysts, with immediate applications in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, and air purifiers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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