Materials

2024

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14 pages, 2541 KB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetoelastic Effect in Ni-Zn Ferrite Under Torque Operation

by Jacek Salach, Maciej Kachniarz, Dorota Jackiewicz and Adam Bieńkowski

Materials 2024, 17(24), 6239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246239 - 20 Dec 2024

Viewed by 926

Abstract

The magnetoelastic effect is known as the dependence between the magnetic properties of the material and applied mechanical stress. The stress might not be applied directly but rather generated by the applied torque. This creates the possibility of developing a torque-sensing device based [...] Read more.

The magnetoelastic effect is known as the dependence between the magnetic properties of the material and applied mechanical stress. The stress might not be applied directly but rather generated by the applied torque. This creates the possibility of developing a torque-sensing device based on the magnetoelastic effect. In this paper, the concept of an axially twisted toroidal magnetic core as a torque-sensing element is considered. Most known works in this field consider the utilization of an amorphous ribbon as the core material. However, Ni-Zn ferrites, exhibiting relatively high magnetostriction, also seem to be promising materials for magnetoelastic torque sensors. This paper introduces a theoretical description of the magnetoelastic effect under torque operation on the basis of total free energy analysis. The methodology of torque application to the toroidal core, utilized previously for coiled cores of amorphous ribbons, was successfully adapted for the bulk ferrite core. For the first time, the influence of torque on the magnetic properties of Ni-Zn ferrite was investigated in a wide range of magnetizing fields. The obtained magnetoelastic characteristics allowed the specification of the magnetoelastic torque sensitivity of the material and the determination of the optimal amplitude of the magnetizing field to maximize this parameter. High sensitivity, in comparison with previously studied amorphous alloys, and monotonic magnetoelastic characteristics indicate that the investigated Ni-Zn ferrite can be utilized in magnetoelastic torque sensors. As such, it can be used in torque-sensing applications required in mechanical engineering or civil engineering, like the evaluation of structural elements exposed to torsion. Full article

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10 pages, 2126 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Two-Domain Model Utilizing the Effective Pinning Energy for Modeling the Strain-Dependent Magnetic Permeability in Anisotropic Grain-Oriented Electrical Steels

by Tadeusz Szumiata, Paweł Rekas, Małgorzata Gzik-Szumiata, Michał Nowicki and Roman Szewczyk

Materials 2024, 17(2), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020369 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1442

Abstract

This paper presents a newly proposed domain wall energy-based model of the 2D strain dependence of relative magnetic permeability in highly grain-oriented anisotropic electrical steels. The model was verified utilizing grain-oriented M120-27s electrical steel sheet samples with magnetic characteristics measured by an automated [...] Read more.

This paper presents a newly proposed domain wall energy-based model of the 2D strain dependence of relative magnetic permeability in highly grain-oriented anisotropic electrical steels. The model was verified utilizing grain-oriented M120-27s electrical steel sheet samples with magnetic characteristics measured by an automated experimental setup with a magnetic yoke. The model’s parameters, identified in the differential evolution-based optimization process, enable a better understanding of the interaction between stress-induced anisotropy and magnetocrystalline anisotropy in electrical steels. Moreover, the consequences of the simplified description of grain-oriented magnetocrystalline anisotropy are clearly visible, which opens up the possibility for further research to improve this description. Full article

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2022

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19 pages, 28889 KB

Open AccessArticle

First-Principles Study on Possible Half-Metallic Ferrimagnetism in Double Perovskites Pb₂XX′O₆ (X = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb and Ta, X′ = Tc, Ru, Os and Rh)

by Bo-Yu Chen, Po-Han Lee and Yin-Kuo Wang

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3311; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093311 - 5 May 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3166

Abstract

Pb-based double perovskite compounds with chemical formula Phey have abundant physical properties in the spintronic field. Among all the features, the spin interaction of half-metallic (HM) is regarded as an important performance measure because of its high potential in spintronic devices. In this [...] Read more.

Pb-based double perovskite compounds with chemical formula Phey have abundant physical properties in the spintronic field. Among all the features, the spin interaction of half-metallic (HM) is regarded as an important performance measure because of its high potential in spintronic devices. In this research study, we calculate density of state (DOS) to investigate possible half-metal candidates by executing structural optimization based on the method of generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and strong correlation effect (GGA + U). Furthermore, following the earlier methods by calculating and comparing energy difference of various compounds with the four initial magnetic states: ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, antiferromagnetic and nonmagnetic, we can determine which magnetic state is more stable. Results indicate that there are 13 possible ferrimagnetic HM candidates in these combinations, including Pb₂NbTcO₆, Pb₂TaTcO₆, Pb₂TiRuO₆, Pb₂ZrRuO₆, Pb₂HfRuO₆, Pb₂VRuO₆, Pb₂NbRuO₆, Pb₂TadRuO₆, Pb₂ZrOsO₆, Pb₂HfOsO₆, Pb₂VOsO₆, Pb₂ZrRhO₆ and Pb₂HfRhO₆ under GGA and GGA + U schemes. The stability of analysis by analyzing the energy gap illustrates that all 13 possible candidates are half metals and ferrimagnetic states, so our studies could provide guidelines for scientists to fabricate new double perovskites in future. Full article

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2021

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13 pages, 5537 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A FEM-Based Optimization Method for Driving Frequency of Contactless Magnetoelastic Torque Sensors in Steel Shafts

by Anna Ostaszewska-Liżewska, Michał Nowicki, Roman Szewczyk and Mika Malinen

Materials 2021, 14(17), 4996; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174996 - 1 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2868

Abstract

This paper presents a novel finite element method (FEM) of optimization for driving frequency in magneto-mechanical systems using contactless magnetoelastic torque sensors. The optimization technique is based on the generalization of the axial and shear stress dependence of the magnetic permeability tensor. This [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel finite element method (FEM) of optimization for driving frequency in magneto-mechanical systems using contactless magnetoelastic torque sensors. The optimization technique is based on the generalization of the axial and shear stress dependence of the magnetic permeability tensor. This generalization creates a new possibility for the determination of the torque dependence of a permeability tensor based on measurements of the axial stress on the magnetization curve. Such a possibility of quantitative description of torque dependence of a magnetic permeability tensor has never before been presented. Results from the FEM-based modeling method were validated against a real magnetoelastic torque sensor. The sensitivity characteristics of the model and the real sensor show a maximum using a driving current of similar frequency. Consequently, the proposed method demonstrates the novel possibility of optimizing magnetoelastic sensors for automotive and industrial applications. Full article

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13 pages, 3949 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Giant Stress-Impedance Effect in CoFeNiMoBSi Alloy in Variation of Applied Magnetic Field

by Piotr Gazda and Michał Nowicki

Materials 2021, 14(8), 1919; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081919 - 12 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2403

Abstract

The article presents the stress impedance investigation of CoFeNiMoBSi alloy in variation of the applied magnetic field. In order to carry out the study, a specialized stand was developed that allows for loading the sample with stresses and simultaneous action of the DC [...] Read more.

The article presents the stress impedance investigation of CoFeNiMoBSi alloy in variation of the applied magnetic field. In order to carry out the study, a specialized stand was developed that allows for loading the sample with stresses and simultaneous action of the DC (direct current) magnetizing field. The tests were carried out for as-cast and Joule annealed samples. The significant influence of the magnetizing field acting on the sample on the stress-impedance results was demonstrated and the dependence of the maximum impedance change in the stress-impedance effect was determined, depending on the field acting. The obtained results are important due to the potential use of the stress-impedance effect for the construction of stress sensors. Full article

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2020

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8 pages, 966 KB

Open AccessArticle

Generalization of the Model of Magnetoelastic Effect: 3D Mechanical Stress Dependence of Magnetic Permeability Tensor in Soft Magnetic Materials

by Roman Szewczyk

Materials 2020, 13(18), 4070; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184070 - 14 Sep 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3324

Abstract

This paper presents a new solution enabling modeling of the mechanical stress tensor dependence of the 3D relative permeability tensor of isotropic material only on the basis of knowledge of the axial stress dependence characteristics. For the proposed model, the concept of principal [...] Read more.

This paper presents a new solution enabling modeling of the mechanical stress tensor dependence of the 3D relative permeability tensor of isotropic material only on the basis of knowledge of the axial stress dependence characteristics. For the proposed model, the concept of principal stresses is utilized. In such a case, the sophisticated system of axial and shear stresses may be reduced to the set of axial stresses in a rotated coordination axes system. As a result, the proposed solution generalizes the explanation of the shape of magnetoelastic characteristics as well as radically extending possibility of the application of the finite elements methods (FEM) to describe sophisticated magnetoelastic systems. Full article

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15 pages, 5646 KB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Magnetostriction of FeCoB Amorphous Ribbons Analyzed Using Magneto-Optical Kerr Microscopy

by Kamila Hrabovská, Ondřej Životský, Jaroslav Rojíček, Martin Fusek, Vratislav Mareš and Yvonna Jirásková

Materials 2020, 13(2), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020257 - 7 Jan 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3930

Abstract

Surface sensitive magneto-optical Kerr microscopy completed with the special self-made sample holder is used for studying the magneto-elastic behaviour in the surface of the as-quenched amorphous Fe₇₃Co₁₂B₁₅ alloy. The 10, 5, and 3 mm wide and approximately 34 [...] Read more.

Surface sensitive magneto-optical Kerr microscopy completed with the special self-made sample holder is used for studying the magneto-elastic behaviour in the surface of the as-quenched amorphous Fe₇₃Co₁₂B₁₅ alloy. The 10, 5, and 3 mm wide and approximately 34 μm thick ribbons were prepared by the conventional planar flow casting process. The experimental setup allows for a simultaneous application of an external magnetic field in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the ribbon axis and of compression stress from one side of the sample, resulting in tensile stress in opposite side. The distributions of tensile stresses in the measured surface were modelled by the finite element method. The observed changes of the magnetic domains and hysteresis loop anisotropy field under applied stress are evaluated using the Becker–Kersten method. This resulted in the determination of the local surface magnetostrictive coefficient from an area of about 200 μm in diameter. The obtained values ranged between 37–60 ppm and were well comparable with the bulk value presented in the literature. Full article

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Graphical abstract

2019

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17 pages, 6904 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of Power Losses in Bending Rolled Fully Finished NO Electrical Steel Treated under Unconventional Annealing Conditions

by Ivan Petryshynets, František Kováč, Ján Füzer, Ladislav Falat, Viktor Puchý and Peter Kollár

Materials 2019, 12(13), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132200 - 8 Jul 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3567

Abstract

Currently, the non-oriented (NO) iron-silicon steels are extensively used as the core materials in various electrical devises due to excellent combination of their mechanical and soft magnetic properties. The present study introduces a fairly innovative technological approach applicable for fully finished NO electrical [...] Read more.

Currently, the non-oriented (NO) iron-silicon steels are extensively used as the core materials in various electrical devises due to excellent combination of their mechanical and soft magnetic properties. The present study introduces a fairly innovative technological approach applicable for fully finished NO electrical steel before punching the laminations. It is based on specific mechanical processing by bending and rolling in combination with subsequent annealing under dynamic heating conditions. It has been revealed that the proposed unconventional treatment clearly led to effective improvement of the steel magnetic properties thanks to its beneficial effects involving additional grain growth with appropriate crystallographic orientation and residual stress relief. The philosophy of the proposed processing was based on employing the phenomena of selective grain growth by strain-induced grain boundary migration and a steep temperature gradient through the cross-section of heat treated specimens at dynamic heating conditions. The stored deformation energy necessary for the grain growth was provided by plastic deformation induced within the studied specimens during the bending and rolling process. The magnetic measurements clearly show that the specimens treated according to our approach exhibited more than 17% decrease in watt losses in comparison with the specimens treated by conventional heat treatment leading only to stress relief without additional grain growth. Full article

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11 pages, 2693 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unified First Order Inertial Element Based Model of Magnetostrictive Hysteresis and Lift-Off Phenomenon

by Roman Szewczyk

Materials 2019, 12(10), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12101689 - 24 May 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3440

Abstract

The present paper presents a new model of magnetostrictive hysteresis loop. A unified approach of both the hysteresis of λ(B) relation, as well as the lift-off phenomenon is proposed, which are explained together on the base of the response of [...] Read more.

The present paper presents a new model of magnetostrictive hysteresis loop. A unified approach of both the hysteresis of λ(B) relation, as well as the lift-off phenomenon is proposed, which are explained together on the base of the response of the first order inertial element. Considering previously presented reports, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution based model of magnetostrictive characteristics with local maxima, enables modeling magnetostrictive loops. The model was validated on the results of measurements of magnetostrictive hysteresis loops of Mn_0.70Zn₀.₂₄Fe_2.06O₄ ferrite for power applications. Good agreement was confirmed for major magnetostrictive loop, especially for smaller values of flux density. As a result, the proposed model may be used for modeling the magnetostrictive response of inductive components of electrical machines, power conversion devices or magnetostrictive actuators. Full article

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21 pages, 4917 KB

Open AccessReview

Applications and Advances of Magnetoelastic Sensors in Biomedical Engineering: A Review

by Limin Ren, Kun Yu and Yisong Tan

Materials 2019, 12(7), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071135 - 7 Apr 2019

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 5844

Abstract

We present a comprehensive investigation into magnetoelastic sensors (MES) technology applied to biomedical engineering. This includes the working principles, detection methods, and application fields of MES technology. MES are made of amorphous metallic glass ribbons and are wireless and passive, meaning that it [...] Read more.

We present a comprehensive investigation into magnetoelastic sensors (MES) technology applied to biomedical engineering. This includes the working principles, detection methods, and application fields of MES technology. MES are made of amorphous metallic glass ribbons and are wireless and passive, meaning that it is convenient to monitor or measure the parameters related to biomedical engineering. MES are based on the inverse magnetoelastic (Villari) effect. When MES are subjected to mechanical stress, their magnetic susceptibility will change accordingly. And the susceptibility of MES is directly related to their magnetic permeability. The varying permeability can positively reflect the applied stress. The various detection methods that have been developed for different field applications include measurement of force, stress, and strain, monitoring of various chemical indexes, and consideration of different biomedical parameters such as the degradation rate and force conditions of artificial bone, as well as various physiological indexes including ammonia level, glucose concentration, bacteria growth, and blood coagulation. Full article

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17 pages, 10174 KB

Open AccessArticle

Barkhausen Noise Emission in Hard-Milled Surfaces

by Miroslav Neslušan, Anna Mičietová, Branislav Hadzima, Branislav Mičieta, Pavel Kejzlar, Jiří Čapek, Juraj Uríček and Filip Pastorek

Materials 2019, 12(4), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12040660 - 22 Feb 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4279

Abstract

This paper reports on an investigation treating a hard-milled surface as a surface undergoing severe plastic deformation at elevated temperatures. This surface exhibits remarkable magnetic anisotropy (expressed in term of Barkhausen noise). This paper also shows that Barkhausen noise emission in a hard-milled [...] Read more.

This paper reports on an investigation treating a hard-milled surface as a surface undergoing severe plastic deformation at elevated temperatures. This surface exhibits remarkable magnetic anisotropy (expressed in term of Barkhausen noise). This paper also shows that Barkhausen noise emission in a hard-milled surface is a function of tool wear and the corresponding microstructure transformations initiated in the tool/machined surface interface. The paper discusses the specific character of Barkhausen noise bursts and the unusually high magnitude of Barkhausen noise pulses, especially at a low degree of tool wear. The main causes can be seen in specific structures and the corresponding domain configurations formed during rapid cooling following surface heating. Domains are not randomly but preferentially oriented in the direction of the cutting speed. Barkhausen noise signals (measured in two perpendicular directions such as cutting speed and feed direction) indicate that the mechanism of Bloch wall motion during cyclic magnetization in hard-milled surfaces differs from surfaces produced by grinding cycles or the raw surface after heat treatment. Full article

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9 pages, 3639 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Torsion on Matteucci Effect Signal Parameters in Co-Based Bistable Amorphous Wire

by Tomasz Charubin, Michał Nowicki and Roman Szewczyk

Materials 2019, 12(3), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030532 - 11 Feb 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4099

Abstract

The Matteucci effect (ME) is one of the lesser-known magnetomechanical effects and is most prominent in bistable amorphous wires. It has some experimental applications—Matteucci effect-based magnetic field sensors are very easy to produce and have inherently linear, hybrid analog/digital output signal. The effect [...] Read more.

The Matteucci effect (ME) is one of the lesser-known magnetomechanical effects and is most prominent in bistable amorphous wires. It has some experimental applications—Matteucci effect-based magnetic field sensors are very easy to produce and have inherently linear, hybrid analog/digital output signal. The effect is still poorly understood, however, and although it relies on torsion of the wire to manifest, there is no available model, or much experimental data, which would quantitatively connect the ME with the sample twist. In this paper, experimental characteristics of ME signal parameters dependence on torsion in Co-based amorphous bistable wire are presented. The results hint at possible applications, such as rotation or critical current sensors, as well as the necessity of torsion control in the development of ME magnetic field sensors. Full article

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10 pages, 3347 KB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetoelastic Effect Detection with the Usage of Eddy Current Tomography

by Paweł Nowak

Materials 2019, 12(3), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030346 - 22 Jan 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3164

Abstract

The possibility of application of the eddy current tomography setup to measure the small permeability variations caused by magnetoelastic effect was presented. A ferromagnetic steel sample was prepared for applying wall stresses and measured for 30 MPa stresses. The Finite Element Method (FEM) [...] Read more.

The possibility of application of the eddy current tomography setup to measure the small permeability variations caused by magnetoelastic effect was presented. A ferromagnetic steel sample was prepared for applying wall stresses and measured for 30 MPa stresses. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was utilized to conduct numerical forward tomography transformation for samples of known permeability. Developed forward tomography transformation was applied for single variable inverse tomography transformation, utilized for determining magnetic permeability. This confirmed the possibility of the application of eddy current tomography for quantitative measurements of magnetoelastic effect in samples of known geometry. Full article

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11 pages, 2118 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Stress-Impedance Effect in Amorphous Ribbons with Positive and Negative Magnetostriction

by Piotr Gazda, Michał Nowicki and Roman Szewczyk

Materials 2019, 12(2), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12020275 - 16 Jan 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4430

Abstract

The SI (stress-impedance) effect in amorphous ribbons with varying magnetostriction was investigated. Iron- and cobalt-based ribbons with different magnetostriction coefficients were put under tensile stress in a dead weight tester and the impedance change was investigated in function of applied stresses. Significant differences [...] Read more.

The SI (stress-impedance) effect in amorphous ribbons with varying magnetostriction was investigated. Iron- and cobalt-based ribbons with different magnetostriction coefficients were put under tensile stress in a dead weight tester and the impedance change was investigated in function of applied stresses. Significant differences of characteristics are presented. Stress-impedance analog of Villari reversal point was observed. The reversal point showed driving current frequency dependence, in which this point manifests for different stress values. Based on the obtained SI characteristics and magnetoelastic hysteresis, the most appropriate stress-sensing material was selected for development of precise small forces sensor. Full article

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18 pages, 4887 KB

Open AccessArticle

Size-Dependent and Multi-Field Coupling Behavior of Layered Multiferroic Nanocomposites

by Yang Shi and Yongkun Wang

Materials 2019, 12(2), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12020260 - 14 Jan 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3489

Abstract

The prediction of magnetoelectric (ME) coupling in nano-scaled multiferroic composites is significant for nano-devices. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear multi-field coupling model for ME effect in layered multiferroic nanocomposites based on the surface stress model, strain gradient theory and nonlinear magneto-elastic-thermal [...] Read more.

The prediction of magnetoelectric (ME) coupling in nano-scaled multiferroic composites is significant for nano-devices. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear multi-field coupling model for ME effect in layered multiferroic nanocomposites based on the surface stress model, strain gradient theory and nonlinear magneto-elastic-thermal coupling constitutive relation. With this novel model, the influence of external fields on strain gradient and flexoelectricity is discussed for the first time. Meanwhile, a comprehensive investigation on the influence of size-dependent parameters and multi-field conditions on ME performance is made. The numerical results show that ME coupling is remarkably size-dependent as the thickness of the composites reduces to nanoscale. Especially, the ME coefficient is enhanced by either surface effect or flexoelectricity. The strain gradient in composites at the nano-scale is significant and influenced by the external stimuli at different levels via the change in materials’ properties. More importantly, due to the nonlinear multi-field coupling behavior of ferromagnetic materials, appropriate compressive stress and temperature may improve the value of ME coefficient and reduce the required magnetic field. This paper provides a theoretical basis to analyze and evaluate multi-field coupling characteristics of nanostructure-based ME devices. Full article

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2018

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11 pages, 2171 KB

Open AccessArticle

Model of the Magnetostrictive Hysteresis Loop with Local Maximum

by Roman Szewczyk

Materials 2019, 12(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12010105 - 30 Dec 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4273

Abstract

This paper presents a model of the magnetostrictive hysteresis loop with local maximum. The model is based on the differential equations describing magnetostriction due to the domain wall movement as well as domain magnetization rotation. The transition between these mechanisms of magnetization is [...] Read more.

This paper presents a model of the magnetostrictive hysteresis loop with local maximum. The model is based on the differential equations describing magnetostriction due to the domain wall movement as well as domain magnetization rotation. The transition between these mechanisms of magnetization is quantified by the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. Moreover, the lift-off phenomenon in the magnetostrictive hysteresis loop is considered. The proposed model was validated on the results of measurements of magnetostrictive hysteresis loops of Mn_0.70Zn_0.24Fe_2.06O₄ ferrite for power application and 13CrMo4-5 construction steel. The results of modeling confirm that the proposed model corresponds well with experimental results. Good agreement was confirmed by determination coefficient R², which exceeded 0.995 and 0.985 for Mn_0.70Zn_0.24Fe_2.06O₄ ferrite for power application and 13CrMo4-5 construction steel, respectively. Full article

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