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Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements
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Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Construction and Building Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2023) | Viewed by 28456

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Francesco Canestrari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Building Engineering and Architecture, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Interests: rheology of asphalt binders; performance-based characterization of asphalt mixtures; design and maintenance of asphalt pavements; sustainable and innovative materials for road pavements
Dr. Lorenzo Paolo Ingrassia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Building Engineering and Architecture, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Interests: asphalt; asphalt pavements; bio-materials in asphalt mixtures; recycled materials in asphalt mixtures; reinforced pavements; pavement management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, growing environmental concerns have led to the increasing use of innovative pavement materials that meet the principles of sustainability and the circular economy.

In this regard, the current research trends for asphalt pavements include—among others—the use of renewable materials, the re-use of waste materials and industrial byproducts, and the optimization of asphalt recycling techniques (hot, warm, half-warm, and cold), which are all oriented toward the minimization of resources and energy consumption, wastes, and emissions.

However, despite the significant environmental benefits, there are still uncertainties regarding performance and durability during the whole life cycle of such innovative materials. Lower mechanical and functional properties could reduce the value of the pavement asset, which instead must be adequately maintained and preserved.

Within this context, the behavior of innovative materials needs to be investigated in the laboratory through reliable test methods and analyzed by considering solid theoretical backgrounds. At the same time, advanced pavement asset management tools, including smart solutions (e.g., sensoring systems, non-destructive testing, image processing, artificial intelligence), and up-to-date pavement management systems are necessary to maintain the infrastructural asset as well as to evaluate the field performance of pavement materials (especially innovative ones).

Therefore, this Special Issue aims at collecting original contributions concerning the performance characterization of innovative pavement materials on one hand and the development of new tools and techniques for pavement asset management and pavement management systems on the other hand.  

Research papers, reviews, and case studies related to the above mentioned topics are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Francesco Canestrari
Dr. Lorenzo Ingrassia
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bio-binders
  • wastes and byproducts in asphalt materials
  • asphalt recycling
  • performance-related characterization of pavement materials
  • pavement asset management
  • pavement management systems
  • smart pavements
  • sensors
  • nondestructive testing
  • life cycle assessment

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 8750 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Study of the Effects of the Mixer Type and Mixing Time on the Volumetric Properties and Performance of a HMA with 30 Percent Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
by Marc-André Bérubé, Sébastien Lamothe, Kevin Bilodeau and Alan Carter
Materials 2023, 16(3), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031300 - 03 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2169
Abstract
This study examined the effects of the laboratory mixer type and mixing time on a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) using three different types of mixers and four different mixing times. The asphalt mix used is a semi-open graded mix (ESG-10) with 30% reclaimed asphalt [...] Read more.
This study examined the effects of the laboratory mixer type and mixing time on a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) using three different types of mixers and four different mixing times. The asphalt mix used is a semi-open graded mix (ESG-10) with 30% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), and a range of tests were conducted including bitumen extraction by ignition, particle size distribution, maximum specific gravity (Gmm), a SUPERPAVE gyratory compactor (SGC), bulk specific gravity (Gmb), indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM), and indirect tensile strength (IDT). The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also applied to quantify the effect of mixer type and mixing time. The results indicated that both mixing type and time had a significant effect on the properties of the HMA (volumetric properties and compactability) and that the type of mixer used also affected the performance of the HMA (stiffness and cracking resistance), with some mixers producing asphalt mixes with better properties than others. The study ultimately demonstrated that it is possible to produce a mix that exhibits good performance and meets or does not meet the compactability specifications depending on the mixer type used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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20 pages, 3101 KiB  
Article
Leveraging Infrastructure BIM for Life-Cycle-Based Sustainable Road Pavement Management
by Cristina Oreto, Salvatore Antonio Biancardo, Francesco Abbondati and Rosa Veropalumbo
Materials 2023, 16(3), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031047 - 24 Jan 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2304
Abstract
The latest developments in the field of road asphalt materials and pavement construction/maintenance technologies, as well as the spread of life-cycle-based sustainability assessment techniques, have posed issues in the continuous and efficient management of data and relative decision-making process for the selection of [...] Read more.
The latest developments in the field of road asphalt materials and pavement construction/maintenance technologies, as well as the spread of life-cycle-based sustainability assessment techniques, have posed issues in the continuous and efficient management of data and relative decision-making process for the selection of appropriate road pavement design and maintenance solutions; Infrastructure Building Information Modeling (IBIM) tools may help in facing such challenges due to their data management and analysis capabilities. The present work aims to develop a road pavement life cycle sustainability assessment framework and integrate such a framework into the IBIM of a road pavement project through visual scripting to automatically provide the informatization of an appropriate pavement information model and evaluate sustainability criteria already in the design stage through life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis methods. The application of the proposed BIM-based tool to a real case study allowed us (a) to draw considerations about the long-term environmental and economic sustainability of alternative road construction materials and (b) to draft a maintenance plan for a specific road section that represents the best compromise solution among the analyzed ones. The IBIM tool represents a practical and dynamic way to integrate environmental considerations into road pavement design, encouraging the use of digital tools in the road industry and ultimately supporting a pavement maintenance decision-making process oriented toward a circular economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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35 pages, 19053 KiB  
Article
Bitumen-Based Poroelastic Pavements: Successful Improvements and Remaining Issues
by Piotr Jaskula, Jerzy A. Ejsmont, Wladyslaw Gardziejczyk, Piotr Mioduszewski, Marcin Stienss, Marek Motylewicz, Cezary Szydlowski, Pawel Gierasimiuk, Dawid Rys and Marta Wasilewska
Materials 2023, 16(3), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16030983 - 20 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1440
Abstract
This article presents the development process of designing and testing poroelastic pavement based on highly polymer-modified bitumen. Poroelastic wearing course was composed of mineral and rubber aggregate mixed with highly polymer-modified bitumen, in contrast to previous trials, during which polyurethane resins were mainly [...] Read more.
This article presents the development process of designing and testing poroelastic pavement based on highly polymer-modified bitumen. Poroelastic wearing course was composed of mineral and rubber aggregate mixed with highly polymer-modified bitumen, in contrast to previous trials, during which polyurethane resins were mainly used as binder, which led to several serious technological problems concerning difficult production, insufficient bonding to the base layer, and unsatisfactory durability. The laboratory testing phase was aimed at finding the proper composition of the poroelastic mixture that would ensure required internal shear strength and proper bonding of the poroelastic layer with the base layer. After selecting several promising poroelastic mixture compositions, field test sections were constructed and tested in terms of noise reduction, rolling resistance and interlayer bonding. Despite the very good acoustic properties of the constructed poroelastic wearing course, it was not possible to solve the problem of its insufficient durability. Still, the second major issue of poroelastic pavements that concerns premature debonding of the poroelastic layer from the base layer was completely solved. Experience gained during the implementation of the described research will be the basis for further attempts to develop a successive poroelastic mixture in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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20 pages, 4783 KiB  
Article
Second Life for Plastic Fibre Waste Difficult to Recover: Partial Replacement of the Binder in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures by Dry Incorporation
by Mireia Ballester-Ramos, Helena Miera-Dominguez, Pedro Lastra-González and Daniel Castro-Fresno
Materials 2023, 16(3), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16030948 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1117
Abstract
In previous studies, different additives and modifiers have been studied to improve the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures, whose main failures are plastic deformation and cracking. In this research, the improvement of the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures were investigated by introducing residual [...] Read more.
In previous studies, different additives and modifiers have been studied to improve the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures, whose main failures are plastic deformation and cracking. In this research, the improvement of the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures were investigated by introducing residual plastics as a substitute for virgin bitumen, which improves the sustainability of the mixtures. Furthermore, the results obtained from these new mixtures were compared with a mixture designed with polymer-modified bitumen (PMB). Ten experimental designs were tested with three types of waste fibre plastics from a municipal solid waste treatment plant and two percentages of bitumen replacement (15% and 25%). The experimental testing plan included air void characterization, moisture sensitivity, stiffness and fatigue resistance, among others. An increase of approximately 5% in voids could be observed when introducing the plastic material and therefore some tests were carried out to over-compact the specimens. The results showed an improvement in the mechanical performance of the experimental mixtures, highlighting the resistance against plastic deformations, which even reached similar values to the mixtures made with PMB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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21 pages, 6400 KiB  
Article
Alternative Fillers in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures: Laboratory Investigation and Machine Learning Modeling towards Mechanical Performance Prediction
by Nitin Tiwari, Fabio Rondinella, Neelima Satyam and Nicola Baldo
Materials 2023, 16(2), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020807 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1756
Abstract
In recent years, due to the reduction in available natural resources, the attention of many researchers has been focused on the reuse of recycled materials and industrial waste in common engineering applications. This paper discusses the feasibility of using seven different materials as [...] Read more.
In recent years, due to the reduction in available natural resources, the attention of many researchers has been focused on the reuse of recycled materials and industrial waste in common engineering applications. This paper discusses the feasibility of using seven different materials as alternative fillers instead of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in road pavement base layers: namely rice husk ash (RHA), brick dust (BD), marble dust (MD), stone dust (SD), fly ash (FA), limestone dust (LD), and silica fume (SF). To exclusively evaluate the effect that selected fillers had on the mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures, we carried out Marshall, indirect tensile strength, moisture susceptibility, and Cantabro abrasion loss tests on specimens in which only the filler type and its percentage varied while keeping constant all the remaining design parameters. Experimental findings showed that all mixtures, except those prepared with 4% RHA or MD, met the requirements of Indian standards with respect to air voids, Marshall stability and quotient. LD and SF mixtures provided slightly better mechanical strength and durability than OPC ones, proving they can be successfully recycled as filler in asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, a Machine Learning methodology based on laboratory results was developed. A decision tree Categorical Boosting approach allowed the main mechanical properties of the investigated mixtures to be predicted on the basis of the main compositional variables, with a mean Pearson correlation and a mean coefficient of determination equal to 0.9724 and 0.9374, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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13 pages, 1478 KiB  
Article
Rheological Modeling of Bituminous Mixtures Including Polymer-Modified Binder and Fine Crumb Rubber Added through Dry Process
by Edoardo Bocci, Emiliano Prosperi and Maurizio Bocci
Materials 2023, 16(1), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010310 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1452
Abstract
In recent years, both dry and wet processes to include waste rubber (WR) in bituminous mixtures have had little success in Italy due to technical and economic reasons. However, the necessity to recycle this waste material and the increasing interest in low-noise emitting [...] Read more.
In recent years, both dry and wet processes to include waste rubber (WR) in bituminous mixtures have had little success in Italy due to technical and economic reasons. However, the necessity to recycle this waste material and the increasing interest in low-noise emitting pavement is encouraging researchers and stakeholders to explore new solutions. In this context, a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) manufactured with polymer-modified bitumen and fine WR added through a dry method has been recently developed. This paper deals with the rheological characterization and modeling of this innovative HMA, in comparison with two reference mixtures, with ordinary polymer-modified bitumen and with an asphalt rubber binder produced through a wet process. The complex modulus was measured through uniaxial cyclic compression tests at different temperatures and frequencies. The Huet-Sayegh rheological model was used to simulate the experimental data. The results showed that the time-temperature superposition principle is valid, despite the presence of polymers and WR. The Huet-Sayegh model allows a good fitting of the dynamic modulus and loss angle data to be achieved. The viscous response of the mixture including polymer-modified bitumen and rubber powder is higher than the other HMAs, which is mainly associated with the nature of the modifiers, the binder content in the mix and the less severe short-term aging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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18 pages, 7128 KiB  
Article
Rutting Behavior of Asphalt Surface Layers Designed for Solar Harvesting Systems
by Marco Pasetto, Andrea Baliello, Giovanni Giacomello and Emiliano Pasquini
Materials 2023, 16(1), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010277 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1317
Abstract
Solar harvesting systems applied to asphalt roads consist of pipes or coils installed a few centimeters below the asphalt pavement surface. They work thanks to a circulating fluid able to collect the heat coming from solar irradiation of the pavement surface and convert [...] Read more.
Solar harvesting systems applied to asphalt roads consist of pipes or coils installed a few centimeters below the asphalt pavement surface. They work thanks to a circulating fluid able to collect the heat coming from solar irradiation of the pavement surface and convert it into thermal gradients that can be used for electric energy supply. Specific attention must be paid to the design of the asphalt mixtures comprising the system. In this sense, the high in-service temperature rutting potential is one of the main issues to be assessed in such applications since the thermal optimization of asphalt mixes could lead to excessively deformable materials. The present study is a part of a wider research area aimed at developing an efficient asphalt solar collector. Here, a laboratory mixture-scale investigation is proposed to verify the anti-rutting potential of specific asphalt layers that were initially designed based on thermal properties only. Repeated load axial and wheel tracking tests are carried out on limestone- and steel slag-based bituminous mixtures. Overall, the tested layers were not fully able to satisfy the permanent deformation acceptance criteria; in this regard, possible improvements in terms of mix constituents and properties are ultimately addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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16 pages, 4020 KiB  
Article
Use of Hybrid Mineral Filler with High Emissivity in Asphalt Mixture for Cooling Road Pavements
by Lingxiang Kong, Ling Xu, Yinfei Du, Jiao Jin, Giuseppe Loprencipe and Laura Moretti
Materials 2023, 16(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010175 - 25 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1619
Abstract
Road asphalt pavements cover a high percentage of urban size and contribute to heat islands. This study proposed a new method to cool asphalt pavement by incorporating a kind of hybrid mineral filler (HMF) with high emissivity into a reference asphalt mixture prepared [...] Read more.
Road asphalt pavements cover a high percentage of urban size and contribute to heat islands. This study proposed a new method to cool asphalt pavement by incorporating a kind of hybrid mineral filler (HMF) with high emissivity into a reference asphalt mixture prepared with limestone mineral filler (LMF). The physical, emissive, solar reflective, and rheological properties of asphalt mastic and the thermal performances of asphalt mixture were covered to investigate the possibility of the proposed strategy. From Fourier transform infrared spectrum test, it can be found that HMF was physically blended with asphalt. The emissivity results show that HMF increased the emissivity of asphalt mastic from 0.9204 to 0.9820. The asphalt mastic containing HMF had similar solar reflectance with the control one. In addition, HMF could enhance the rutting resistance of asphalt mastic according to the results of multiple stress creep recovery tests. When HMF replaced LMF, the thermal conductivity of the asphalt mixture with HMF increased by 0.26 W/(m·K) (the reference value was 1.72 W/(m·K)). The combined effect of high emissivity and thermal conductivity led to a lower surface temperature (i.e., −5.4 °C) in the tests. The results of this study demonstrate that HMF is a potential material to cool asphalt pavements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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19 pages, 8908 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Mortar’s Poisson Ratio and Viscous Properties on Effective Stiffness and Anisotropy of Asphalt Mixture
by Marcin D. Gajewski and Jan B. Król
Materials 2022, 15(24), 8946; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248946 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1019
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a research study and analysis conducted to determine the degree of anisotropy of asphalt concrete in terms of its initial elastic properties. The analysis of asphalt concrete was focused on determining the effective constrained stiffness modulus in [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of a research study and analysis conducted to determine the degree of anisotropy of asphalt concrete in terms of its initial elastic properties. The analysis of asphalt concrete was focused on determining the effective constrained stiffness modulus in three mutually perpendicular directions based on the finite element method. The internal structure of the asphalt concrete was divided into the mortar phase and the mineral aggregate phase. Static creep tests using the Bending Beam Rheometer were conducted for the mortar phase to fit the rheological model. The aggregate arrangement and orientation were analysed using an image analytical technique for the mineral phase. The Finite Element Method (FEM) meshes were prepared based on grey images with an assumption of plane strain in 2D formulation. Using the FEM model, the tension/compression tests using selected characteristic directions were conducted, and the effective constrained stiffness moduli were estimated. This study showed a dominant horizontal direction for all coarse aggregates resulting from the normal force of the road roller and paving machines during laying and compaction on a road site. Depending on the values of the mortar’s mechanical parameters and the load direction, the effective stiffness modulus might differ by ±20%. Based on the FEM analysis, this result was proven and commented on through an effective directional modulus evaluation and a presentation of internal stress distribution. Depending on the shape and orientation of the aggregates, it was possible to observe local “stress bridging” (transferring stresses from aggregate to aggregate when contacting). Moreover, the rheological properties of the mortar were considered by assuming two limiting situations (instantaneous and relaxed moduli), determining the bands of all possible solutions. In the performed FEM analysis, the influence of the Poisson ratio was also considered. The analysed asphalt concrete tends to be isotropic when the Poisson’s mortar ratio is close to the value of 0.5, which agrees with the physical expectations. The obtained results are limited to particular asphalt concrete and should not be extrapolated to other asphalt mixture types without prior analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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17 pages, 2727 KiB  
Article
Contribution of Asphalt Rubber Mixtures to Sustainable Pavements by Reducing Pavement Thickness
by Liseane Padilha Thives, Jorge C. Pais, Paulo A. A. Pereira, Carlos A. O. F. Palha and Glicério Trichês
Materials 2022, 15(23), 8592; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238592 - 02 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1245
Abstract
Asphalt rubber mixtures have been used as pavement surface layers due to their ability to prevent early degradation, and are considered a sustainable option. This study performed analysis comparing the fatigue resistance of asphalt rubber mixtures of different combinations of asphalt bases, crumb [...] Read more.
Asphalt rubber mixtures have been used as pavement surface layers due to their ability to prevent early degradation, and are considered a sustainable option. This study performed analysis comparing the fatigue resistance of asphalt rubber mixtures of different combinations of asphalt bases, crumb rubber, and gradation, in order to estimate the performance of asphalt rubber mixtures as pavement surface layers. The methodology was developed in a laboratory and involved asphalt rubber production by continuous and terminal blend systems with different crumb rubbers and asphalt base types. Asphalt rubber mixtures with varying gradations and an unmodified asphalt mixture as a reference were produced. The mechanical behavior as a dynamic modulus and with respect to fatigue resistance was evaluated using a four-point bending test. In order to verify each of the asphalt rubber mixtures’ contribution as a surface layer, pavement structures were designed and their lifespans were compared. The findings showed that all asphalt rubber mixtures presented higher fatigue resistance than the reference. For pavement design, in comparison with the reference mixture, the thickness of the surface layer could be reduced by at least 50% while achieving the same life, proving its successful performance. This study demonstrated the effective contribution of crumb rubber from scrap tires as an asphalt modifier for producing sustainable mixtures with adequate fatigue performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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20 pages, 4929 KiB  
Article
Performance of Plant-Produced Asphalt Containing Cellular Capsules
by Laura Traseira-Piñeiro, Tony Parry, Frank Haughey and Alvaro Garcia-Hernandez
Materials 2022, 15(23), 8404; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238404 - 25 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 980
Abstract
This paper aims to assess the influence of encapsulated rejuvenators on plant-produced asphalt’s performance. The polymeric capsules are evaluated as cellular materials that deform and absorb energy while they experience a progressive collapse of their porous structure, rather than a simply means to [...] Read more.
This paper aims to assess the influence of encapsulated rejuvenators on plant-produced asphalt’s performance. The polymeric capsules are evaluated as cellular materials that deform and absorb energy while they experience a progressive collapse of their porous structure, rather than a simply means to release the rejuvenator. Additionally, variables during asphalt manufacturing that may affect their plastic deformation under loading are assessed too. Firstly, plant-produced asphalt’s mechanical and morphological properties were evaluated, including the capsules’ distribution and integrity after mixing. Then, results were contrasted with lab-produced asphalt under controlled conditions. Lastly, the capsules’ deformation was qualitatively evaluated using a FE model to verify findings from the testing campaign. It was concluded that (i) cellular capsules can resist mixing at an asphalt plant without compromising their performance; (ii) the deformation of the capsules affected asphalt’s stability by up to 13%, reduced the particle loss by up to 25% and increased asphalt’s macrotexture by 10%; (iii) to maximize their energy absorption, the cellular capsules must be part of the aggregate skeleton. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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12 pages, 4074 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Real Performance of Crumb-Rubber-Modified Asphalt Mixtures
by Francisco Javier Sierra-Carrillo de Albornoz, Fernando Moreno-Navarro and María del Carmen Rubio-Gámez
Materials 2022, 15(23), 8366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238366 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1206
Abstract
The main goal of this study is to evaluate the field performance of crumb-rubber-modified asphalt mixtures used as a surface layer on high-volume traffic roads. For this purpose, several road sections were constructed under different climate conditions and using control mixtures (manufactured with [...] Read more.
The main goal of this study is to evaluate the field performance of crumb-rubber-modified asphalt mixtures used as a surface layer on high-volume traffic roads. For this purpose, several road sections were constructed under different climate conditions and using control mixtures (manufactured with traditional SBS polymer-modified binders) and crumb-rubber-modified mixtures. After the construction of the different road sections, cores were taken at different periods of their service life (up to 63 months) and they were tested in the laboratory in order to assess the evolution of the density, stiffness and fatigue resistance of the layers. Based on the results obtained from tests, it can be concluded that under real severe traffic and climate conditions, asphalt mixtures manufactured with crumb-rubber-modified bitumen offer ageing and mechanical performance very similar to that offered by asphalt mixtures manufactured with traditional SBS-modified bitumen. Based on these considerations, this application can be an interesting solution to minimize environmental problems caused by end-of-life tires in landfills. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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15 pages, 3887 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Low Volume Roads Surfaced with 100% RAP Millings
by Adam J. T. Hand, Prathapan Ragavan, Nicole G. Elias, Elie Y. Hajj and Peter E. Sebaaly
Materials 2022, 15(21), 7462; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217462 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1151
Abstract
The sustainability of roadway construction has rapidly been gaining attention within the pavement industry. The pavements examined in this study are in a Northern Nevada county with many of the roadways categorized as low volume roads. The county began surfacing rural roads with [...] Read more.
The sustainability of roadway construction has rapidly been gaining attention within the pavement industry. The pavements examined in this study are in a Northern Nevada county with many of the roadways categorized as low volume roads. The county began surfacing rural roads with 100% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) millings, without any design considerations for decades. These pavements have provided satisfactory performance with little to no maintenance for their intended purpose for 25–30 years. The presented research revealed RAP milling surfaced roads with layer coefficients between 0.18 and 0.30, and design thicknesses ranging from 5 to 11 inches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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16 pages, 5709 KiB  
Article
Performance of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Fly Ash
by Asad Elmagarhe, Qing Lu, Mohammad Alharthai, Mohammed Alamri and Ahmed Elnihum
Materials 2022, 15(18), 6363; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186363 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1509
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of two waste materials from construction and industry, namely recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and Type C fly ash, on the overall performance of a special type of pavement surface mixture, porous asphalt mixture. Mixtures of different combinations of [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effects of two waste materials from construction and industry, namely recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and Type C fly ash, on the overall performance of a special type of pavement surface mixture, porous asphalt mixture. Mixtures of different combinations of RCA (for partial aggregate replacement) and fly ash (for filler replacement) were prepared in the laboratory and tested for a variety of pavement surface performance parameters, including air-void content, permeability, Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength, moisture susceptibility, Cantabro loss, macrotexture, and sound absorption. The analysis of the results showed that incorporating RCA or fly ash in a porous asphalt mixture slightly reduced the air-void content, permeability, and surface macrotexture of the mixture. A 10% replacement of granite aggregates with RCA in the porous asphalt mixtures led to a reduction in mixture stability, indirect tensile strength, resistance to raveling, and sound absorption. The further substitution of mineral filler with fly ash in the mixture, however, helped to offset the negative impact of RCA and brought the mechanical properties of the mixture with 10% RCA to levels comparable to those of the control mixture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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17 pages, 6677 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Mode-I Fracture Toughness of Asphalt Mixtures with Symmetric Geometry Specimen at Intermediate Temperature
by Juan Francisco Pérez-Landeros, Pedro Limón-Covarrubias, José Roberto Galaviz-González, David Avalos-Cueva, María de la Luz Pérez-Rea and Miguel Zamora-Palacios
Materials 2022, 15(14), 4977; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144977 - 17 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1575
Abstract
Mode I fracture (tensile type) is the common cracking mode of asphalt pavements, which is caused by thermal cyclic loading or traffic. Some studies allow the analysis of the fracture modes by means of standardized tests, some of which are limited, difficult, with [...] Read more.
Mode I fracture (tensile type) is the common cracking mode of asphalt pavements, which is caused by thermal cyclic loading or traffic. Some studies allow the analysis of the fracture modes by means of standardized tests, some of which are limited, difficult, with little repeatability or do not generate an adequate tension state. In this paper, mode I fracture toughness of asphalt mixtures with symmetric geometry specimens at intermediate temperature is evaluated. Experimental results from direct tension test and simulations on asphalt mix specimens subjected to intermediate temperatures of 10, 20 and 30 °C, mode I load rates (0.5, 1 and 2 mm/min) and notches (2 and 3 cm) were compared to find the variables that reflect the operating conditions of the asphalt mix. Results showed that shear stresses are 8.12% lower in the simulations with respect to the tests, while the load-deformation curves show 30% and 35% variation, where the temperature of 20 °C, the notch of 2 cm and the loading speed of 1 mm/min are the conditions that best represent the stress state of the test; moreover, it manages to consider the elastic and viscous components of the material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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17 pages, 4823 KiB  
Article
Influence of Freeze–Thaw Cycles on the Mechanical Properties of Highly Rubberised Asphalt Mixtures Made with Warm and Cold Asphalt Binders
by Christina Makoundou and Cesare Sangiorgi
Materials 2022, 15(7), 2701; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072701 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1902
Abstract
The present study has been developed to investigate the effect of freeze and thaw (F–T) cycles on the characteristics of highly rubberised asphalt materials to be used as impact-absorbing pavement (IAP) in urban road infrastructures. The tested samples were produced in the laboratory [...] Read more.
The present study has been developed to investigate the effect of freeze and thaw (F–T) cycles on the characteristics of highly rubberised asphalt materials to be used as impact-absorbing pavement (IAP) in urban road infrastructures. The tested samples were produced in the laboratory following the dry process incorporation. Two main types of crumb rubber particles in the range of 0–4 mm were used. Moreover, two types of binders, one warm and one cold, were utilised to prove the feasibility of cold-produced admixtures. The temperature range of the F–T procedure was comprised between −18 ± 2 °C (dry freezing), and 4 ± 2 °C (in water), and the cycles were repeated, on the samples, 10 times. At 0, 1, 5, and 10 cycles, the samples were tested with non-destructive and destructive testing methods, including air voids content, ITSM, ITS, and Cantabro loss. The waters of the thawing period were collected, and the pH, electric conductivity, and particle loss were measured. A consequent change in mechanical behaviour has been recorded between warm and cold produced samples. However, the tests found that the F–T cycles had limited influence on the deterioration of the highly rubberised samples. The loss of particles in the thaw waters were identified as being potentially caused by the temperature stresses. The research suggested various ways to optimise the material to enhance the cold-produced layer mechanical performances, aiming at a fume and smell-free industrialised solution and reducing the potential leaching and particle losses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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21 pages, 6295 KiB  
Article
Asphalt Binder Modification with Plastomeric Compounds Containing Recycled Plastics and Graphene
by Simone D’Angelo, Gilda Ferrotti, Fabrizio Cardone and Francesco Canestrari
Materials 2022, 15(2), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020516 - 10 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2703
Abstract
Polymer-modified bitumens are usually employed for enhancing the mixture performance against typical pavement distresses. This paper presents an experimental investigation of bitumens added with two plastomeric compounds, containing recycled plastics and graphene, typically used for asphalt concrete dry modification. The goal was to [...] Read more.
Polymer-modified bitumens are usually employed for enhancing the mixture performance against typical pavement distresses. This paper presents an experimental investigation of bitumens added with two plastomeric compounds, containing recycled plastics and graphene, typically used for asphalt concrete dry modification. The goal was to study the effects of the compounds on the rheological response of the binder phase, as well the adhesion properties, in comparison with a reference plain bitumen. The blends (combination of bitumen and compounds) were evaluated through dynamic viscosity tests, frequency sweep tests, and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. Moreover, the bitumen bond strength (BBS) test was performed to investigate the behavior of the systems consisting of blends and aggregate substrates (virgin and pre-coated). The rheological tests indicated that both blends performed better than the plain bitumen, especially at high temperature, showing an enhanced rutting resistance. In terms of bond strength, comparable results were found between the blends and reference bitumen. Moreover, no performance differences were detected between the two types of blends. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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