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Mechanical Alloying: Fundamentals and Applications
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Mechanical Alloying: Fundamentals and Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2022) | Viewed by 4544

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Pee-Yew Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
Interests: mechanical alloying; amorphous materials; thermoelectric alloy; Li-ion batteries anode materials; nanocomposites
Prof. Dr. Chung-Kwei Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
Interests: amorphization; nanocrystals; nanotechnology; biomaterials; dental materials; surface modification; functional oxides

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mechanical alloying (MA) is a solid-state ball-milling powder processing technique that was originally used to prepare oxide-dispersion-strengthened alloys. During MA process, repeated cold welding, fracturing, and rewelding of starting powder mixtures occur and result in the formation of new materials. MA is an efficient method to prepare materials that are difficult to be synthesized by a conventional melting and casting technique. For instance, nonequilibrium phases, including amorphous materials, extended solid solutions, intermetallic compounds, metastable crystalline materials, nanocrystaline powders, and quasicrystals can be prepared. Furthermore, advanced materials with accurately controlled properties for specific applications can be synthesized.

This Special Issue will cover the fundamentals of MA to a wide range of applications of MA powder. The fundamentals may address various mill types, milling parameters and process control, mechanisms, milling reactions, etc. Potential applications from aerospace to biomedical applications and beyond are welcomed. These applications may include oxide-dispersion-strengthened alloys, metallic glasses, high entropy alloy, hydrogen storage materials, thermoelectric alloy, biomaterials, etc. The publications in this Special Issue can contribute research in the realm of mechanical alloying.

Prof. Dr. Pee-Yew Lee
Prof. Dr. Chung-Kwei Lin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mechanical alloying
  • mechanical milling
  • mechanochemical processing
  • amorphous materials
  • nanocrystalline materials
  • nanocomposites
  • nanostructured materials
  • oxide-dispersion-strengthened alloys
  • metallic glasses
  • high entropy alloy
  • metastable phase
  • hydrogen storage materials
  • energy materials
  • thermoelectric alloy
  • biomaterials

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 3062 KiB  
Article
Discoloration Improvement by Mechanically-Milled Binary Oxides as Radiopacifier for Mineral Trioxide Aggregates
by Hsiu-Na Lin, Ling-Chi Wang, May-Show Chen, Pei-Jung Chang, Pin-Yu Lin, Alex Fang, Chin-Yi Chen, Pee-Yew Lee and Chung-Kwei Lin
Materials 2022, 15(22), 7934; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227934 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1124
Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) have been widely used in endodontic treatments, but after some time, patients suffer tooth discoloration due to the use of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) as a radiopacifier. Replacement of Bi2O3 with high energy [...] Read more.
Mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) have been widely used in endodontic treatments, but after some time, patients suffer tooth discoloration due to the use of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) as a radiopacifier. Replacement of Bi2O3 with high energy ball-milled single (zirconia ZrO2; hafnia, HfO2; or tantalum pentoxide, Ta2O5) or binary oxide powder was attempted, and corresponding discoloration improvement was investigated in the present study. Bi2O3-free MTA is expected to exhibit superior discoloration. The radiopacity, diametral tensile strength, and discoloration of MTA-like cements prepared from the as-milled powder were investigated. Experimental results showed that MTA-like cements prepared using Ta2O5 exhibited a slightly higher radiopacity than that of HfO2 but had a much higher radiopacity than ZrO2. Milling treatment (30 min to 3 h) did not affect the radiopacities significantly. These MTA-like cements exhibited superior color stability (all measured ΔE00 < 1.0) without any perceptible differences after UV irradiation. MTA-like cements prepared using ZrO2 exhibited the best color stability but the lowest radiopacity, which can be improved by introducing binary oxide. Among the investigated samples, MTA-like cement using (ZrO2)50(Ta2O5)50 exhibited excellent color stability and the best overall performance with a radiopacity of 3.25 mmAl and a diametral tensile strength of 4.39 MPa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Fundamentals and Applications)
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15 pages, 2937 KiB  
Article
Mechanosynthesis of High-Nitrogen Steels Strengthened by Secondary Titanium Nitrides
by Valery Shabashov, Kirill Lyashkov, Andrey Zamatovskii, Kirill Kozlov, Natalya Kataeva, Evgenii Novikov and Yurii Ustyugov
Materials 2022, 15(14), 5038; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15145038 - 20 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1224
Abstract
The solid-phase mechanical synthesis of high-nitrogen ferritic and austenitic steel composites in the course of mechanical activation in a ball mill is studied by the method of Mössbauer spectroscopy and electron microscopy. For mechanical alloying, mixtures of iron alloys doped with transition metals [...] Read more.
The solid-phase mechanical synthesis of high-nitrogen ferritic and austenitic steel composites in the course of mechanical activation in a ball mill is studied by the method of Mössbauer spectroscopy and electron microscopy. For mechanical alloying, mixtures of iron alloys doped with transition metals (Ni, Cr, Mn, and Ti) and nitrides with low stability to deformation (CrN and Mn2N) were used. The correlation between the phase–concentration composition of the mechanically synthesized samples and the heat of formation of transition metal nitrides, which are part of the initial metal mixtures, is investigated. It is established that the use of titanium as an alloying additive of the Fe component of the mixture accelerates the processes of dissolution of primary nitrides and allows the transference of chromium and manganese to the position of substitution in the metallic solid solution. In addition, the titanium additive entails the formation of secondary nitrides with stabilizing the nanostructure of the mechanically synthesized samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Fundamentals and Applications)
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12 pages, 6023 KiB  
Article
Effect of Tantalum Pentoxide Addition on the Radiopacity Performance of Bi2O3/Ta2O5 Composite Powders Prepared by Mechanical Milling
by Hsiu-Na Lin, Chung-Kwei Lin, Pei-Jung Chang, Wei-Min Chang, Alex Fang, Chin-Yi Chen, Chia-Chun Yu and Pee-Yew Lee
Materials 2021, 14(23), 7447; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237447 - 4 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1613
Abstract
Among the various phases of bismuth oxide, the high temperature metastable face-centered cubic δ phase attracts great attention due to its unique properties. It can be used as an ionic conductor or an endodontic radiopacifying material. However, no reports concerning tantalum and bismuth [...] Read more.
Among the various phases of bismuth oxide, the high temperature metastable face-centered cubic δ phase attracts great attention due to its unique properties. It can be used as an ionic conductor or an endodontic radiopacifying material. However, no reports concerning tantalum and bismuth binary oxide prepared by high energy ball milling and serving as a dental radiopacifier can be found. In the present study, Ta2O5-added Bi2O3 composite powders were mechanically milled to investigate the formation of these metastable phases. The as-milled powders were examined by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the structural evolution. The as-milled composite powders then served as the radiopacifier within mineral trioxide aggregates (i.e., MTA). Radiopacity performance, diametral tensile strength, setting times, and biocompatibility of MTA-like cements solidified by deionized water, saline, or 10% calcium chloride solution were investigated. The experimental results showed that subsequent formation of high temperature metastable β-Bi7.8Ta0.2O12.2, δ-Bi2O3, and δ-Bi3TaO7 phases can be observed after mechanical milling of (Bi2O3)95(Ta2O5)5 or (Bi2O3)80(Ta2O5)20 powder mixtures. Compared to its pristine Bi2O3 counterpart with a radiopacity of 4.42 mmAl, long setting times (60 and 120 min for initial and final setting times) and 84% MG-63 cell viability, MTA-like cement prepared from (Bi2O3)95(Ta2O5)5 powder exhibited superior performance with a radiopacity of 5.92 mmAl (the highest in the present work), accelerated setting times (the initial and final setting time can be shortened to 25 and 40 min, respectively), and biocompatibility (94% cell viability). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Fundamentals and Applications)
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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 4270 KiB  
Article
Critical Redistribution of Nitrogen in the Austenitic Cr-Mn Steel under Severe Plastic Deformation
by Valery Shabashov, Kirill Lyashkov, Kirill Kozlov, Vladimir Zavalishin, Andrey Zamatovskii, Natalya Kataeva, Victor Sagaradze and Yurii Ustyugov
Materials 2021, 14(23), 7116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237116 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1083
Abstract
A narrow temperature range of changes in the mechanism and kinetics of structural-phase transformations during mechanical alloying under deformation in rotating Bridgman anvils was determined by the methods of Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and mechanical tests in the high-nitrogen chromium-manganese steel FeMn22 [...] Read more.
A narrow temperature range of changes in the mechanism and kinetics of structural-phase transformations during mechanical alloying under deformation in rotating Bridgman anvils was determined by the methods of Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and mechanical tests in the high-nitrogen chromium-manganese steel FeMn22Cr18N0.83. The experimentally established temperature region is characterized by a change in the direction of nitrogen redistribution—from an increase in the N content in the metal matrix during cold deformation to a decrease with an increase in the temperature and degree of severe plastic deformation. The change in the direction of nitrogen redistribution is due to the acceleration of the decomposition of a nitrogen-supersaturated solid solution of austenite with the formation of secondary nanocrystalline nitrides. The presence of a transition region for the mechanism of structural-phase transitions is manifested in the abnormal behavior of the mechanical properties of steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Fundamentals and Applications)
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