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Current Opinion in Microplastics
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Current Opinion in Microplastics

A topical collection in Microplastics (ISSN 2673-8929).

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Editor

Prof. Dr. Nicolas Kalogerakis

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
Interests: environmental applications of nanobubble technology; marine litter-fate and biodegradation of weathered plastics and microplastics; combating marine oil spills with biological means; bioremediation; phytoremediation; wastewater treatment and subsequent reuse and utilization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Topical Collection Information

Dear Colleagues,

Microplastics (MPs) have been found in all environmental compartments such as seawater and freshwater bodies, municipal wastewater and urban runoff, agricultural soils, sediments, and air. The level of plastic debris, mainly as microplastics, in the environment is reaching unprecedented levels and there is worldwide concern about their adverse effects on both living organisms (including humans) and the environment.

This Topical Collection of Microplastics journal aims to publish original articles related to microplastics including: their sources, sinks, and environmental fate; potential effects on ecosystem services and human life; and mitigation measures to reduce their adverse effects. It is also vital to ensure that Microplastics also publishes articles that raises public awareness and builds effective science communication with all stakeholders (e.g., civil society, NGOs, government decision-makers, and industry) to convey specific messages related to threats and potential opportunities to reduce impacts from microplastics.

Topics include but are not limited to:

  • Sampling, characterization, and quantification of microplastics;
  • Microplastics and nanoplastics in soils;
  • Ocean cleanup of plastics and microplastics;
  • Marine debris and fishing gear—collection, recycling, fate, and cleanup;
  • Plastic and microplastic pollution and associated contaminants;
  • Plastic pellets in the environment—collection and mitigation;
  • Microfibers and nanoplastics from textiles;
  • Human health effects of microplastics and nanoplastics;
  • Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics and nanoplastics;
  • Biodegradable plastics and microplastics;
  • Chemical and Biological recycling of waste plastics and microplastics;
  • Mitigation of micro- and nano-plastic pollution in aquatic systems;
  • Modelling fate and transport of plastics and micro- and nano-plastics in the environment;
  • Modelling of the generation of secondary microplastics;
  • Modelling of biodegradation and weathering of plastics and microplastics;

Legislation, policies and economic impactsBesides the submission of original research contributions and critical reviews, we encourage the submission of OPINION papers. These are defined as short articles that reflect the author’s viewpoints on a particular subject, technique, or recent findings. The structure is similar to a review; however, they are significantly shorter and focused on the author’s view rather than a comprehensive, critical review.

Prof. Dr. Nicolas Kalogerakis
Collection Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the collection website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microplastics is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (30 papers)

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2024

Jump to: 2023, 2022, 2021

12 pages, 2299 KiB  
Article
Uptake and Cellular Effects of Polymethylmethacrylate on Human Cell Lines
by Arthur Braun and Harald Seitz
Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 205-216; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020012 - 05 Apr 2024
Viewed by 423
Abstract
The usage of plastic and its decomposition products leads to their ubiquitous distribution, resulting in their uptake by all living beings, including humans. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is known as a biocompatible polymer and is used widely in medicine and dentistry, although recent findings have [...] Read more.
The usage of plastic and its decomposition products leads to their ubiquitous distribution, resulting in their uptake by all living beings, including humans. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is known as a biocompatible polymer and is used widely in medicine and dentistry, although recent findings have shown its induction of oxidative stress within cells. Worryingly, hardly any data exist investigating the uptake of PMMA particles by cells, the potential effects of these particles on cells and cell signaling pathways and their contributing factors. We assessed the uptake of PMMA beads via confocal microscopy after their incubation with HEK293, A549 and MRC5 cells. Through cell staining, we localized multiple PMMA beads within the cytosol of cells. No alterations regarding cell growth, cell morphology or cell division were found, implying no short-term toxicity towards human cells. Using a cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-mediated reporter assay, we assessed whether internalized PMMA nanobeads alter cell signaling pathways after stimulation of the cells. CREB was chosen as a well-described transcription factor involved in various cellular processes. Our data led to the assumption that PMMA nano- and microbeads are internalized via endocytosis and end up in lysosomes within the cell cytosol. We concluded that differences regarding the surface composition of the PMMA nanobeads affect their potential to alter cell signaling. These findings emphasize the key role the surface composition plays regarding microplastics and their risks for human health, whereas the usage of medical-grade PMMA remains safe. Full article
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23 pages, 23119 KiB  
Article
An Image-Processing Tool for Size and Shape Analysis of Manufactured Irregular Polyethylene Microparticles
by Melanie Fritz, Lukas F. Deutsch, Karunia Putra Wijaya, Thomas Götz and Christian B. Fischer
Microplastics 2024, 3(1), 124-146; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010008 - 09 Feb 2024
Viewed by 888
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pose a significant risk to humans and animals due to their ability to absorb, adsorb, and desorb organic pollutants. MPs catchment from either sediments or water bodies is crucial for risk assessment, but fast and effective particle quantification of irregularly shaped [...] Read more.
Microplastics (MPs) pose a significant risk to humans and animals due to their ability to absorb, adsorb, and desorb organic pollutants. MPs catchment from either sediments or water bodies is crucial for risk assessment, but fast and effective particle quantification of irregularly shaped particles is only marginally addressed. Many studies used microscopy methods to count MP particles, which are tedious for large sample sizes. Alternatively, this work presents an algorithm developed in the free software GNU Octave to analyze microscope images of MP particles with variable sizes and shapes. The algorithm can detect and distinguish different particles, compensate for uneven illumination and low image contrast, find high-contrast areas, unify edge regions, and fill the remaining pixels of stacked particles. The fully automatic algorithm calculates shape parameters such as convexity, solidity, reciprocal aspect ratio, rectangularity, and the Feret major axis ratio and generates the particle size distribution. The study tested low-density polyethylene particles with sizes of 50–100 µm and 200–300 µm. A scanning electron microscope image series analyzed with Octave was compared to a manual evaluation using ImageJ. Although the fully automatic algorithm did not identify all particles, the comprehensive tests demonstrate a qualitatively accurate particle size and shape monitoring applicable to any MPs, which processes larger data sets in a short time and is compatible with MATLAB-based codes. Full article
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26 pages, 5749 KiB  
Review
Advancements and Regulatory Situation in Microplastics Removal from Wastewater and Drinking Water: A Comprehensive Review
by Vyoma Jani, Shenghua Wu and Kaushik Venkiteshwaran
Microplastics 2024, 3(1), 98-123; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010007 - 08 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1162
Abstract
In recent years, the ubiquitous occurrence of plastic debris has become a significant environmental concern, posing considerable harm to our ecosystems. Microplastics (MPs) (1 μm–5 mm) and nanoplastics (NPs) (<1 μm) are noticeable in diverse forms, spreading throughout the environment. Notably, wastewater treatment [...] Read more.
In recent years, the ubiquitous occurrence of plastic debris has become a significant environmental concern, posing considerable harm to our ecosystems. Microplastics (MPs) (1 μm–5 mm) and nanoplastics (NPs) (<1 μm) are noticeable in diverse forms, spreading throughout the environment. Notably, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) emerge as major contributors to the generation of MP and NP. Within these treatment plants, water influx from domestic and commercial sources carries a considerable load of MPs derived from items like fiber clothing, personal care products, and toothpaste. Lacking dedicated removal mechanisms, these MPs persist through the wastewater treatment process, ultimately entering natural water bodies and the soil environment. The novelty of this review lies in its detailed examination of contemporary methodologies for sampling, detecting, and eliminating MPs specifically from WWTPs. By critically assessing the efficacy of current removal techniques at various treatment stages, the review offers targeted insights into practical aspects of MP management in these facilities. As the study of micro/nano plastics is still in its early stages, this article aims to contribute by offering a comprehensive review of the methods utilized for plastic debris removal in both WWTPs and drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Furthermore, the article provides a comprehensive overview of the existing rules, regulations, and policies concerning MPs in the United States. This inclusion not only broadens the scope of the review but also establishes it as a valuable reference for understanding the regulatory framework related to MPs. This review uniquely combines a focused evaluation of WWTPs/DWTPs, an exploration of removal methods, and an examination of regulatory framework, making a different contribution to the review article. Through this review, we aim to enhance understanding and awareness of the multi-layered challenges posed by MPs, offering insights that can inform future research directions and policy initiatives. Full article
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16 pages, 1754 KiB  
Review
Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Atmosphere: Methodology for Microplastics Size-Fractionation Sampling
by Yuliya Logvina, Isabel M. Matas, Helena Ribeiro, Luís Pinto da Silva, Pedro Rodrigues, João Leitão and Joaquim Esteves da Silva
Microplastics 2024, 3(1), 82-97; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010006 - 08 Feb 2024
Viewed by 834
Abstract
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are an important atmospheric aerosol constituent. However, there still needs to be a standard procedure for their sampling and size fractionation, which is an obstacle to the aggregation and critical analysis of results obtained by different research groups. This [...] Read more.
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are an important atmospheric aerosol constituent. However, there still needs to be a standard procedure for their sampling and size fractionation, which is an obstacle to the aggregation and critical analysis of results obtained by different research groups. This review focuses on the sampling and fractionation methodologies used for MNPs. Moreover, a streamlined, simplified methodology for sampling and fractionation is proposed. Full article
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15 pages, 4369 KiB  
Article
A Feasible and Efficient Monitoring Method of Synthetic Fibers Released during Textile Washing
by Oskar Świątek and Agnieszka Dąbrowska
Microplastics 2024, 3(1), 67-81; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010005 - 30 Jan 2024
Viewed by 859
Abstract
Microfibers (MFs) are one of the most common and hazardous forms of microplastic found in the aquatic environment. The methods of collecting and analyzing MFs released during washing have to be developed and standardized to understand and model the process of microfibers’ emission [...] Read more.
Microfibers (MFs) are one of the most common and hazardous forms of microplastic found in the aquatic environment. The methods of collecting and analyzing MFs released during washing have to be developed and standardized to understand and model the process of microfibers’ emission better. This study tests a new, innovative method to check if laundry fiber sampling can be approached comprehensively. Pieces of synthetic materials (aged and new polyester, polyester-cotton blend) were placed in chromium-nickel filters envelope-like folded. Then, textile weathering during washing was monitored by the quality and quantity of fibers found directly on the filter surface. Laundry parameters like temperature, detergent presence, and filter size were changed, and results were monitored by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a well-known standard in microplastic identification. In addition, ATR spectra were collected to characterize the materials in detail and evaluate their aging level. Spectroscopy can be used to detect and examine both mechanical and chemical degradation, and the collected microfibers can be assigned to the material they come from. Finally, a quantitative comparison of fibers released during different washing conditions can be used for the process optimization to minimize its environmental impact. Full article
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2023

Jump to: 2024, 2022, 2021

0 pages, 4980 KiB  
Article
Experimental Validation of the Microplastic Index—Two Approaches to Understanding Microplastic Formation
by Kalouda Grigoriadi, Merel G. A. Nooijens, Ali Emre Taşlı, Max M. C. Vanhouttem, Sieger Henke, Luke A. Parker, Jan Harm Urbanus and Arjen Boersma
Microplastics 2023, 2(4), 350-370; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2040027 - 03 Nov 2023
Viewed by 976
Abstract
The Microplastic Index (MPI) was presented in a previous paper as a method to assess the formation of microplastics during the application of impact and wear stresses, based on selected mechanical and physical properties of polymers. In this paper, the experimental validation of [...] Read more.
The Microplastic Index (MPI) was presented in a previous paper as a method to assess the formation of microplastics during the application of impact and wear stresses, based on selected mechanical and physical properties of polymers. In this paper, the experimental validation of the MPI model is presented. A series of ten polymers was characterized to obtain the relevant parameters for the calculation of the MPI, i.e., the minimum particle size and volume of microplastics formed. The milling (addressing impact stress) and sanding experiments (addressing wear stress) resulted in particle sizes between 3 and 200 μm and 0.3 and 25 μm, respectively. These values were very well predicted by the MPI model, showing smaller particles for brittle polymers and larger ones for ductile polymers. In addition, the experimental-specific wear rates of impact and wear correlated well with the predicted ones, being 0.01–30 mm3/Nm for impact and 0.0002–0.012 mm3/Nm for wear. These results indicate that the MPI can be very well used to predict the tendency of a material to form microplastics. In the search for understanding and mitigating microplastic formation, the MPI can be used by both producers and end users to choose plastic grades that form fewer microplastics. Full article
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16 pages, 11845 KiB  
Article
Fast Forward: Optimized Sample Preparation and Fluorescent Staining for Microplastic Detection
by Michael Toni Sturm, Erika Myers, Anika Korzin, Sabrina Polierer, Dennis Schober and Katrin Schuhen
Microplastics 2023, 2(4), 334-349; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2040026 - 22 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1585
Abstract
The fast, affordable, and standardized detection of microplastics (MP) remains one of the biggest challenges in MP research. Comparable data are essential for appropriate risk assessments and the implementation of laws and limit values. The fluorescent staining of MP in environmental samples is [...] Read more.
The fast, affordable, and standardized detection of microplastics (MP) remains one of the biggest challenges in MP research. Comparable data are essential for appropriate risk assessments and the implementation of laws and limit values. The fluorescent staining of MP in environmental samples is a possible solution to this problem. This study investigates the optimization of a sample preparation process (hydrogen peroxide digestion) and the staining process (temperature, concentration, time, surfactants as staining aids) for using a specifically developed fluorescent dye for MP detection. The optimization is performed by comparing the sample preparation process and staining of MP from different polymers and natural particles. Further, the suitability of the optimized process for the detection of fluoropolymers and tire abrasion was tested. The results show that the optimized method (increased temperature and optimized stain concentration) can detect microplastics reliably with a total sample preparation and measurement time of 2.5–3 h per sample, reaching recovery rates of 93.3% (polypropylene) to 101.7% (polyester). Moreover, two of the three tested fluoropolymers could be detected reliably. Tire abrasion could not be detected with the here presented method, as the black color leads to strong quenching. A long-term study measuring the MP pollution in the effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant compared the optimized and original processes and confirmed the stability of the improved method for routine measurements and contamination control. Full article
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12 pages, 5009 KiB  
Article
Comparing Methods for Microplastic Quantification Using the Danube as a Model
by Tim Kiefer, Martin Knoll and Andreas Fath
Microplastics 2023, 2(4), 322-333; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2040025 - 17 Oct 2023
Viewed by 849
Abstract
This study investigates the impact different mesh-sized filtration methods have on the amount of detected microplastics in the surface water of the Danube River delta. Further, the distribution of microplastics in different size categories (20 µm, 65 µm, 105 µm) and in the [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact different mesh-sized filtration methods have on the amount of detected microplastics in the surface water of the Danube River delta. Further, the distribution of microplastics in different size categories (20 µm, 65 µm, 105 µm) and in the water column (0 m, 3 m, 6 m) was analyzed. Our findings show that the Danube River carries 46 p∙L−1 (microplastic particles per liter) with a size larger than 105 µm, 95 p∙L−1 larger than 65 µm and 2677 p∙L−1 that are larger than 20 µm. This suggests a negative logarithmic correlation between mesh size and particle amount. The most abundant polymer throughout all samples was polyethylene terephthalate, followed by polytetrafluorethylene. Overall, the data shows that different sampling methods cannot be compared directly. Further research is needed to find correlations in particle sizes for better comparison between different sampling methods. Full article
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13 pages, 3473 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Microplastics and Mesoplastics and Presence of Biofilms, Collected in the Gualí Wetland Cundinamarca, Colombia
by Maria Alejandra Porras-Rojas, Cristina Charry-Vargas, Jorge Leonardo Muñoz-Yustres, Paula Martínez-Silva and Luis David Gómez-Méndez
Microplastics 2023, 2(3), 255-267; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2030021 - 01 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1755
Abstract
Wetlands are being contaminated by housing developments, effluents, industrial areas, and poor sanitation, resulting in the presence of plastic polymers and the development of biofilms on these materials, which represent an elevated risk to freshwater fauna and flora. The objective of this study [...] Read more.
Wetlands are being contaminated by housing developments, effluents, industrial areas, and poor sanitation, resulting in the presence of plastic polymers and the development of biofilms on these materials, which represent an elevated risk to freshwater fauna and flora. The objective of this study was to characterize mesoplastics and microplastics, collected in the Gualí Wetland, Colombia, as well as to verify the presence of biofilms on such polymers. Nine water samples (36 L per sample) were evaluated at three points of the wetland; the size of the particles was determined by image analysis, the type of polymer through FTIR, and the presence of biofilms by microscopy. A total of 79 items/0.135 m3 were collected, 2 macroplastic items, 53 mesoplastic items, and 24 microplastic items. The presence of fragments (70%) and pellets (41%), with transparent (40%) and white (30%) being the predominant ones, was outstanding. Among the polymers, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) dominated, followed by expanded polystyrene. The results of SEM demonstrated the presence of diatoms on the surface of the plastic polymers. Furthermore, the results showed a greater amount of HDPE mesoplastics and microplastics in the shape of fragments and pellets. In addition, the presence of biofilms on these plastic particles can increase the adsorption of contaminants, negatively affecting this ecosystem. The outcome of this study can be used to identify bacteria that reside in biofilms associated with microplastics and mesoplastics. Full article
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10 pages, 3135 KiB  
Article
Impact of Degradation of Polyethylene Particles on Their Cytotoxicity
by Yudai Ikuno, Hirofumi Tsujino, Yuya Haga, Haruyasu Asahara, Kazuma Higashisaka and Yasuo Tsutsumi
Microplastics 2023, 2(2), 192-201; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2020015 - 22 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1938
Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitous in the environment, including in the ocean, soil, and air. Therefore, there are concerns regarding human exposure. Since it is known that the surface of microplastics in various environments is chemically deteriorated by external factors such as ultraviolet rays and [...] Read more.
Microplastics are ubiquitous in the environment, including in the ocean, soil, and air. Therefore, there are concerns regarding human exposure. Since it is known that the surface of microplastics in various environments is chemically deteriorated by external factors such as ultraviolet rays and waves, it is essential to evaluate the biological effects of degraded microplastics. In this study, we experimented by accelerating the degradation of polyethylene (PE) using vacuum ultraviolet light and prepared PE samples with different degrees of degradation. Then, we evaluated the effects of undegraded and variously degraded PE on cells using cytotoxicity tests. Based on the cytotoxicity test results, we saw a tendency for increased cytotoxicity with increasing degradation. Therefore, this study substantially links the deterioration of microplastics with their biological effects. Full article
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14 pages, 44278 KiB  
Article
Microplastic Contamination in Cultured Mussels and Pearl Oysters in Greece
by Stefania M. Manolaki, Dimitra Chatzivasileiou, Maria Lampa, Panagiotis D. Dimitriou, Aggelos Philippidis, Ioannis Karakassis and Nafsika Papageorgiou
Microplastics 2023, 2(2), 168-181; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2020013 - 03 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2428
Abstract
Τhis study aims to measure the abundance of microplastic (MP) particles in the soft tissue of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and pearl oyster (Pinctada imbricata radiata) specimens. Samples were collected at four sites in Greece (Sagiada, Malesina, Elounda, Rhodes) from [...] Read more.
Τhis study aims to measure the abundance of microplastic (MP) particles in the soft tissue of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and pearl oyster (Pinctada imbricata radiata) specimens. Samples were collected at four sites in Greece (Sagiada, Malesina, Elounda, Rhodes) from wild and farmed populations. The identification of MPs was accomplished by Raman spectroscopy. Comparisons were made between the two different species where the two species co-existed (Malesina), between the four study sites (five sampling stations) in relation to P. imbricata radiata individuals, and also in every station for the different MP types found. For the specimens from Malesina, M. galloprovincialis had more MPs in their soft tissue compared to P. imbricata radiata. Microfibers were found in abundance in M. galloprovincialis, while microfragments were found in P. imbricata radiata specimens. The main MP type found in P. imbricata radiata specimens was microfragments in all five sampling stations, and ranged between 1.54 ± 0.63 (Rhodes-baskets) and 3.56 ± 0.35 (Sagiada) MP particles/g. While the samples of mussels and pearl oysters were similar in age, the differences found in the concentrations of MPs appears to be due to their different farming methods and location characteristics concerning the five sampling stations of pearl oysters. This study indicates that the culturing system does not affect MP concentration in bivalves, and further investigation is needed to find the most appropriate method to limit and reduce MPs that end up in the farmed organisms. Full article
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10 pages, 2459 KiB  
Article
Promotion of DNA Adsorption onto Microplastics by Transition Metal Ions
by Lyuyuan Wu, Kshiti Patel, Mohamad Zandieh and Juewen Liu
Microplastics 2023, 2(1), 158-167; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2010012 - 06 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2708
Abstract
Microplastics can adsorb and spread a variety of pollutants in the ecosystem posing a threat to human health. One of the common pollution sources of environmental waters is metal ions, which not only adsorb on microplastics but can also promote the adsorption of [...] Read more.
Microplastics can adsorb and spread a variety of pollutants in the ecosystem posing a threat to human health. One of the common pollution sources of environmental waters is metal ions, which not only adsorb on microplastics but can also promote the adsorption of other invasive species such as environmental DNA. Recently, we showed that environmentally abundant metal ions (Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) can promote the adsorption of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) onto microplastics. Herein, we investigated the effect of transition metal ions including Zn2+ and Mn2+ and compared them with Mg2+ for promoting DNA adsorption. To better mimic environmental DNA, we also used a salmon sperm double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) (~2000 bp). For both ssDNA and dsDNA, the transition metals induced a higher adsorption capacity compared to Mg2+, and that correlated with the higher binding affinity of transition metals to DNA. Although metal-mediated interactions were vital for ssDNA adsorption, the dsDNA adsorbed on the microplastics even in the absence of metal ions, likely due to the abundance of binding sites of the 100-times longer dsDNA. Finally, desorption studies revealed that hydrophobic interactions were responsible for dsDNA adsorption in the absence of metal ions. Full article
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11 pages, 1423 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Large Microplastic Debris in Beach Sediments in the Po Delta Area
by Luca Cozzarini, Joana Buoninsegni, Corinne Corbau and Vanni Lughi
Microplastics 2023, 2(1), 147-157; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2010011 - 03 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1731
Abstract
The use of single-use or disposable plastic objects has massively increased during the last few decades, and plastic has become the main type of litter found in marine environments. The Adriatic Sea is seriously prone to marine litter pollution, and it collects about [...] Read more.
The use of single-use or disposable plastic objects has massively increased during the last few decades, and plastic has become the main type of litter found in marine environments. The Adriatic Sea is seriously prone to marine litter pollution, and it collects about one-third of all the freshwater flowing into the Mediterranean, mainly via the river Po. This study investigated the type and composition of large microplastic debris collected in different sites in the Po Delta area. Visual classification was performed by relevant criteria, while chemical composition was assessed by infrared spectroscopy. The main plastic fraction is composed of polyolefin (76%), followed by polystyrene (19%). This proportion roughly matches global plastic production, rescaled after excluding plastics with negative buoyancy: all the identified compounds have a specific gravity lower than that of the seawater. Fragments (irregularly shaped debris) represent the most abundant category fraction (85%), followed by pellets, which represent roughly 10% of the total. Overall, the results provided an insight into large microplastic pollution in beach sediments in the Po delta area. Full article
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15 pages, 2259 KiB  
Article
A Public Database for Microplastics in the Environment
by Natalja Čerkasova, Kristina Enders, Robin Lenz, Sonja Oberbeckmann, Josef Brandt, Dieter Fischer, Franziska Fischer, Matthias Labrenz and Gerald Schernewski
Microplastics 2023, 2(1), 132-146; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2010010 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3869
Abstract
During recent years plastics became one of the focuses of EU policy. A harmonisation and comparability of microplastics monitoring results across Europe is needed. The complexity of microplastic data makes it necessary to develop a specific, tailor-made database rather than adapting and modifying [...] Read more.
During recent years plastics became one of the focuses of EU policy. A harmonisation and comparability of microplastics monitoring results across Europe is needed. The complexity of microplastic data makes it necessary to develop a specific, tailor-made database rather than adapting and modifying one of the existing databases. To meet this demand, we present a publicly accessible, flexible, and extendable structured relational database for particle-based microplastic data. The developed relational database is adaptive and meets the specific demands of microplastics, e.g., a large variety of sampling, processing and analytical methods, many types of plastics, and a very wide size spectrum ranging from micrometres to millimetres. In this paper we discuss the development of the database, data entry specifics, sample analysis methods, microplastics data manipulation and quality assurance, and database integration and accessibility. Full article
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15 pages, 4907 KiB  
Article
Influx of Near-Infrared Technology in Microplastic Community: A Bibliometric Analysis
by Monika Rani, Serena Ducoli, Stefania Federici and Laura Eleonora Depero
Microplastics 2023, 2(1), 107-121; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2010008 - 13 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1801
Abstract
The abundance of microplastics in the environment poses a constant threat to all parts of the ecosystem, and the scientific community is called upon to help solve the problem. Numerous studies have been published for microplastic analysis, especially in the last decade, with [...] Read more.
The abundance of microplastics in the environment poses a constant threat to all parts of the ecosystem, and the scientific community is called upon to help solve the problem. Numerous studies have been published for microplastic analysis, especially in the last decade, with vibrational spectroscopy being the preferred method. According to recent literature, portable spectrometers operating in the near-infrared (NIR) range are being used for the analysis of different types of polymers, and this technique has recently found its way into the analysis of microplastics as a good alternative to expensive and complicated benchtop instruments, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. The aim of this study is to investigate and evaluate research trends, leading publications, authors, countries, and limitations of the use of NIR spectroscopy in microplastics research, with a comparison to the established FTIR technique. Full article
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14 pages, 3589 KiB  
Article
May a Former Municipal Landfill Contaminate Groundwater in Microplastics? First Investigations from the “Prairie de Mauves Site” (Nantes, France)
by Lauriane Ledieu, Ngoc-Nam Phuong, Bernard Flahaut, Pauline Radigois, Julya Papin, Cécile Le Guern, Batrice Béchet and Johnny Gasperi
Microplastics 2023, 2(1), 93-106; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2010007 - 06 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2707
Abstract
Municipal landfills receive a high amount of plastic waste and due to the occurring physical and biochemical degradation processes, could be significant sources of microplastics (MP). Evaluating the threat to groundwater through the transfer of MP via landfill leachates require more research. The [...] Read more.
Municipal landfills receive a high amount of plastic waste and due to the occurring physical and biochemical degradation processes, could be significant sources of microplastics (MP). Evaluating the threat to groundwater through the transfer of MP via landfill leachates require more research. The former “Prairie de Mauves” landfill, operated from 1963 to 1987 by the municipality of Nantes (France), and located above the alluvial groundwater of the Loire River, represents a good candidate for such investigations. Leachates and groundwater were sampled along a transect line from upstream to downstream of the landfill, in March and June 2022. MP (>25 µm) were quantified and characterized using µFTIR imaging in transmission mode. MP were observed in every sample with concentrations ranging from 0.71 to 106.7 MP/L. Concentrations in the leachates and the alluvial groundwater illustrate a migration of MP. Twelve polymers were identified and polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were predominant. After a conventional rainfall event (14.3 mm), higher concentrations, diversity, and size ranges of MP were observed. Water infiltration through the heterogeneous geological substratum therefore enhanced the migration of larger MP towards the alluvial groundwater of the Loire River. Full article
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16 pages, 2399 KiB  
Review
The Complex Dynamics of Microplastic Migration through Different Aquatic Environments: Subsidies for a Better Understanding of Its Environmental Dispersion
by Marcelo Pompermayer de Almeida, Christine Gaylarde, Fabiana Cunha Pompermayer, Leonardo da Silva Lima, Jessica de Freitas Delgado, Danniela Scott, Charles Vieira Neves, Khauê Silva Vieira, José Antônio Baptista Neto and Estefan Monteiro Fonseca
Microplastics 2023, 2(1), 62-77; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2010005 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3139
Abstract
Microplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems has drawn attention not only because microplastics are likely to accumulate anywhere but also because they cause negative impacts both to aquatic biota and, indirectly, to public health, as a result of their presence. The understanding of the [...] Read more.
Microplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems has drawn attention not only because microplastics are likely to accumulate anywhere but also because they cause negative impacts both to aquatic biota and, indirectly, to public health, as a result of their presence. The understanding of the distribution and accumulation patterns of this “new contaminant” is fundamental for the calibration of environmental risk studies. However, research on its migration pattern and consequent distribution is still limited. The present study has focused on the peculiar physical characteristics of plastic microparticles and the response to environmental factors such as hydrodynamics and physical chemistry of water on the diffusion dynamics of these pollutant agents. Therefore, we examined information about the vertical abundance distribution, the composition, and the sizes of microplastics, along with the varied aquatic environments existing on Earth. This study provides valuable evidence for the accumulation trend of microplastics across the environment and the peculiar particle characteristics that dictate their distribution patterns. The present study concluded that detailed studies should be carried out in order to add information about the behavior of plastic microparticles in aquatic environments and thus subsidize the calibration of existing information, thus increasing its accuracy in understanding the diffusion patterns of these polluting agents. Full article
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2022

Jump to: 2024, 2023, 2021

12 pages, 12939 KiB  
Article
Effect of Polystyrene Microplastics in Different Diet Combinations on Survival, Growth and Reproduction Rates of the Water Flea (Daphnia magna)
by Melek Isinibilir, Kamil Mert Eryalçın and Ahmet Erkan Kideys
Microplastics 2023, 2(1), 27-38; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2010002 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2413
Abstract
Microplastic pollution is a problem not only in the marine environment but also in freshwater ecosystems. Water flea (Daphnia magna) is one of the most common omnivorous cladocerans in freshwater ecosystems. In this study, the potential effects of microplastics (fluorescent polystyrene [...] Read more.
Microplastic pollution is a problem not only in the marine environment but also in freshwater ecosystems. Water flea (Daphnia magna) is one of the most common omnivorous cladocerans in freshwater ecosystems. In this study, the potential effects of microplastics (fluorescent polystyrene beads with dimensions of 6 microns) on the survival, growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna were examined during 21 days of laboratory experiments. Microplastics (MPs) were observed to be ingested alone or along with either the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (Cv) or baker’s yeast (By). D. magna fed exclusively with microplastics showed a drastic decline in survival similar to that in the starving group. The least growth in total length or width was observed in Daphnia specimens fed only MPs and the starved groups. Daphia fed with a mixture of MPs/Cv or MPs/By produced a significantly (p < 0.05) lower number of ephippia. Our results show that high concentrations of microplastics adversely affect Daphnia magna populations. Full article
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26 pages, 1904 KiB  
Review
Microplastics: A Review of Policies and Responses
by Davi R. Munhoz, Paula Harkes, Nicolas Beriot, Joana Larreta and Oihane C. Basurko
Microplastics 2023, 2(1), 1-26; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2010001 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7625
Abstract
Although (micro)plastic contamination is a worldwide concern, most scientific literature only restates that issue rather than presenting strategies to cope with it. This critical review assembles the current knowledge on policies and responses to tackle plastic pollution, including peer-reviewed scientific literature, gray literature [...] Read more.
Although (micro)plastic contamination is a worldwide concern, most scientific literature only restates that issue rather than presenting strategies to cope with it. This critical review assembles the current knowledge on policies and responses to tackle plastic pollution, including peer-reviewed scientific literature, gray literature and relevant reports to provide: (1) a timeline of policies directly or indirectly addressing microplastics; (2) the most up-to-date upstream responses to prevent microplastics pollution, such as circular economy, behavioral change, development of bio-based polymers and market-based instruments as well as source-specific strategies, focusing on the clothing industry, tire and road wear particles, antifouling paints and recreational activities; (3) a set of downstream responses tackling microplastics, such as waste to energy, degradation, water treatment plants and litter clean-up strategies; and examples of (4) multifaceted responses focused on both mitigating and preventing microplastics pollution, e.g., approaches implemented in fisheries and aquaculture facilities. Preventive strategies and multifaceted responses are postulated as pivotal to handling the exacerbated release of microplastics in the environment, while downstream responses stand out as auxiliary strategies to the chief upstream responses. The information gathered here bridges the knowledge gaps on (micro)plastic pollution by providing a synthesized baseline material for further studies addressing this environmental issue. Full article
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14 pages, 1008 KiB  
Review
Microfibers: Environmental Problems and Textile Solutions
by Judith S. Weis and Francesca De Falco
Microplastics 2022, 1(4), 626-639; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1040043 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7096
Abstract
Microplastics have become a topic of considerable concern and intensive study over the past decade. They have been found everywhere in the oceans, including the deepest trenches and remotest parts of the Arctic. They are ingested by many animals and some are incorporated [...] Read more.
Microplastics have become a topic of considerable concern and intensive study over the past decade. They have been found everywhere in the oceans, including the deepest trenches and remotest parts of the Arctic. They are ingested by many animals and some are incorporated into tissues. There is considerable effort in studying what effects they have on marine life. It has become clear that when water samples are collected in ways that prevent most long thin particles from escaping through pores of a net, the most abundant type of microplastics found in water and sediments are microfibers (fibers with dimensions less than 5 mm). The major source of these pollutants is synthetic textiles, such as polyester or polyamides, which shed microfibers during their entire life cycle. Microfibers are released during textile manufacturing, everyday activities (e.g., washing, drying, wearing) and final disposal. The complexity of microfiber release mechanisms and of the factors involved make the identification and application of ways to reduce the inputs of microfibers very challenging. A comprehensive approach is strongly needed, taking into account solutions at a number of levels, such as re-engineering textiles to minimize shedding, applying washing machine filters, developing advanced wastewater treatment plants and improving the management of textile wastes. To harmonize and make mandatory the solutions identified, a variety of potential government policies and regulations is also needed. Full article
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16 pages, 2481 KiB  
Review
Opening Space for Plastics—Why Spatial, Soil and Land Use Data Are Important to Understand Global Soil (Micro)Plastic Pollution
by Collin J. Weber and Moritz Bigalke
Microplastics 2022, 1(4), 610-625; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1040042 - 08 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3195
Abstract
After five years of research on microplastic pollution of soils it becomes obvious that soil systems act as a reservoir for microplastics on global scales. Nevertheless, the exact role of soils within global microplastic cycles, plastic fluxes within soils and environmental consequences are [...] Read more.
After five years of research on microplastic pollution of soils it becomes obvious that soil systems act as a reservoir for microplastics on global scales. Nevertheless, the exact role of soils within global microplastic cycles, plastic fluxes within soils and environmental consequences are so far only partly understood. Against the background of a global environmental plastic pollution, the spatial reference, spatial levels, sampling approaches and documentation practices of soil context data becomes important. Within this review, we therefore evaluate the availability of spatial MP soil data on a global scale through the application of a questionnaire applied to 35 case studies on microplastics in soils published since 2016. We found that the global database on microplastics in soils is mainly limited to agricultural used topsoils in Central Europe and China. Data on major global areas and soil regions are missing, leading to a limited understanding of soils plastic pollution. Furthermore, we found that open data handling, geospatial data and documentation of basic soil information are underrepresented, which hinders further understanding of global plastic fluxes in soils. Out of this context, we give recommendations for spatial reference and soil context data collection, access and combination with soil microplastic data, to work towards a global and free soil microplastic data hub. Full article
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23 pages, 9287 KiB  
Article
Effects of Silica Fume and Micro Silica on the Properties of Mortars Containing Waste PVC Plastic Fibers
by Rawa Ahmed Mahmood and Niyazi Ugur Kockal
Microplastics 2022, 1(4), 587-609; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1040041 - 07 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3368
Abstract
Investigations on the usability of waste plastics as a new generation of construction materials have become one of the main concerns of researchers and engineers in recent decades. Waste plastics can be used either as aggregate replacement or as fiber reinforcement to enhance [...] Read more.
Investigations on the usability of waste plastics as a new generation of construction materials have become one of the main concerns of researchers and engineers in recent decades. Waste plastics can be used either as aggregate replacement or as fiber reinforcement to enhance the properties of cementitious mixtures. This study focuses on the properties of waste PVC fiber-reinforced mortars containing silica fume and micro silica. Plastic fibers were added to the mortar mixes by volume fractions of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. Cement was replaced by micro silica and silica fume by 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of cement, respectively. In total, 28 different groups of mortars were produced. The results showed an enhanced ductility and deformation behavior of mortars upon the addition of waste PVC plastic fibers. It can be seen that fibers restricted crack propagation and maintained integrity, hence improving the ductility of the mortars. On the other hand, the addition of fibers led to a reduction in the physical and mechanical properties of the mortar samples. The compressive strength of the mortar samples decreased gradually by increasing the fiber content. Cement replacement by silica fume improved mechanical and microstructural properties of the mortars. The results also demonstrated that silica fume significantly decreased the porosity and water absorption capacity of mortar samples. Full article
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15 pages, 5561 KiB  
Article
Detection and Analysis of Microfibers and Microplastics in Wastewater from a Textile Company
by Sinem Hazal Akyildiz, Rossana Bellopede, Hande Sezgin, Ipek Yalcin-Enis, Bahattin Yalcin and Silvia Fiore
Microplastics 2022, 1(4), 572-586; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1040040 - 03 Oct 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2690
Abstract
Textile wastewater is polluted by inorganic/organic substances, polymers, dyes, and microfibers (MFs), which are microplastics (MPs) and natural fibers. This work is aimed at the preliminary investigation of MFs and MPs in textile industrial wastewater, and at evaluating the removal efficiency of an [...] Read more.
Textile wastewater is polluted by inorganic/organic substances, polymers, dyes, and microfibers (MFs), which are microplastics (MPs) and natural fibers. This work is aimed at the preliminary investigation of MFs and MPs in textile industrial wastewater, and at evaluating the removal efficiency of an on-site wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Ten samples of inflows and outflows of the WWTP of a textile company (applying a physic-chemical process) have been analyzed. Firstly, the samples underwent a pretreatment with 15% hydrogen peroxide at 25 °C for 5 days to remove organic compounds. Secondly, the MFs were recovered from the aqueous phase by pre-screening centrifugation, density separation, and filtration as alternative options. Filtration obtained the best performances, compared to the other recovery processes. Thirdly, the MFs were counted through optical microscopy and the MPs were identified through micro-FTIR. The MFs amount in the inflow samples was in the range of 893–4452 MFs/L. The outflow samples (310–2404 MFs/L) exhibited a 38–65% reduction compared to the inflows, demonstrating that up to 62% of residual MFs can enter the sewer network or the receiving water body. Cotton and wool, and numerous MPs (acrylic, polyester, polypropylene, polyamide, and viscose/rayon) were identified in the inflow and outflow samples (with the only exception of “dense” viscose (rayon), not detected in the outflows, and probably retained by the WWTP with the sludge). This study, even if just preliminary, offers interesting hints for future research on MFs/MPs detection in textile wastewater, and on the performance of a full-scale WWT process for their removal. Full article
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18 pages, 5388 KiB  
Review
Marine Litter Impact on Sandy Beach Fauna: A Review to Obtain an Indication of Where Research Should Contribute More
by Leonardo Lopes Costa, Lucia Fanini, Mohamed Ben-Haddad, Maurizio Pinna and Ilana Rosental Zalmon
Microplastics 2022, 1(3), 554-571; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1030039 - 09 Sep 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4397
Abstract
In order to identify how research contributes to the knowledge of marine litter as a pressure on beaches, we reviewed interactions of beach fauna with this pollutant. Entanglement of pinnipeds in fishing gear, negative correlations between macroinvertebrates abundance and sediment pollution, and the [...] Read more.
In order to identify how research contributes to the knowledge of marine litter as a pressure on beaches, we reviewed interactions of beach fauna with this pollutant. Entanglement of pinnipeds in fishing gear, negative correlations between macroinvertebrates abundance and sediment pollution, and the presence of plastic surrounding burrows were primary evidence of beach fauna interacting with stranded litter. Ingestion represents the main body of research; microplastic uptake by invertebrates has been studied by laboratory experiments and field collections to report the presence of polymers in tissues. In the natural context, the higher the urbanization surrounding beaches and sediment pollution, the higher the concentration of microplastics in organs of bivalves. This approach currently constitutes the main research direction, but ecotoxicological assays are emerging prospects to assess the effects of exposure to microplastics. Beached macroplastics entangle and entrap invertebrates and vertebrates, and studies have reported increasing negative interactions with seals and sea turtles. Changes in nesting and feeding behavior of resident and transient organisms have been shown as typical early warning indicators of marine litter impacts. The focus on fauna–litter interactions holds terrific potential for research and citizen science projects, which finally becomes a powerful driver towards environmental awareness on sandy beaches. Full article
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11 pages, 2045 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Polyester Fabrics, Effluents and Filtrates after Standard and Innovative Washing Processes
by Tanja Pušić, Branka Vojnović, Mirjana Čurlin, Ivica Bekavac, Tea Kaurin, Katia Grgić, Kristina Šimić and Zorana Kovačević
Microplastics 2022, 1(3), 494-504; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1030035 - 02 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1640
Abstract
Textile materials from polyester fibres are sensitive to washing, especially at higher temperatures, due to their thermoplastic properties, hydrophobic nature and sensitivity to the alkaline medium. The issue of microplastic fibres’ (MFs’) release from polyester textiles is a topic that attracts the attention [...] Read more.
Textile materials from polyester fibres are sensitive to washing, especially at higher temperatures, due to their thermoplastic properties, hydrophobic nature and sensitivity to the alkaline medium. The issue of microplastic fibres’ (MFs’) release from polyester textiles is a topic that attracts the attention of researchers from different scientific fields, since microplastics are now among the serious environmental risks. In this study, two washing protocols, a standard and an innovative procedure, were presented, aiming to preserve the properties of polyester fabrics and reduce the pollution of washing effluents. The standard procedure followed HRN EN ISO 6330, while the innovative procedure was a modification of the standard that involved gradually cooling the bath before rinsing. The effects of these washing protocols were studied based on the physicochemical properties of the fabrics compared to the unwashed material, the composition of the effluents, and the filtrates after 10 cycles. The characterisation parameters of the fabrics, effluents and filtrates according to the standard and the innovative washing protocols showed differences in the observed parameters during the 10 washing cycles. The obtained results show the usefulness of the proposed concept of cooling the bath before rinsing in order to preserve the properties of polyester fabrics and reduce the load of washing effluents. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) also confirmed differences in pH, conductivity and turbidity for effluents and filtrates from standard and innovative washing protocols. Full article
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21 pages, 6388 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Physicochemical Property Changes of Plastic Packaging Exposed to UV Irradiation and Different Aqueous Environments
by Wihann Conradie, Christie Dorfling, Annie Chimphango, Andy M. Booth, Lisbet Sørensen and Guven Akdogan
Microplastics 2022, 1(3), 456-476; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1030033 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2781
Abstract
A wide range of weathering processes contributes to the degradation of plastic litter items which leads to the formation of microplastics that may be detrimental to marine ecosystems and the organisms inhabiting them. In this study, the impact of UV exposure on the [...] Read more.
A wide range of weathering processes contributes to the degradation of plastic litter items which leads to the formation of microplastics that may be detrimental to marine ecosystems and the organisms inhabiting them. In this study, the impact of UV exposure on the degradation of clear polypropylene (CPP), black polypropylene (BPP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging materials was investigated over a period of 6 weeks under dry air conditions representing the terrestrial environment. The exposure was conducted using differently sized and shaped samples at irradiation intensities of 65 W/m2 and 130 W/m2. Results indicated that UV irradiation led to changes in the properties of PET, BPP, and CPP that were proportional to the intensity delivered, leading to a higher level of mass loss, carbonyl indices, crystallinities, and microhardness in all polymer types at 130 W/m2 relative to 65 W/m2. However, material shape and size did not have a significant influence on any property for any of the test materials. Increased mass loss over time was accompanied by considerable increases in carbonyl index (CI) for both PPs. Clear PP (CPP) underwent the most severe degradation, resulting in the highest mass loss, increase in crystallinity, and CI. BPP was less degraded and modified by the UV irradiation than the CPP, indicating that the colorant, carbon black, provided some degree of protection to the bulk polymer material. PET was the least degraded of the three materials, suggesting this polymer type is more resistant to UV degradation. The differences in the degradation behaviours of the three test materials under dry environmental conditions indicate that the UV exposure history of plastic litter might play an important role in its potential for further degradation once it reaches the marine environment. Furthermore, analysis of samples exposed to UV in aqueous media reveals a more irregular set of trends for most material properties measured. Overall, the degree of degradation resulting from UV irradiation in dry environments was more pronounced than in aqueous environments, although the most significant property changes were observed for materials without previous UV exposure histories. Samples with previous UV histories showed higher resistance to further crystallinity changes, which appeared to be due to crosslinking in the pretreatment exposures inhibiting chain alignment into crystalline structures. The effect of solution medium was insignificant, although the presence of water allowed hydrolytic degradation to proceed simultaneously with UV degradation for PET. The reduction of CI in pretreated materials in the aqueous exposures, combined with the mass loss, suggest that the degraded surface layer erodes or products dissolve into surrounding solution medium, leaving a fresh surface of plastic exposed. Full article
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12 pages, 3738 KiB  
Article
Low-Density Polyethylene Migration from Food Packaging on Cured Meat Products Detected by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy
by Klytaimnistra Katsara, George Kenanakis, Eleftherios Alissandrakis and Vassilis M. Papadakis
Microplastics 2022, 1(3), 428-439; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1030031 - 12 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3675
Abstract
Food packaging has been demonstrated as a crucial issue for the migration of microplastics (MPs) into foodstuffs, concerning human health risk factors. Polymeric materials called plastics are continuously utilized in food packaging. Polyethylene (PE) is commonly used as a food packaging material, because [...] Read more.
Food packaging has been demonstrated as a crucial issue for the migration of microplastics (MPs) into foodstuffs, concerning human health risk factors. Polymeric materials called plastics are continuously utilized in food packaging. Polyethylene (PE) is commonly used as a food packaging material, because it offers easy handling during transportation and optimal storage conditions for food preservation. In this work, three types of cured meat products of different fat compositions and meat processing methods—bacon, mortadella, and salami—were studied using spectroscopic methods (Raman and FT–IR/ATR) to determine the migration of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) from plastic packaging to the surface of the meat samples. The experimental duration of this study was set to be 28 days owing to the selected meat samples’ degradation, which started to become visible to the human eye after 10 days of storage in vacuum LDPE packaging, under refrigerated conditions at 4 °C. Spectroscopic measurements were performed at 0, 3, 9, 12, 15, and 28 days of storage to obtain comparative results. We demonstrated that the Raman spectral peaks of LDPE firstly appeared as a result of polymeric migration on day 9 in Bacon, on day 15 in Salami, and finally on day 28 in Mortadella. On day 28, all meat samples were tainted, with a layer of bacterial outgrowth developed, as proven by bright–field microscopic observation. Food packaging migration to the surface of cured meat samples was validated using Raman vibrational spectroscopy. To ensure minimal consumption of MPs in cured meat products stored in plastic packaging, while at the same time maintaining good food quality, they should be kept in refrigerated conditions and consumed within a short period of time. In this work, the migration of MPs from food packaging to the surface of cured meat samples was observed using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Full article
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13 pages, 11561 KiB  
Article
A Practical Valorization Approach for Mitigating Textile Fibrous Microplastics in the Environment: Collection of Textile-Processing Waste Microfibers and Direct Reuse in Green Thermal-Insulating and Mechanical-Performing Composite Construction Materials
by Beatrice Malchiodi, Erika Iveth Cedillo-González, Cristina Siligardi and Paolo Pozzi
Microplastics 2022, 1(3), 393-405; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1030029 - 22 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2377
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) contamination is an urgent environmental issue to address. Fibrous microplastics (FMPs) are the principal MP type in the air and have already been found in human stool and lung tissues. FMPs are generated from the lifecycle of synthetic and blended textiles [...] Read more.
Microplastic (MP) contamination is an urgent environmental issue to address. Fibrous microplastics (FMPs) are the principal MP type in the air and have already been found in human stool and lung tissues. FMPs are generated from the lifecycle of synthetic and blended textiles and are expected to increase due to fast fashion. Among textile processes, the finishing of fabrics is estimated to generate 5000 t/year of textile waste fibers in Italy, including FMPs. To limit FMPs spread, this paper suggests, for the first time, the direct collection of blended finishing textile waste microfibers and reuse in designing thermal-insulating and mechanical-performing fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCs). The microfibers were thoroughly characterized (size, morphology, composition, and density), and their use in FRCs was additionally evaluated by considering water absorption and release capacity. Untreated, water-saturated, and NaOH-treated microfibers were considered in FRCs up to 4 wt%. Up to a +320% maximum bending load, +715% toughness, −80% linear shrinkage, and double-insulating power of Portland cement were observed by increasing microfiber contents. NaOH-treated and water-saturated microfibers better enhanced toughness and linear shrinkage reduction. Therefore, green and performant composite construction materials were obtained, allowing for the mitigation of more than 4 kg FMPs per ton of cement paste. This is a great result considering the FMP contamination (i.e., 2–8 kg/day fallout in Paris), and that FRCs are promising and shortly-widely used construction materials. Full article
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16 pages, 2189 KiB  
Review
End-of-Life of Composite Materials in the Framework of the Circular Economy
by Georgia Chatziparaskeva, Iliana Papamichael, Irene Voukkali, Pantelitsa Loizia, Georgia Sourkouni, Christos Argirusis and Antonis A. Zorpas
Microplastics 2022, 1(3), 377-392; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1030028 - 20 Jul 2022
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5763
Abstract
Composite materials constitute an appealing choice in many industrial sectors, due to their unique composition and characteristics, such as low maintenance requirements, light weight, corrosion resistance, and durability. However, the sustainable management of end-of-life composite materials remains a challenge. Recovery strategies, design aspects, [...] Read more.
Composite materials constitute an appealing choice in many industrial sectors, due to their unique composition and characteristics, such as low maintenance requirements, light weight, corrosion resistance, and durability. However, the sustainable management of end-of-life composite materials remains a challenge. Recovery strategies, design aspects, and their interconnection are currently largely unexplored, while technologies involved in the circular economy (reuse, reduce, recycle, refurbish, etc.) could be improved. The current paper provides an overview of the existing methods of composite material waste management, while presenting new circular economy prospects for end-of-life strategies and providing a brief roadmap towards circularity for industries. Finally, existing circular economy practices in regard to composites are presented in different European countries to present the applicability of composite material end-of-life waste management. Full article
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2021

Jump to: 2024, 2023, 2022

32 pages, 1310 KiB  
Review
Governance Strategies for Mitigating Microplastic Pollution in the Marine Environment: A Review
by Amarachi Paschaline Onyena, Donald Chukwudi Aniche, Bright Ogechi Ogbolu, Md. Refat Jahan Rakib, Jamal Uddin and Tony R. Walker
Microplastics 2022, 1(1), 15-46; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1010003 - 02 Dec 2021
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 13622
Abstract
Threats emerging from microplastic pollution in the marine environment have received much global attention. This review assessed sources, fate, and impacts of microplastics in marine ecosystems and identified gaps. Most studies document the ubiquity of microplastics and associated environmental effects. Effects include impacts [...] Read more.
Threats emerging from microplastic pollution in the marine environment have received much global attention. This review assessed sources, fate, and impacts of microplastics in marine ecosystems and identified gaps. Most studies document the ubiquity of microplastics and associated environmental effects. Effects include impacts to marine ecosystems, risks to biodiversity, and threats to human health. Microplastic leakage into marine ecosystems arises from plastic waste mismanagement and a lack of effective mitigative strategies. This review identified a scarcity of microplastics’ mitigation strategies from different stakeholders. Lack of community involvement in microplastic monitoring or ecosystem conservation exists due to limited existence of citizen science and stakeholder co-management initiatives. Although some management strategies exist for controlling effects of microplastics (often implemented by local and global environmental groups), a standardized management strategy to mitigate microplastics in coastal areas is urgently required. There is a need to review policy interventions aimed at plastic reduction in or near coastal ecosystems and evaluate their effectiveness. There is also a need to identify focal causes of microplastic pollution in the marine environment through further environmental research and governance approaches. These would extend to creating more effective policies as well as harmonized and extended efforts of educational campaigns and incentives for plastic waste reduction while mandating stringent penalties to help reduce microplastic leakage into the marine environment. Full article
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