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Dental Materials Applied in Oral Health and Systemic Diseases

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 15428

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Marzo

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Guest Editor

Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
Interests: medicine; dentistry; biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology; immunology and microbiology; materials science; engineering

Prof. Dr. Stefano Mummolo

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Guest Editor

Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Ital
Interests: medicine; biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology; dentistry; immunology and microbiology; engineering; materials science

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Dental Materials have been investigated and improved, to meet the main clinical requirements, have wide use in several fields of dentistry, such as orthodontics, conservative, endodontics, implantology and periodontics. The scientific community is committed to developing novel materials, to better understand their behavior and their potential applications. Better knowledge of biological, chemical, physical, and mechanical proprieties of dental materials requires a continuous reserch forimproved oral health.

Today, the dental material market and the new technologies have produced materials, thus, combining excellent mechanical and biological properties in the same product.

The purpose of this special issue is to evaluate the materials used in dentistry to assess the possible correlations between oral health and systemic diseases.

Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Marzo
Prof. Dr. Stefano Mummolo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

dental materials
biomaterials
mechanical properties
biological properties
implants
oral cavity
oral diseases
oral health
oral pathogens

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Low Amperage Electric Current on Staphylococcus Aureus—Strategy for Combating Bacterial Biofilms Formation on Dental Implants in Cystic Fibrosis Patients, In Vitro Study

by Anna Minkiewicz-Zochniak, Kamila Strom, Sylwia Jarzynka, Bartłomiej Iwańczyk, Anna Koryszewska-Bagińska and Gabriela Olędzka

Materials 2021, 14(20), 6117; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206117 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1529

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that affects multiple organs and systems. The oral cavity can serve as a substantial source of bacteria, causing respiratory infections and diseases which continue to dictate the clinical course of the disease and prognosis in patients with CF. Low voltage and electric current could effectively kill bacteria and biofilms, and the activity of milliampere currents could be used as an effective method of fighting bacteria. This study evaluated the effect of low amperage electric current on the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on dental implants such as titanium and zirconium in patients with cystic fibrosis. Our studies suggest that a constant electric current at a low intensity of 1 mA and 10 mA is inhibiting bacterial adhesion, detaching biofilm-forming bacteria on biomaterials used in dental implants such as titanium and zirconium, and destroying bacterial cells of Staphylococcus aureus strains. In addition, we observed the selection of an appropriate biomaterial for implants in people affected by chronic diseases, such as CF, should be carefully planned. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials Applied in Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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17 pages, 11274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study Regarding the Behavior at Different pH of Two Types of Co-Cr Alloys Used for Prosthetic Restorations

by Farah Bechir, Simona Maria Bataga, Elena Ungureanu, Diana Maria Vranceanu, Mariana Pacurar, Edwin Sever Bechir and Cosmin Mihai Cotrut

Materials 2021, 14(16), 4635; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164635 - 17 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1855

Abstract

Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys are widely utilized in dentistry. The salivary pH is a significant factor, which affects the characteristics and the behavior of dental alloys through corrosion. This study aimed to evaluate the corrosion behavior in artificial saliva with different pH values (3, 5.7, and 7.6) of two commercial Co-Cr dental alloys manufactured by casting and by milling. Corrosion resistance was determined by the polarization resistance technique, and the tests were carried out at 37 ± 1 °C, in Carter Brugirard artificial saliva. After the electrochemical parameters, it can be stated that the cast Co-Cr alloy has the lowest corrosion current density, the highest polarization resistance, and the lowest speed of corrosion in artificial saliva with pH = 7.6. In the case of milled Co-Cr alloy, the same behavior was observed, but in artificial saliva with pH = 5.7, it recorded the most electropositive values of open circuit potential and corrosion potential. Although both cast and milled Co-Cr alloys presented a poorer corrosion resistance in artificial saliva with a more acidic pH value, the milled Co-Cr alloy had better corrosion behavior, making this alloy a better option for the prosthetic treatment of patients suffering from GERD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials Applied in Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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17 pages, 2182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Ion Release of Wires in Removable Orthodontic Appliances

by Lena Wepner, Harald Andreas Färber, Andreas Jaensch, Anna Weber, Florian Heuser, Ludger Keilig, Lamia Singer and Christoph Peter Bourauel

Materials 2021, 14(12), 3402; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123402 - 19 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1740

Abstract

Various orthodontic wire compositions and configurations are present on the market for removable appliances; however, there have still been only few studies focusing on the effect of resin color and additives such as glitter on corrosion of metallic wires under different conditions. Thus, the aim of the study was to compare concentrations of released ions (aluminium, chromium, nickel) in a corrosive medium under three different conditions: non-loaded wires, loaded wires, and non-loaded wires treated with Kukis^® cleaning tablets. Six different wires made of three types of steel alloy were embedded in PMMA resin leaving one centimetre of each wire emerging from the resin to come into contact with the corrosive medium. Glitter particles were added to half of the produced test specimens. For the unloaded test series, five specimens of each group were covered in a petri dish with 50 mL of corrosive medium (pH 2.3) following EN-ISO 10271 for seven days at 37 °C. The wires for the mechanically loaded test specimens overlapped the resin by 5 cm and were clamped into a time-switched electric drive for a defined period of time before the samples were taken after a testing time of 7 days. In the third group, unloaded test specimens were transferred from their petri dishes into the prepared Kukis^® solution every 24 h before being stored in the corrosive medium. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify the specific ions in the corrosive solution. Statistical analysis showed that the mechanical loading of all wires could significantly raise the diffusion of ions into the corrosive medium. The colour of the resin did not affect the concentration of the released ions. The Kukis^® cleaning tabs could not lower the corrosion of the tested metals, as some of the wires were corroded even more using the brace cleanser. Glitter-containing test specimens showed significantly higher amounts of aluminium. Mechanical loading as well as the presence of glitter particles in the resin significantly affected ion concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials Applied in Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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10 pages, 7134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ATR-FTIR Analysis of Orthodontic Invisalign^® Aligners Subjected to Various In Vitro Aging Treatments

by Lucia Memè, Valentina Notarstefano, Francesco Sampalmieri, Giulia Orilisi and Vincenzo Quinzi

Materials 2021, 14(4), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040818 - 09 Feb 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2499

Abstract

Clear and removable tooth aligners for orthodontics treatments have become an increasingly popular alternative to fixed appliances. Even if protocols suggest removing aligners before eating or drinking, most patients retain them when they drink beverages. Alterations in the material during the daily use could determine a reduction in the application forces, affecting the desired orthodontic movement; the knowledge of how this material reacts when subjected to different aging processes is mandatory to establish the predictability of the orthodontic treatment. According to this, the aim of the present study was to assess a new objective approach, coupling spectroscopic and chemometric tools, to evaluate the changes occurring in Invisalign^® aligners, the most widely used brand, exposed in vitro to coffee, tea, Coca Cola^® and UV radiation for 24 and 48 h. In particular, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was utilized to characterize, at the molecular level, the chemical and color modifications in the surfaces of the appliances; the obtained data were submitted to PCA and one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Moreover, a colorimetry analysis was carried out to evaluate any changes in color and transparency. Coffee and tea samples displayed the major color changes between the tested groups. The differences highlighted in the spectral features of coffee, tea and UV-treated samples were mainly ascribable to color and transparency changes, because the chemical properties remained unaltered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials Applied in Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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12 pages, 2174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Oriented Immediate Loading: A New Mathematical Implant Vertical Insertion Protocol, Five-Year Follow-Up Study

by Fabrizio Bambini, Giulia Orilisi, Alessandro Quaranta and Lucia Memè

Materials 2021, 14(2), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020387 - 14 Jan 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1957

Abstract

One of the current major challenges in implant therapy is to minimize marginal bone loss around implants, since it can trigger bacterial colonization of the implant’s neck, leading to its failure. The present study aimed (1) to scientifically validate a new mathematical rule based on soft tissues thickness, for choosing the correct implant position with respect to the bone level, in order to provide a better tissue adaptation to the abutment/implant surface to avoid bacterial invasion, and (2) to apply this mathematical rule to the Biological Oriented Immediate Loading (B.O.I.L.) surgical protocol, avoiding peri-implant bone resorption. N. 127 implants were inserted following B.O.I.L. protocol: implants were placed according to the mathematical rule Y = X − 3, which correlates the position of the implant from the bone crest level (Y) with the thickness of the soft tissues (X). All the implants were inserted in fresh extraction sockets, and immediately loaded with temporary abutments and prostheses. Bone levels were evaluated through radiographic examination just after surgical procedure (T0), and after 10 days (10D), 6 months (6M), 1 year (1Y), and 5 years (5Y). After 5 years, the implant survival rate was 100%, with a medium marginal bone loss around implants of 0.0704 mm (SD = 0.169 mm). One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed for statistical evaluations (p < 0.05). This protocol provided a safe and successful procedure, with a good soft tissue seal against bacterial challenge. The application of the mathematical rule allows the implant placement in a correct vertical position from the bone crest, avoiding bone resorption and bacterial infiltrations. Moreover, the use of Multi Unit Abutment (MUA) determined a stable biological seal, favouring the implant healing and preserving the adhesion of hemidesmosomes to the titanium of MUA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials Applied in Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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Review

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17 pages, 695 KiB

Open AccessReview

Is Dental Amalgam a Higher Risk Factor rather than Resin-Based Restorations for Systemic Conditions? A Systematic Review

by Gianni Gallusi, Antonio Libonati, Mario Piro, Virginia Di Taranto, Edoardo Montemurro and Vincenzo Campanella

Materials 2021, 14(8), 1980; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081980 - 15 Apr 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4916

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to confirm the hypothesis that patients with one or more amalgam restorations have an increased risk for systemic diseases rather than patients with resin-based restorations. Data: The data search produced an initial 3568 total number of records. All titles and abstract were reviewed by five independent examiners, and only 36 records were selected for full text in depth examination. Out of these, only nine publications matched the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Sources: Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Knowledge) were searched up to June 2019. In addition, a manual search was carried out on journals related to this topic. Study selection: All selected human clinical studies compared patients with dental amalgam restorations to patients with non-amalgam restorations on restorative material related diseases/health conditions with at least 50 patients and a reasonable follow up. The systemic effects of dental restorations were analyzed. As for any systemic effects, there was no difference between amalgam and composite restoration. Conclusions: With the limitations of the few available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the matter, amalgam restorations, similarly to other modern resin-based materials, were not related to an increased risk of systemic diseases or conditions. Clinical significance: On the basis of the available RCTs, amalgam restorations, if compared with resin-based fillings, do not show an increased risk for systemic diseases. There is still insufficient evidence to exclude or demonstrate any direct influence on general health. The removal of old amalgam restorations and their substitution with more modern adhesive restorations should be performed only when clinically necessary and not just for material concerns. In order to better evaluate the safety of dental amalgam compared to other more modern restorative materials, further RCTs that consider important parameters such as long and uniform follow up periods, number of restorations per patient, and sample populations representative of chronic or degenerative diseases are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials Applied in Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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