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Advances in Polysaccharide Biomaterials—Volume II

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 15728

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Dr. Yury A. Skorik

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor

1. Head of the Laboratory of Natural Polymers, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
2. Head of the Analytical Chemistry Department, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
Interests: polysaccharides; biomaterials; tissue engineering; drug delivery; gene delivery; nanomedicine; nanocomposites; electrospinning
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Continuing the success of the Special Issue “Advances in Polysaccharide Biomaterials”, we are pleased to open a new Special Issue, “Advances in Polysaccharide Biomaterials—Volume II”.

Polysaccharides, or glycans, are diverse in structure and function; they are widely distributed in nature and are produced by all organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. Natural polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, starch, pectin, hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, carrageenan, fucoidan, and others) exhibit excellent characteristics, including biodegradability and biocompatibility, which make them extremely attractive for numerous biomedical applications. The presence of different functional groups in polysaccharides allows various chemical modifications that provide virtually limitless options to develop biomaterials better suited to specific applications. Polysaccharides can be fabricated into different biomaterials such as sponges, fibers, films, micro- and nanoparticles, hydrogels, and micelles to suit different needs.

This Special Issue on “Advances in Polysaccharide Biomaterials—Volume II” aims to provide broad coverage of research progress and up-to-date reviews addressing various fundamental and applied problems of polysaccharide biomaterials. In this Special Issue, we seek contributions from researchers to discuss all aspects of polysaccharide biomaterials, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, drug and gene delivery, wound healing, and diagnostics. We intend for this Special Issue to offer a unique platform for the diffusion of new concepts and bioapplications of polysaccharides to continue to motivate further research in the field.

Dr. Yury A. Skorik
Guest Editor

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Keywords

polysaccharides
glycans
tissue engineering
regenerative medicine
drug delivery
gene delivery
wound healing
nanomaterials

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 3743 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Application of Chitosan for Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the 15–16th Centuries in the State Tretyakov Gallery

by Alexander Zhgun, Darya Avdanina, Balzhima Shagdarova, Gulgina Nuraeva, Kirill Shumikhin, Yuliya Zhuikova, Alla Il’ina, Egor Troyan, Michail Shitov and Valery Varlamov

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7773; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217773 - 04 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1429

Abstract

Microorganisms are one of the main factors in the deterioration of cultural heritage, in particular art paintings. The antiseptics currently used in painting have significant limitations due to insufficient effectiveness or increased toxicity and interaction with art materials. In this regard, the actual challenge is the search for novel materials that effectively work against microorganisms in the composition with painting materials and do not change their properties. Chitosan has pronounced antimicrobial properties but was not used previously as an antiseptic for paintings. In our study we developed a number of mock layers based on sturgeon glue, supplemented which chitosan (molecular weight 25 kDa or 45 kDa), standard antiseptics for paintings (positive controls) or without additives (negative control). According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, the addition of chitosan did not significantly affect the optical and surface properties of this material. The ability of chitosan to effectively protect paintings was shown after inoculation on the created mock-up layers of 10 fungi-destructors of tempera painting, previously isolated from cultural heritage of the of the 15–16th centuries in the State Tretyakov Gallery, on the created mock layers. Our study demonstrated the principled opportunity of using chitosan in the composition of painting materials to prevent biodeterioration for the first time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polysaccharide Biomaterials—Volume II)

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12 pages, 2485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

pH-Sensitive Drug Delivery System Based on Chitin Nanowhiskers–Sodium Alginate Polyelectrolyte Complex

by Natallia V. Dubashynskaya, Valentina A. Petrova, Dmitry P. Romanov and Yury A. Skorik

Materials 2022, 15(17), 5860; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175860 - 25 Aug 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1811

Abstract

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs), based on partially deacetylated chitin nanowhiskers (CNWs) and anionic polysaccharides, are characterized by their variability of properties (particle size, ζ-potential, and pH-sensitivity) depending on the preparation conditions, thereby allowing the development of polymeric nanoplatforms with a sustained release profile for active pharmaceutical substances. This study is focused on the development of hydrogels based on PECs of CNWs and sodium alginate (ALG) for potential vaginal administration that provide controlled pH-dependent antibiotic release in an acidic vaginal environment, as well as prolonged pharmacological action due to both the sustained drug release profile and the mucoadhesive properties of the polysaccharides. The desired hydrogels were formed as a result of both electrostatic interactions between CNWs and ALG (PEC formation), and the subsequent molecular entanglement of ALG chains, and the formation of additional hydrogen bonds. Metronidazole (MET) delivery systems with the desired properties were obtained at pH 5.5 and an CNW:ALG ratio of 1:2. The MET–CNW–ALG microparticles in the hydrogel composition had an apparent hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 1.7 µm and a ζ-potential of −43 mV. In vitro release studies showed a prolonged pH-sensitive drug release from the designed hydrogels; 37 and 67% of MET were released within 24 h at pH 7.4 and pH 4.5, respectively. The introduction of CNWs into the MET–ALG system not only prolonged the drug release, but also increased the mucoadhesive properties by about 1.3 times. Thus, novel CNW–ALG hydrogels are promising carriers for pH sensitive drug delivery carriers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polysaccharide Biomaterials—Volume II)

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21 pages, 4949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Collagen/Chitosan Gels Cross-Linked with Genipin for Wound Healing in Mice with Induced Diabetes

by Balzhima Shagdarova, Mariya Konovalova, Yuliya Zhuikova, Alexey Lunkov, Vsevolod Zhuikov, Dolgor Khaydapova, Alla Il’ina, Elena Svirshchevskaya and Valery Varlamov

Materials 2022, 15(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010015 - 21 Dec 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4008

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus continues to be one of the most common diseases often associated with diabetic ulcers. Chitosan is an attractive biopolymer for wound healing due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, mucoadhesiveness, low toxicity, and hemostatic effect. A panel of hydrogels based on chitosan, collagen, and silver nanoparticels were produced to treat diabetic wounds. The antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, swelling, rheological properties, and longitudinal sections of hydrogels were studied. The ability of the gels for wound healing was studied in CD1 mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. Application of the gels resulted in an increase in VEGF, TGF-b1, IL-1b, and TIMP1 gene expression and earlier wound closure in a comparison with control untreated wounds. All gels increased collagen deposition, hair follicle repair, and sebaceous glands formation. The results of these tests show that the obtained hydrogels have good mechanical properties and biological activity and have potential applications in the field of wound healing. However, clinical studies are required to compare the efficacy of the gels as animal models do not reproduce full diabetes pathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polysaccharide Biomaterials—Volume II)

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20 pages, 5295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Preparation and Characterization of Quantum Dots in Polysaccharide Carriers (Starch/Chitosan) as Elements of Smart Packaging and Their Impact on the Growth of Microorganisms in Food

by Wiktoria Grzebieniarz, Nikola Nowak, Gohar Khachatryan, Marcel Krzan, Magdalena Krystyjan, Jarosław Kosiński and Karen Khachatryan

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247732 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3352

Abstract

Nanocomposite materials are increasingly commonly used to ensure food safety and quality. Thanks to their unique properties, stemming from the presence of nanoparticles, they are used to develop advanced sensors and biosensors, e.g., for various harmful substances, heavy metals, microorganism growth, and environmental changes in food products. The aim of this study is to produce novel films based on natural resources—potato starch and chitosan—incorporating generated quantum dots of zinc sulfide and cadmium sulfide. The biocomposites were subjected to the following assays: FTIR spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and SEM/TEM spectroscopy. Their mechanical properties were also analyzed, a colorimetric analysis was performed, and the water content, solubility, and water absorption capacity were determined. A storage test was also performed, using poultry meat covered with the produced films, to assess the microbiological quality. The results confirmed the presence of the quantum dots in the starch–chitosan matrix. The unique optical properties of the films were also demonstrated. It was shown that the composites with nanoparticles limited the growth of selected microorganisms in poultry meat. The food storage time was found to have an impact on the fluorescent properties of the composites. The results point to the possibility of using the produced films as active and smart packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polysaccharide Biomaterials—Volume II)

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17 pages, 2828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Biodegradable Polymer Blends Based on Chitosan and Polylactide and Study of Their Properties

by Ivan Lednev, Evgeniia Salomatina, Svetlana Ilyina, Sergey Zaitsev, Roman Kovylin and Larisa Smirnova

Materials 2021, 14(17), 4900; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174900 - 28 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2054

Abstract

Composite materials of various compositions based on chitosan and polylactide were obtained in the form of films or porous bulk samples. Preliminarily, poly-d,l-lactide was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of lactide in the presence of Ti(OⁱPr)₄. Polylactide obtained at components molar ratio [lactide]:[Ti(OⁱPr)₄] = 3:1 had the best molecular weight characteristics at a high product yield. Film composition with the weight ratio chitosan-polylactide 50:50 wt. % was characterized by high mechanical properties. The value of the tensile strength of the film was 72 MPa with a deformation of 10% and an elastic modulus of 40 GPa, which is higher than the tensile strength of native chitosan by ~three times. The observed effect is a consequence of the fact that the chitosan-polylactide composite has an amorphous structure in contrast to the native chitosan, which is proved by X-ray phase analysis. An increase in the elastic modulus of the composite in the range of 20–60 °C in contrast to polylactide was found by dynamic mechanical analysis. The observed effect is apparently caused by the formation of hydrogen bonds between functional groups of chitosan and polylactide which is possible through an increase in polylactide segments mobility when its glass transition temperature is reached. The composite material is biocompatible and characterized by high cellular adhesion of fibroblasts (line hTERT BJ-5ta). Their growth on the composite surface was 2.4 times more active than on native chitosan. Bulk porous samples of the composition with the weight ratio chitosan-polylactide 50:50 wt. % were synthesized by original method in ammonium bicarbonate presence. Samples were characterized by a porosity of 82.4% and an average pore size of 100 microns. The biodegradability of such material and absence of inflammatory processes were proven in vivo by the blood parameters of experimental animals. Thus, materials with the weight ratio chitosan-polylactide 50:50 wt. % are promising for potential use in regenerative medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polysaccharide Biomaterials—Volume II)

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12 pages, 10224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

N-[4-(N,N,N-Trimethylammonium)Benzyl]Chitosan Chloride as a Gene Carrier: The Influence of Polyplex Composition and Cell Type

by Sergei V. Raik, Tatiana V. Mashel, Albert R. Muslimov, Olga S. Epifanovskaya, Mikhail A. Trofimov, Daria N. Poshina, Kirill V. Lepik and Yury A. Skorik

Materials 2021, 14(9), 2467; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092467 - 10 May 2021

Viewed by 1868

Abstract

Polyplex-based gene delivery systems are promising substitutes for viral vectors because of their high versatility and lack of disadvantages commonly encountered with viruses. In this work, we studied the DNA polyplexes with N-[4-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)benzyl]chitosan chloride (TMAB-CS) of various compositions in different cell types. Investigations of the interaction of TMAB-CS with DNA by different physical methods revealed that the molecular weight and the degree of substitution do not dramatically influence the hydrodynamic properties of polyplexes. Highly substituted TMAB-CS samples had a high affinity for DNA. The transfection protocol was optimized in HEK293T cells and achieved the highest efficiency of 30–35%. TMAB-CS was dramatically less effective in nonadherent K562 cells (around 1% transfected cells), but it was more effective and less toxic than polyarginine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polysaccharide Biomaterials—Volume II)

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