Surface Integrity and Functional Performance Induced by Hybrid Processing of Metallic Alloys

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 377

Special Issue Editor

Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga à Universidade, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: residual stresses; mechanical methods; diffraction methods; surface treatments; stress analysis; modeling; simulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There is a growing interest in high strength-to-weight ratio and high-temperature-resistant metal alloys and hybrid composites produced through Additive Manufacturing (AM) in critical industries such as nuclear and aerospace. However, final mechanical components often require post-processing through Machining, Mechanical Surface Treatments (such as shot peening, burnishing, deep rolling, etc.), and other techniques to meet stringent functional surfaces and geometric specifications, thereby enhancing their functional performance and lifespan. These processes can be combined—often referred to as Hybrid Manufacturing Processes (HMPs)—to increase efficiency and product quality.

As part of the product quality, Surface Integrity (SI) is a critical determinant of component functional performance and lifespan, such as fatigue life, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. HMPs, combining additive and subtractive methods or surface modification techniques, introduce challenges due to the complex interaction between these loads. These advanced processes enable tailored surface properties and intricate geometries but demand deeper understanding of the mechanism generating the SI. In addition, Machine Learning and other Artificial Intelligence algorithms can improve the performance of these processes and the SI of the produced mechanical components.

In this context, it is a pleasure to announce a new Special Issue of Metals devoted to SI in HMPs. The SI can have detrimental or beneficial effects on the mechanical behavior of metallic components made by AM and their evaluation, prediction/modeling and control in engineering materials assume, therefore, particular importance for the overall development of the manufacturing process. Advancements in measurement techniques, modeling and prediction of SI and new developments on the understanding of the relationship between SI and the functional performance of mechanical components are, therefore, of great interest for this Special Issue of Metals.

Dr. Joao Nobre
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • high strength-to-weight ratio and high-temperature-resistant metallic materials
  • surface integrity
  • additive manufacturing
  • machining
  • hybrid manufacturing processes
  • modelling and simulation
  • optimization
  • artificial intelligence
  • machine learning

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 7457 KiB  
Article
Stress Determination by IHD in Additively Manufactured Austenitic Steel Samples: A Validation Study
by João Paulo Nobre, Maria José Marques and António Castanhola Batista
Metals 2025, 15(5), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15050485 - 25 Apr 2025
Viewed by 119
Abstract
The present work aims to verify whether the incremental hole-drilling technique (IHD), a widely accepted technique, is suitable for determining residual stresses in AISI 316L samples obtained by selective laser melting (SLM). The thermo-mechanical effects of cutting during the application of this technique [...] Read more.
The present work aims to verify whether the incremental hole-drilling technique (IHD), a widely accepted technique, is suitable for determining residual stresses in AISI 316L samples obtained by selective laser melting (SLM). The thermo-mechanical effects of cutting during the application of this technique can induce unwanted residual stresses due to the relatively low thermal conductivity of this material, leading to erroneous results. To accomplish this aim, a hybrid experimental-numerical method was implemented to analyze the ability of IHD to determine an imposed stress state. Experimentally, samples were subjected to a tensile calibration stress using a horizontal tensile test machine. To eliminate pre-existing residual stress, the samples were subjected to differential loads, instead of absolute ones. In this way, experimental strain-depth relaxation curves related to the imposed calibration stress were obtained. Based on the experimental data, IHD was numerically simulated using the finite element method. Numerical strain-depth relaxation curves, related to the same calibration stress used in the experimental study, were obtained. The comparison between the experimental and numerical strain-depth relaxation curves, as well as the stresses calculated using the so-called integral method for determining stresses via IHD, shows that IHD is a suitable technique for measuring residual stresses in additively manufactured AISI 316L samples. Full article
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18 pages, 3675 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Tool Life in High-Pressure Jet-Assisted Turning of Inconel 718
by Davorin Kramar and Djordje Cica
Metals 2025, 15(5), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15050477 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 98
Abstract
The application of high-pressure jet-assisted (HPJA) machining can increase tool life during machining, as the cutting fluid penetrates better into the interfaces between the tool and the workpiece. In this work, tool life in semi-finish turning of Inconel 718 with coated carbide tools [...] Read more.
The application of high-pressure jet-assisted (HPJA) machining can increase tool life during machining, as the cutting fluid penetrates better into the interfaces between the tool and the workpiece. In this work, tool life in semi-finish turning of Inconel 718 with coated carbide tools and a high-pressure coolant supply is investigated. In a preliminary experiment, tool life was compared between conventional flooding and HPJA machining. The results show tool life that is more than twice as long with HPJA at higher cutting speeds. In the main experiment, tool life was investigated as a function of various high-pressure-jet parameters (nozzle diameter, distance between the point of impact of the jet and the cutting edge and pressure of the jet) and basic cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed rate). The relationship between the above-mentioned process parameters and tool life was analyzed and modeled using response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the statistical significance of each process parameter for the response. The results revealed that cutting speed is the most important factor for maximizing tool life, followed by pressure of the jet and feed rate. In addition, optimization using the biogeographic optimization (BBO) algorithm was performed and validated in this study. The results of the confirmation experiments show that the proposed optimization method is very effective and results in approximately 8.4% longer tool life compared to the best trial results. Full article
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26 pages, 10949 KiB  
Article
Tribological Investigation of Plasma-Based Coatings for Use in Quasi-Monolithic Engine Cylinder Bores
by Siddharth Banerjee, Joshua Stroh, Dimitry Sediako and Jimi Tjong
Metals 2025, 15(4), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040370 - 27 Mar 2025
Viewed by 198
Abstract
This study evaluates the tribological characteristics of quasi-monolithic engine cylinder coatings and piston rings using a custom-built linear reciprocating tribometer. The coatings were deposited on an Al-Si alloy cylinder bore using the Plasma Transfer Wire Arc (PTWA) and Electrolytic Jet Plasma Oxidation (EJPO) [...] Read more.
This study evaluates the tribological characteristics of quasi-monolithic engine cylinder coatings and piston rings using a custom-built linear reciprocating tribometer. The coatings were deposited on an Al-Si alloy cylinder bore using the Plasma Transfer Wire Arc (PTWA) and Electrolytic Jet Plasma Oxidation (EJPO) processes. The coatings’ tribological performances were investigated in the boundary lubrication regime. The performance of conventional chrome-coated cast iron piston rings was tested and compared to that of EJPO- and PTWA-coated engine cylinder samples that were extracted from a cast Al-Si engine block. Scanning electron microscopy and profilometry were used to compare the evolution of wear and the prevalent wear mechanism. This paper also presents the verification and repeatability analysis of a custom-built tribometer against a standard industry-calibrated tribometer. The wear test results showed that the EJPO coating had 0.05% to 10.35% lower wear rates than its PTWA counterpart throughout a wide range of loading conditions and sliding distances. The variation in the counter-face behavior is likely due to the different surface topographic parameters such as skewness, kurtosis, and porosity. Full article
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