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Microorganisms
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Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease
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Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2019) | Viewed by 86345

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Tomasz M. Karpiński

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland
Interests: antimicrobial; anitvirus compound
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

According to the Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD), 770 microbial species have been detected in the human oral cavity. Unfortunately, our knowledge of pathogenicity is limited to dozens of oral species. Gram-positive Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Lactobacillus, and Gram-negative anaerobes, e.g., Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Eikenella, belong to the most important cultivable oral bacteria. These types have an impact on the development of diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis. New species are constantly being discovered, e.g., Johnsonii ignava or Cantonella morbi. About 40-50% of oral microorganisms are non-cultivable, and our knowledge of them is based on molecular research. Recently, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology has allowed us to determine the microbiota of human and animal oral ecosystems. Furthermore, molecular studies have enabled a better understanding of the composition of microbial communities by defining dominant members in the healthy oral cavity and in specific oral disorders. At the same time, basic research based on the cultivation of commensals and oral pathogens is still very important, since it provides information about microbial physiology, biochemistry, virulence, etc. For this Special Issue, we invite you to send contributions on aspects of oral microorganisms, both in health and disease.

Assoc. Prof. Tomasz M. Karpiński
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • oral microbiome
  • oral microbial diversity
  • oral probiotics
  • pathogenesis
  • virulence factors
  • dental plaque
  • dental caries
  • periodontal diseases
  • endodontic infections
  • microbial diagnostics

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 983 KiB  
Article
Salivary Biomarkers and Oral Microbial Load in Relation to the Dental Status of Adults with Cystic Fibrosis
by Tamara Pawlaczyk-Kamieńska, Maria Borysewicz-Lewicka and Halina Batura-Gabryel
Microorganisms 2019, 7(12), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120692 - 13 Dec 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2838
Abstract
The mutation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) can modify the physical and chemical properties of saliva, which in turn can affect the oral microflora and oral health in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of the study was to examine [...] Read more.
The mutation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) can modify the physical and chemical properties of saliva, which in turn can affect the oral microflora and oral health in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of the study was to examine oral health status, salivary properties, and total oral bacteria count in CF adults. Dental status was assessed using the decayed missing filled surfaces (DMF-S) index, and oral clearness using the approximal plaque index (API). The Saliva-Check BUFFER test was used to assess saliva, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to determine the total oral bacteria count. CF patients in comparison to healthy controls showed a higher level of examined clinical indices, higher total oral bacteria count, lower salivary flow rate, lower salivary pH, and increased viscosity. Conclusions: In CF patients, saliva properties, accompanied by insufficient dental care, might be an essential dental caries risk factor. In CF patients, among the etiological factors for dental caries, the bacterial agent seems to be less significant. The frequent and long-term infectious pharmacotherapy can probably explain that. A great deal of the information collected on the oral environment in CF patients, which has helped us understand the etiological conditions for inflammation and infection in this area of the body, indicates that proper dental care can mostly counteract these pathologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease)
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24 pages, 1310 KiB  
Article
The Oral Bacterial Microbiome of Interdental Surfaces in Adolescents According to Carious Risk
by Camille Inquimbert, Denis Bourgeois, Manuel Bravo, Stéphane Viennot, Paul Tramini, Juan Carlos Llodra, Nicolas Molinari, Claude Dussart, Nicolas Giraudeau and Florence Carrouel
Microorganisms 2019, 7(9), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090319 - 05 Sep 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4492
Abstract
Adolescence is closely associated with a high risk of caries. The identification of specific bacteria in an oral microniche, the interdental space of the molars, according to carious risk can facilitate the prediction of future caries and the anticipation of the progression or [...] Read more.
Adolescence is closely associated with a high risk of caries. The identification of specific bacteria in an oral microniche, the interdental space of the molars, according to carious risk can facilitate the prediction of future caries and the anticipation of the progression or stabilization of caries in adolescents. A cross-sectional clinical study according to the bacteriological criteria of interdental healthy adolescents and carious risk factors—low and high—using a real-time polymerase chain reaction technique was conducted. The presence of 26 oral pathogens from the interdental microbiota of 50 adolescents aged 15 to 17 years were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Bacteria known to be cariogenic (Bifidobacterium dentium, Lactobacillus spp., Rothia dentocariosa, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Streptococcus wiggsiae) did not present differences in abundance according to carious risk. Periodontal bacteria from the red complex are positively correlated with carious risk. However, only 3 bacteria—S. sobrinus, E corrodens and T. forsythia—presented a significant increase in the highest group. Estimating the risk of caries associated with bacterial factors in interdental sites of molars in adolescents contributes to the better definition of carious risk status, periodicity and intensity of diagnostic, prevention and restorative services. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease)
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12 pages, 3890 KiB  
Article
Role of SCFAs for Fimbrillin-Dependent Biofilm Formation of Actinomyces oris
by Itaru Suzuki, Takehiko Shimizu and Hidenobu Senpuku
Microorganisms 2018, 6(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6040114 - 13 Nov 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3370
Abstract
Actinomyces oris expresses type 1 and 2 fimbriae on the cell surface. Type 2 fimbriae mediate co-aggregation and biofilm formation and are composed of the shaft fimbrillin FimA and the tip fimbrillin FimB. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolic products of oral bacteria, [...] Read more.
Actinomyces oris expresses type 1 and 2 fimbriae on the cell surface. Type 2 fimbriae mediate co-aggregation and biofilm formation and are composed of the shaft fimbrillin FimA and the tip fimbrillin FimB. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolic products of oral bacteria, but the effects of exogenous SCFAs on FimA-dependent biofilm formation are poorly understood. We performed two types of biofilm formation assays using A. oris MG1 or MG1.ΔfimA to observe the effects of SCFAs on FimA-dependent biofilm formation in 96-well and six-well microtiter plates and a flow cell system. SCFAs did not induce six- and 16-hour biofilm formation of A. oris MG1 and MG1.ΔfimA in saliva-coated 96-well and six-well microtiter plates in which metabolites produced during growth were not excluded. However, 6.25 mM butyric acid and 3.125 mM propionic acid induced FimA-dependent biofilm formation and cell death in a flow cell system in which metabolites produced during growth were excluded. Metabolites produced during growth may lead to disturbing effects of SCFAs on the biofilm formation. The pure effects of SCFAs on biofilm formation were induction of FimA-dependent biofilm formation, but the stress responses from dead cells may regulate its effects. Therefore, SCFA may play a key role in A. oris biofilm formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease)
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Review

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28 pages, 2656 KiB  
Review
The Human Oral Microbiome in Health and Disease: From Sequences to Ecosystems
by Jesse R. Willis and Toni Gabaldón
Microorganisms 2020, 8(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020308 - 23 Feb 2020
Cited by 215 | Viewed by 36653
Abstract
The human oral cavity is home to an abundant and diverse microbial community (i.e., the oral microbiome), whose composition and roles in health and disease have been the focus of intense research in recent years. Thanks to developments in sequencing-based approaches, such as [...] Read more.
The human oral cavity is home to an abundant and diverse microbial community (i.e., the oral microbiome), whose composition and roles in health and disease have been the focus of intense research in recent years. Thanks to developments in sequencing-based approaches, such as 16S ribosomal RNA metabarcoding, whole metagenome shotgun sequencing, or meta-transcriptomics, we now can efficiently explore the diversity and roles of oral microbes, even if unculturable. Recent sequencing-based studies have charted oral ecosystems and how they change due to lifestyle or disease conditions. As studies progress, there is increasing evidence of an important role of the oral microbiome in diverse health conditions, which are not limited to diseases of the oral cavity. This, in turn, opens new avenues for microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics that benefit from the easy accessibility of the oral cavity for microbiome monitoring and manipulation. Yet, many challenges remain ahead. In this review, we survey the main sequencing-based methodologies that are currently used to explore the oral microbiome and highlight major findings enabled by these approaches. Finally, we discuss future prospects in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease)
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17 pages, 3712 KiB  
Review
Periodontal Pathogens as Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cancer, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease—Is There Cause for Consideration?
by Denis Bourgeois, Camille Inquimbert, Livia Ottolenghi and Florence Carrouel
Microorganisms 2019, 7(10), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7100424 - 09 Oct 2019
Cited by 116 | Viewed by 12931
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer are the most common noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). These NCDs share risk factors with periodontal disease (PD), a preventable risk factor linked to lifestyle. The discussion regarding the association between these chronic diseases [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer are the most common noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). These NCDs share risk factors with periodontal disease (PD), a preventable risk factor linked to lifestyle. The discussion regarding the association between these chronic diseases is more complex. There is still a significant knowledge gap particularly of the causal relationship between PD and NCDs. In this paper, we present fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms and roles of putative periodontal bacteria to gather several hypotheses, evidence that clinical studies thus far have not produced. Although the causal hypotheses are not yet clearly established on a biological basis, prevention and prophylactic measures are recommended to prevent even the possibility of such potential risk factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease)
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15 pages, 478 KiB  
Review
Effect of Different Laser Wavelengths on Periodontopathogens in Peri-Implantitis: A Review of In Vivo Studies
by Katarzyna Świder, Marzena Dominiak, Kinga Grzech-Leśniak and Jacek Matys
Microorganisms 2019, 7(7), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7070189 - 29 Jun 2019
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5896
Abstract
Nowadays, many studies are examining the effectiveness of dental lasers in the treatment of peri-implantitis; however, most of them only report periodontal parameter changes. The authors of this review tried to address the question: “What is the effect of different laser wavelengths on [...] Read more.
Nowadays, many studies are examining the effectiveness of dental lasers in the treatment of peri-implantitis; however, most of them only report periodontal parameter changes. The authors of this review tried to address the question: “What is the effect of different laser wavelengths on oral bacteria that cause peri-implantitis?” An electronic search of PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was performed. The following search terms were used: (peri-implantitis OR periimplantitis) OR/AND (microbial OR microbiologic) AND (laser OR Er:YAG OR erbium OR diode OR Nd:YAG OR neodymium-doped OR Er,Cr:YSGG OR chromium-doped). Initially, 212 studies were identified. After screening the titles and abstracts and excluding studies according to predefined inclusion criteria, seven publications were included in the review. Three studies about the effect of aPDT (antimicrobial photodynamic therapy) reported a decrease in the different bacterial strains associated with peri-implantitis, e.g., A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. denticola, T. forsythia, F. nucleatum, and C. rectus. Two studies showed that the high-power diode laser may have some effect on peri-implant pathogens. Two articles about the Er:YAG laser reported a lowering in the count of oral pathogens; however, it was hard to determine if this was due to the use of the laser. aPDT has the ability to decrease the count of peri-implant pathogens, whereas Er:YAG laser application shows no significant effect on oral bacteria in the long term. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease)
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14 pages, 1032 KiB  
Review
Role of Oral Microbiota in Cancer Development
by Tomasz M. Karpiński
Microorganisms 2019, 7(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7010020 - 13 Jan 2019
Cited by 215 | Viewed by 15210
Abstract
Nowadays cancer is the second main cause of death in the world. The most known bacterial carcinogen is Helicobacter pylori. Pathogens that can have an impact on cancer development in the gastrointestinal tract are also found in the oral cavity. Some specific [...] Read more.
Nowadays cancer is the second main cause of death in the world. The most known bacterial carcinogen is Helicobacter pylori. Pathogens that can have an impact on cancer development in the gastrointestinal tract are also found in the oral cavity. Some specific species have been identified that correlate strongly with oral cancer, such as Streptococcus sp., Peptostreptococcus sp., Prevotella sp., Fusobacterium sp., Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga gingivalis. Many works have also shown that the oral periopathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis play an important role in the development of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Three mechanisms of action have been suggested in regard to the role of oral microbiota in the pathogenesis of cancer. The first is bacterial stimulation of chronic inflammation. Inflammatory mediators produced in this process cause or facilitate cell proliferation, mutagenesis, oncogene activation, and angiogenesis. The second mechanism attributed to bacteria that may influence the pathogenesis of cancers by affecting cell proliferation is the activation of NF-κB and inhibition of cellular apoptosis. In the third mechanism, bacteria produce some substances that act in a carcinogenic manner. This review presents potentially oncogenic oral bacteria and possible mechanisms of their action on the carcinogenesis of human cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease)
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Other

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10 pages, 2634 KiB  
Brief Report
Changes in Oral Microbial Ecology of C57BL/6 Mice at Different Ages Associated with Sampling Methodology
by Angélica Hernández-Arriaga, Anja Baumann, Otto W. Witte, Christiane Frahm, Ina Bergheim and Amélia Camarinha-Silva
Microorganisms 2019, 7(9), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090283 - 22 Aug 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3636
Abstract
The mouth is an important niche for bacterial colonization. Previous research used mouth microbiota to predict diseases like colon cancer and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is still unclear how the sampling methodology influences microbial characterization. Our aim was to determine if the [...] Read more.
The mouth is an important niche for bacterial colonization. Previous research used mouth microbiota to predict diseases like colon cancer and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is still unclear how the sampling methodology influences microbial characterization. Our aim was to determine if the sampling methods, e.g., cotton swab or tissue biopsy, and the age influence the oral microbial composition of mice. Microbial DNA was extracted using a commercial kit and characterized targeting the 16s rRNA gene from mouth swabs and tissue biopsies from 2 and 15 months old C57BL/6 male mice kept in the same SPF facility. Our results show statistical different microbial community of the different ages, type of sampling, and the two fixed factors age x type of sample (p-value < 0.05). At the genus level, we identified that the genera Actinobacillus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus either increase or decrease in abundance depending on sampling and age. Additionally, the abundance of Streptococcus danieliae, Moraxella osloensis, and some unclassified Streptococcus was affected by the sampling method. While swab and tissue biopsies both identified the common colonizers of oral microbiota, cotton swabbing is a low-cost and practical method, validating the use of the swab as the preferred oral sampling approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease)
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