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Membranes
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Membrane Development and Applications in Electrochemistry
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Membrane Development and Applications in Electrochemistry

A special issue of Membranes (ISSN 2077-0375). This special issue belongs to the section "Membrane Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2023) | Viewed by 22757

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kyu Hwan Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Korea
Interests: synthesis of electrochemical nanomaterials and the implementation of these materials in various advanced applications including electrodeposition, sensors, catalysts, electrode, and water treatment application

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you as an author of Special Issue “Membrane Development and Application in Electrochemistry”. This Special Issue aims to review on development and application ion selective membrane for electrochemical processing, especially hydrogen energy and environmental processing research field. In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but not limited to) the following: Membrane technology for water electrolysis for hydrogen or desalination, such as AEM electrolysis, MCDI and EDI and so on.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Kyu Hwan Lee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Membranes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • membrane
  • electrochemistry
  • water electrolysis
  • desalination
  • AEM
  • MCDI
  • EDI

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3363 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Operational Parameters in Acid and Base Production Using an Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes Pilot Plant
by Marta Herrero-Gonzalez, Julio López, Giovanni Virruso, Calogero Cassaro, Alessandro Tamburini, Andrea Cipollina, Jose Luis Cortina, Raquel Ibañez and Giorgio Micale
Membranes 2023, 13(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020200 - 6 Feb 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3650
Abstract
In agreement with the Water Framework Directive, Circular Economy and European Union (EU) Green Deal packages, the EU-funded WATER-MINING project aims to validate next-generation water resource solutions at the pre-commercial demonstration scale in order to provide water management and recovery of valuable materials [...] Read more.
In agreement with the Water Framework Directive, Circular Economy and European Union (EU) Green Deal packages, the EU-funded WATER-MINING project aims to validate next-generation water resource solutions at the pre-commercial demonstration scale in order to provide water management and recovery of valuable materials from alternative sources. In the framework of the WATER-MINING project, desalination brines from the Lampedusa (Italy) seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant will be used to produce freshwater and recover valuable salts by integrating different technologies. In particular, electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) will be used to produce chemicals (NaOH and HCl). A novel EDBM pilot plant (6.4 m2, FuMa-Tech) has been installed and operated. The performance of EDBM for single pass under different flowrates (2–8 L·min−1) for acid, base and saline channels, and two current densities (200 and 400 A·m−2), has been analyzed in terms of specific energy consumption (SEC) and current efficiency (CE). Results showed that by increasing the flowrates, generation of HCl and NaOH slightly increased. For example, ΔOH− shifted from 0.76 to 0.79 mol·min−1 when the flowrate increased from 2 to 7.5 L·min−1 at 200 A·m−2. Moreover, SEC decreased (1.18–1.05 kWh·kg−1) while CE increased (87.0–93.4%), achieving minimum (1.02 kWh·kg−1) and maximum (99.4%) values, respectively, at 6 L·min−1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Development and Applications in Electrochemistry)
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13 pages, 4357 KiB  
Article
Chromium-Modified Heterogeneous Bipolar Membrane: Structure, Characteristics, and Practical Application in Electrodialysis
by Olga Kozaderova
Membranes 2023, 13(2), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020172 - 31 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1992
Abstract
The modification of an MB-2 bipolar ion exchange membrane with chromium (III) hydroxide was carried out by a chemical method, namely, by the sequential treatment of the membrane with a solution of chromium (III) salt and alkali. Data on the morphology, phase, and [...] Read more.
The modification of an MB-2 bipolar ion exchange membrane with chromium (III) hydroxide was carried out by a chemical method, namely, by the sequential treatment of the membrane with a solution of chromium (III) salt and alkali. Data on the morphology, phase, and chemical composition of the modified membrane were obtained using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive analysis. In particular, it was shown that the modifier was distributed in a layer 30–50 microns thick at the boundary of the cation- and anion-exchange layers of the bipolar membrane. The electrochemical behavior of the modified membrane in the process of sodium sulfate conversion was studied by measurements of the following characteristics: the current efficiency of the acid and base, the energy consumption of the process, and the degree of contamination of the target products with salt ions. It was shown that the resulting membrane has an alkali and acid yield of 61% and 57%, respectively. This is higher than the same yields for the industrial unmodified MB-2 membrane (38% and 30%). The results of this study demonstrated that the modified samples allowed obtaining a higher yield of acid and base, reducing the content of salt ions in the target products and also reducing the electricity consumption for obtaining a unit of the target product. The concentration dependences of the electrical conductivity of the MK-40 heterogeneous ion-exchange membrane, which is a cation-exchange layer of MB-2, in sodium sulfate solutions before and after its modification with chromium (III) oxide were obtained. A decrease in the specific electrical conductivity of the membrane with the introduction of a modifier was established. A quantitative assessment of the influence of the modifier on the current flow, volume fraction, and spatial orientation of the conductive phases of MK-40 was carried out using an extended three-wire model for the description of the model parameters of ion-exchange materials. When a modifying additive was introduced into MK-40, the fraction of the current passing through the inner solution and the intergel phase decreased. This was due to the substitution of part of the free solution in the pore volume by the modifier. A variant of the practical application of electrodialysis with the chromium-modified bipolar ion-exchange membranes is recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Development and Applications in Electrochemistry)
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15 pages, 3354 KiB  
Article
Electrokinetic Properties of Mesoporous Vitreous Membranes Doped by Silver-Silver Halides
by Ludmila Ermakova, Anastasiia Kuznetsova, Marina Girsova, Anna Volkova and Tatiana Antropova
Membranes 2023, 13(2), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020126 - 19 Jan 2023
Viewed by 2031
Abstract
Silver/silver halide materials are considered as efficient and highly stable plasmonic photocatalysts for the organic pollutant degradation and hydrogen evolution from water splitting under solar irradiation, and they possess promising antibacterial activity. Ordered mesoporous silica materials including porous glasses are considered as the [...] Read more.
Silver/silver halide materials are considered as efficient and highly stable plasmonic photocatalysts for the organic pollutant degradation and hydrogen evolution from water splitting under solar irradiation, and they possess promising antibacterial activity. Ordered mesoporous silica materials including porous glasses are considered as the most promising template for silver-containing structures. In the present work, Ag/AgHal-doped (Hal = Cl, Br) vitreous membranes on a base of the mesoporous glasses were prepared via step-by-step single-stage impregnation procedure. The chemical and phase composition of the modified membranes were identified by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the X-ray diffraction and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The structure and morphology of inner membrane space were studied by the scanning electron microscopy. Electrokinetic properties of the silver-containing vitreous membranes were determined by the differential method and the streaming potential method. The inner membrane space is modified unevenly with appearance of the clearly defined regions with different silver content. The formation of the Ag/AgCl clusters along with the individual nanoparticles over thickness of the 1-mm membrane with mean pore radius of 23 nm was detected. The modification of the pore space by Ag-containing structures and the type of halogen ion almost do not affect the electrochemical behavior of the mesoporous vitreous membranes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Development and Applications in Electrochemistry)
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12 pages, 2457 KiB  
Article
Response Mechanism of Polymeric Liquid Junction-Free Reference Electrodes Based on Organic Electrolytes
by Andrey V. Kalinichev, Nadezhda V. Pokhvishcheva and Maria A. Peshkova
Membranes 2023, 13(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010118 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1963
Abstract
To achieve a transition from conventional liquid-junction reference electrodes (LJF REs) to their all-solid-state alternatives, organic electrolytes are often introduced into the polymeric electrode membranes. In this article, we implement a theoretical approach to the explanation and quantification of the boundary potential stabilization [...] Read more.
To achieve a transition from conventional liquid-junction reference electrodes (LJF REs) to their all-solid-state alternatives, organic electrolytes are often introduced into the polymeric electrode membranes. In this article, we implement a theoretical approach to the explanation and quantification of the boundary potential stabilization phenomenon for the electrodes modified with organic electrolytes (Q+B−). For the first time, stabilization of the phase boundary potential due to the partition of lipophilic ions of the Q+B− electrolyte between the polymeric and aqueous phases is numerically simulated to predict the LJF electrodes behavior. The impact of the hydrophilic electrolyte on the potential stabilization is demonstrated both numerically and experimentally. The developed model predicted that the small additions of a traditional ion-exchanger enhance performance of the Q+B−-based reference electrodes. For some specific cases, the optimal concentrations of Q+B− and ion-exchanger in the polymeric phase are suggested to provide stable electrode potential in a broad range of aqueous electrolyte concentrations. In addition, the efficiency of the stabilization was shown to be dependent on the overall Q+B− load in the polymeric membrane rather than on the closeness of the partition coefficients of the Q+ and B− ions; and on the volume of the aqueous phase. The model results are verified experimentally with poly(vinyl chloride) membranes containing ion-exchanger or hydrophilic electrolyte and Q+B− in various proportions. A good agreement between the measured electrode response and the theoretical results is observed in a broad range of solution concentrations. In particular, the cationic function of membranes containing KTpClPB is suppressed, and the electrodes begin to behave as REs starting from 50–60 mol. % of ETH500 electrolyte added to the membrane, relative to the total amount of salt. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Development and Applications in Electrochemistry)
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15 pages, 3866 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of a Composite Anion Exchange Membrane for Water Electrolyzers (AEMWE)
by Somayyeh Rakhshani, Rodolfo Araneo, Andrea Pucci, Antonio Rinaldi, Chiara Giuliani and Alfonso Pozio
Membranes 2023, 13(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010109 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8330
Abstract
Anion exchange membranes (AEM) have gained attention recently as a promising candidate for low-cost water electrolysis systems to produce hydrogen, linked with renewable energy resources as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. The development of potential materials for producing and analyzing AEM is [...] Read more.
Anion exchange membranes (AEM) have gained attention recently as a promising candidate for low-cost water electrolysis systems to produce hydrogen, linked with renewable energy resources as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. The development of potential materials for producing and analyzing AEM is an imperative step towards commercialization and plays a competitive role in the hydrogen production industry. In this article, we developed a composite anion exchange membrane prepared by activating a commercial support structure (Celgard® 3401) with a commercially available functional group (Fumion® FAA-3) through a phase-inversion process. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated the phase-inversion procedure as an effective methodology. Furthermore, the cell performance test result (with Celgard/Fumion) was very promising and even better in comparison with a commercial membrane commonly applied in alkaline electrolysis (Fumasep). We also developed a testing procedure for membrane performance evaluation during electrolysis which is very critical considering the effect of CO2 absorption on membrane conductivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Development and Applications in Electrochemistry)
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13 pages, 3562 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Computational Approaches to Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Synthesis Using Different Halogen Atoms at the Reactive Site
by Seol Jang, Jung-Eun Cha, Seung Jae Moon, Justin Georg Albers, Min Ho Seo, Young-Woo Choi and Jong Hak Kim
Membranes 2022, 12(12), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121286 - 19 Dec 2022
Viewed by 2026
Abstract
Engineering thermoplastics, such as poly(arylene ether sulfone), are more often synthesized using F-containing monomers rather than Cl-containing monomers because the F atom is considered more electronegative than Cl, leading to a better condensation polymerization reaction. In this study, the reaction’s spontaneity improved when [...] Read more.
Engineering thermoplastics, such as poly(arylene ether sulfone), are more often synthesized using F-containing monomers rather than Cl-containing monomers because the F atom is considered more electronegative than Cl, leading to a better condensation polymerization reaction. In this study, the reaction’s spontaneity improved when Cl atoms were used compared to the case using F atoms. Specifically, sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) was synthesized by reacting 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl with two types of biphenyl sulfone monomers containing Cl and F atoms. No significant difference was observed in the structural, elemental, and chemical properties of the two copolymers based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. However, the solution viscosity and mechanical strength of the copolymer synthesized with the Cl-terminal monomers were slightly higher than those of the copolymer synthesized with the F-terminal monomers due to higher reaction spontaneity. The first-principle study was employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these reactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Development and Applications in Electrochemistry)
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13 pages, 4749 KiB  
Article
All-in-One Process for Mass Production of Membrane-Type Carbon Aerogel Electrodes for Solid-State Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries
by Hye-Rin Jo, Seung-Hee Park and Sung Hoon Ahn
Membranes 2022, 12(12), 1243; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121243 - 8 Dec 2022
Viewed by 2019
Abstract
This study presents a mass-production process for conductive carbon membrane-type sponge electrodes derived from recyclable cellulose biowaste. It includes an all-in-one hydrogel fabrication process for mass production, which significantly shortens the complex and expensive process for the conventional process of catalytic electrodes based [...] Read more.
This study presents a mass-production process for conductive carbon membrane-type sponge electrodes derived from recyclable cellulose biowaste. It includes an all-in-one hydrogel fabrication process for mass production, which significantly shortens the complex and expensive process for the conventional process of catalytic electrodes based on conductive supporting substrates such as the gas diffusion layer (GDL). The presence of pre-adsorbed melamine powder in the all-in-one hydrogel induces internal diffusion of the gaseous reactant for the uniform growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) onto the sponge-like porous carbon aerogel with a relatively thick and tortuous pore structure, thereby providing the electrochemical properties and mechanical strength simultaneously required for the air electrodes of rechargeable and quasi solid-state zinc-air batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Development and Applications in Electrochemistry)
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