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Deformation and Failure Behavior of Metastable Metallic Materials

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A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Failure Analysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 6201

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Marek Smaga

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Guest Editor

Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
Interests: metastability; fatigue; microstructure; magnetism; process-microstructure-mechanical and physical properties relationships

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metastable metallic materials exhibit a local minimum of Gibb’s free energy, meaning that under specific conditions the materials will transform spontaneously into a more stable structure. Besides the temperature, a monotonic and/or cyclic loading belongs to the most important conditions, which provide a driving force for such transformation. Consequently, during mechanical loading a complex change in microstructure associated with formation and rearrangement of dislocations, formation of stacking faults, twinning and phase transformation takes place. These microstructure-based mechanisms not only influence the physical properties but also the deformation and failure behavior of metastable metallic materials. Hence, the interaction of these mechanisms plays an important role for functional and/or structural fatigue. Although metastable metallic materials represent a huge family of crystalline materials like TRansformation-Induced-Plasticity (TRIP) and TWinning-Induced-Plasticity (TWIP) steels, High Entropy Alloys (HEAs), Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) as well as amorphous materials like Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs), from a physical point of view, there are parallels regarding the microstructural mechanisms, which determinate the deformation and failure behavior of this class of metals.

For this special issue, we welcome manuscripts presenting experimental and theoretical studies, which address the deformation, phase transformation and failure behavior of the different types of metastable metallic materials mentioned above. Scientific works focused on understanding of cross effects like magneto-mechanical or magnetic-temperature interaction as well as reviews of fundamental metal physics are also warmly welcomed.

Dr. Marek Smaga
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

metastable metallic materials
phase transformation
monotonic and cyclic deformation behavior
TRansformation-Induced-Plasticity (TRIP) effect
TWinning-Induced-Plasticity (TWIP) effect
High Entropy Alloys (HAEs)
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)
Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs)
structural fatigue
functional failure

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 10434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Resolution Characterization of Deformation Induced Martensite in Large Areas of Fatigued Austenitic Stainless Steel Using Deep Learning

by Šárka Mikmeková, Jiří Man, Ondřej Ambrož, Patrik Jozefovič, Jan Čermák, Antti Järvenpää, Matias Jaskari, Jiří Materna and Tomáš Kruml

Metals 2023, 13(6), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061039 - 29 May 2023

Viewed by 1366

Abstract

This paper aims to demonstrate a novel technique enabling the accurate visualization and fast mapping of deformation-induced α′-martensite produced during cyclic straining of a metastable austenitic stainless steel, refined by reversion annealing to different grain sizes. The technique is based on energy and angular separation of the signal electrons in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Collection of the inelastic backscattered electrons emitted under high take-off angles from a sample surface results in the acquisition of micrographs with high sensitivity to structural defects, such as dislocations, grain boundaries, and other imperfections. The areas with a high density of lattice imperfections reduce the penetration depth of the primary electrons, and simultaneously affect the signal electrons leaving the specimen. This results in an increase in the inelastic backscattered electrons yielded from the vicinity of α′-martensite, and a bright halo surrounds this phase. The α′-martensite phase can thus be separated from the austenitic matrix in SEM micrographs. In this work, we propose a deep learning method for a precise α′-martensite mapping within a large area. Various deep learning-based methods have been tested, and the best result measured by both Dice loss and IoU scores has been achieved using the U-Net architecture extended by the ResNet encoder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deformation and Failure Behavior of Metastable Metallic Materials)

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11 pages, 4477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Phase Transformation during Plastic Deformation of Metastable Austenitic Steel AISI 304L by Means of X-ray Diffraction Pattern Analysis

by Julian Rozo Vasquez, Bahman Arian, Lukas Kersting, Werner Homberg, Ansgar Trächtler and Frank Walther

Metals 2023, 13(6), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13061007 - 23 May 2023

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Abstract

This paper evaluates the suitability of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique to characterize the phase transformation during the metal forming of the metastable austenitic steel AISI 304L. Due to plastic deformation, phase transformation from γ-austenite into α′-martensite occurs. The XRD peaks at specific 2θ diffraction angles give information about the phase amount. Analyses of the results with different characterization techniques such as microscopic analysis, including electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), macro- and microhardness tests and magneto-inductive measurements of α′-martensite, were carried out. A qualitative and quantitative correlation to compute the amount of α′-martensite from the XRD measurements was deduced. XRD was validated as a suitable technique to characterize the phase transformation of metastable austenites. Additional data could provide necessary information to develop a more reliable model to perform a quantitative analysis of the phases from XRD measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deformation and Failure Behavior of Metastable Metallic Materials)

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12 pages, 3336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Detailed Analysis of the Microstructural Changes in the Vicinity of a Crack-Initiating Defect in Additively Manufactured AISI 316L

by Bastian Blinn, Jenifer Barrirero, Lucía Paula Campo Schneider, Christoph Pauly, Philipp Lion, Frank Mücklich and Tilmann Beck

Metals 2023, 13(2), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020342 - 08 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 976

Abstract

The fatigue life of metals manufactured via laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) highly depends on process-induced defects. In this context, not only the size and geometry of the defect, but also the properties and the microstructure of the surrounding material volume must be considered. In the presented work, the microstructural changes in the vicinity of a crack-initiating defect in a fatigue specimen produced via L-PBF and made of AISI 316L were analyzed in detail. Xenon plasma focused ion beam (Xe-FIB) technique, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were used to investigate the phase distribution, local misorientations, and grain structure, including the crystallographic orientations. These analyses revealed a fine grain structure in the vicinity of the defect, which is arranged in accordance with the melt pool geometry. Besides pronounced cyclic plastic deformation, a deformation-induced transformation of the initial austenitic phase into α’-martensite was observed. The plastic deformation as well as the phase transformation were more pronounced near the border between the defect and the surrounding material volume. However, the extent of the plastic deformation and the deformation-induced phase transformation varies locally in this border region. Although a beneficial effect of certain grain orientations on the phase transformation and plastic deformability was observed, the microstructural changes found cannot solely be explained by the respective crystallographic orientation. These changes are assumed to further depend on the inhomogeneous distribution of the multiaxial stresses beneath the defect as well as the grain morphology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deformation and Failure Behavior of Metastable Metallic Materials)

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Review

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18 pages, 8071 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chemical Inhomogeneity from the Atomic to the Macroscale in Multi-Principal Element Alloys: A Review of Mechanical Properties and Deformation Mechanisms

by Jiaqi Zhu, Dongfeng Li, Linli Zhu, Xiaoqiao He and Ligang Sun

Metals 2023, 13(3), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030594 - 15 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1676

Abstract

Due to their compositional complexity and flexibility, multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) have a wide range of design and application prospects. Many researchers focus on tuning chemical inhomogeneity to improve the overall performance of MPEAs. In this paper, we systematically review the chemical inhomogeneity at different length scales in MPEAs and their impact on the mechanical properties of the alloys, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of this topic. Specifically, we summarize chemical short-range order, elemental segregation and some larger-scale chemical inhomogeneity in MPEAs, and briefly discuss their effects on deformation mechanisms. In addition, the chemical inhomogeneity in some other materials is also discussed, providing some new ideas for the design and preparation of high-performance MPEAs. A comprehensive understanding of the effect of chemical inhomogeneity on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of MPEAs should be beneficial for the development of novel alloys with desired macroscopic mechanical properties through rationally tailoring chemical inhomogeneity from atomic to macroscale in MPEAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deformation and Failure Behavior of Metastable Metallic Materials)

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