Journal Description

Magnetism

Magnetism is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on science and technology for all original researches on magnetism and related fields, published quarterly online by MDPI. The UK Magnetics Society (UKMagSoc) is affiliated with Magnetism and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
Rapid Publication: first decisions in 16 days; acceptance to publication in 5.8 days (median values for MDPI journals in the second half of 2022).
Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Magnetism is a companion journal of Electronics.

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2673-8724

Latest Articles

Open AccessCommunication

Effect of Laminated Core Body Size on Motor Magnetic Properties

Kyyoul Yun

Magnetism 2023, 3(2), 158-168; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3020013 - 06 Jun 2023

Abstract

The magnetic characteristics of electromagnetic steel sheets used for motors are evaluated under ideal sinusoidal excitation. However, in actual equipment driving, excitation by pulse-width modulation (PWM) waves is the mainstream method. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify how the magnetic properties used in motors are changed by sinusoidal excitation and inverter excitation. To clarify the magnetic properties of the laminated core by inverter excitation, samples with different core sizes were prepared and the effects on the magnetic properties were then investigated. The magnetic properties were measured by changing only the input voltage V_DC while maintaining the carrier frequency and modulation factor constant. As the results, the iron loss values of the small, medium, and large samples with inverter excitation were 6.05, 9.58, and 11.62 W/kg, respectively. The iron losses of the small, medium, and large toroidal cores with inverter excitation increased by 124.9, 256.1, and 332.0%, respectively, compared with the iron loss of each toroidal core with sinusoidal excitation. The larger the body, the higher the required voltage and iron loss. It can be inferred that a larger amount of energy was required to excite a larger toroidal core. This was because the change in magnetic flux density per unit time of the large toroidal core was greater than that of other cores. This indicates that the large toroidal core generated larger eddy currents than other cores. Therefore, it is possible to say that large toroidal cores generate greater eddy current losses than other cores. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Hydromagnetic Waves in Cold Nuclear Matter

Şerban Mişicu

Magnetism 2023, 3(2), 148-157; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3020012 - 29 May 2023

Abstract

I consider a proton–neutron fluid mixture placed in an ultra-strong external static magnetic field and derive the spin-independent, small-amplitude disturbances in infinitely extended systems. As a theoretical framework I adopt a hydrodynamical model for the proton and neutron fluids moving in a Skyrme mean-field derived from the time-dependent Hartree Fock formulation of the many-body nuclear problem. From the mass, momentum balance, and Maxwell equations, I set up a system of equations governing the electromagnetic field and the continuum-mechanical fields of the mixture. Next, the hydromagnetic equations are linearized, and the occurrence of small-amplitude distortions of the velocity field is analyzed for various orientations of the constant external magnetic induction with respect to the wave propagation vector. The derivation of the above equations is carried out for the inviscid case. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Geomagnetically Induced Currents Impact on Power Grid Modelling

Stanislav Gritsutenko

Nikolay Korovkin

Yaroslav Sakharov

and

Olga Sokolova

Magnetism 2023, 3(2), 135-147; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3020011 - 15 May 2023

Abstract

Recent history demonstrates that threat has no borders, though risk does, due to national and regional differences in vulnerabilities and exposure landscapes. The difference between well and poorly managed threat is striking. Inequalities in preparing for threats as a function of their type are still apparent. Compared to more concerning electromagnetic interference threats, the impact of geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) on power grid operation is not well studied. The need for detailed research of GMD negative impacts is expected to broaden awareness. The amplitude of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) is treated as a uniform measure of danger that can be processed by various stakeholders. Hence, methods for increasing the accuracy of GIC representation are presented in this paper. A low-entropy signal is defined and it is shown that the feature of low signal entropy can be used for increasing the accuracy of the measurement equipment. At the end, a full-system view of GMD impact on power grid operation is given. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Loss Mitigation in Self-Biased Microstrip Circulators

Lingqi Kong

Alexander Schuchinsky

Sumin Joseph

Taylan Eker

and

Yi Huang

Magnetism 2023, 3(2), 121-134; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3020010 - 04 May 2023

Abstract

Integration of the ferrite devices in the RF front-end and active antennas is hindered by the need for external magnets, biasing soft microwave ferrites. The hexaferrite-based self-biased nonreciprocal devices can operate without external magnets at mm-wave frequencies but the currently available hexaferrite materials inflict high RF losses at lower frequencies, particularly in the wireless communication bands. In this paper, the parameters of La-Co-substituted hexaferrite compounds are used for the self-biased circulators in the low GHz frequency bands, and a means of the dissipation loss reduction are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modelling and Physical Applications of Magnetic Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

On the Modernisation of Weber’s Electrodynamics

Juan Manuel Montes

Magnetism 2023, 3(2), 102-120; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3020009 - 25 Apr 2023

Abstract

This work is an attempt to modernise Weber’s electrodynamics to make it compatible with the high-velocity regime, and with the existence of a limiting velocity, c. For this purpose, starting from the law of energy conservation and the mass–energy equivalence, new expressions for potential energy and for kinetic energy are derived jointly which are consistent with an ultimate velocity of the value of c. The new potential energy, already reported by Phipps, becomes Weber’s expression in the limit of low velocities. The new kinetic energy differs from the relativistic expression, but, like the latter, it also becomes the Newtonian expression in the limit of low velocities. New expressions for force and linear momentum are also derived which complete a new mechanics. Phipps’ potential energy and new kinetic energy are applied to the problem of two interacting charges in a radial motion and orbital motion. The new framework is also applied to the problem of a charge moving between the two plates of a charged capacitor, obtaining a result similar to that obtained by means of Maxwell–Lorentz electromagnetism and relativistic mechanics. The metaphysical considerations that clearly differentiate the conventional framework from the new framework proposed here are discussed. Full article

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Influence of Hydrogen Reduction Stage Conditions on the Microwave Properties of Fine Iron Powders Obtained via a Spray-Pyrolysis Technique

Anastasia V. Artemova

Konstantin N. Rozanov

and

Andrey N. Lagarkov

Magnetism 2023, 3(2), 90-101; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3020008 - 23 Apr 2023

Abstract

The relationship between the chemical purity of one-size particles and microwave properties in ferromagnetic materials is not clearly studied. Ferromagnetic nanostructured iron powders were synthesized from iron nitrate solution using ultrasonic spray-pyrolysis and then reduced in H₂ flow at 350, 400, 450, and 500 °C. A rise in the concentration of solutions of a precursor from 10 to 20 wt. % led to an increase in mean particle size. The interrelationship was studied between chemical composition and the microwave dispersion of the powders obtained. An increase in the temperature of reduction changes the chemical composition and increases the amplitude of complex microwave permeability, which was studied using solid-state physics methods (XRD, STA, SEM, and VNA). It was found that annealing at 400 °C is the optimal treatment that allows the production of iron powders, consisting of about 90% of α-Fe phase, possessing a particle surface with low roughness and porosity, and demonstrating intense microwave absorption. Annealing at a higher temperature (500 °C) causes an even higher increase in permeability but leads to the destruction of nanostructured spheres into smaller particles due to grain growth. This destruction causes an abrupt increase in permittivity and therefore significantly reduces potential applications of the product. The insight into chemical–magnetic relationships of these materials enhances the data for design applications in magnetic field sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Surfaces: Thin Films and Nanostructures)

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Extension of the Application Range of Multipolar Bonded Ring Magnets by Thermosets in Comparison to Thermoplastics

Uta Rösel

and

Dietmar Drummer

Magnetism 2023, 3(1), 71-89; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3010007 - 20 Mar 2023

Abstract

To expand the range of applications of multipolar bonded magnets based on a thermoplastic matrix, the chemical and thermal resistance has to be increased and the reduced orientation in the rapid solidified surface layer has to be overcome. To meet these requirements, the matrix of multipolar bonded magnets can be based on thermosets. This paper investigates in the magnetic properties, especially in the orientation of hard magnetic fillers, the pole accuracy and the mechanical properties of multipolar bonded ring magnets based on the hard magnetic filler strontium-ferrite-oxide and compares the possibilities of thermoplastic (polyamide)- and thermoset (epoxy resin, phenolic resin)-based matrices. It was shown that the magnetic potential of the thermoset-based material can only be fully used with further magnetization. However, the magnetic properties can be increased using thermoset-based compounds compared to thermoplastics in multipolar bonded ring magnets. Further, a model of the orientation and pole accuracy is found in terms of thermoset-based multipolar magnets. In addition, the change of the mechanical properties due to the different matrix systems was shown, with an increase in E-Modulus, E_t, and a reduction in tensile strength, σ_m, and elongation at break, ε_m, in terms of thermosets compared to thermoplastics. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Micromagnetics of Microwave-Assisted Switching in Co-Pt-Based Nanostructures: Switching Time Minimization

Christos Thanos

and

Ioannis Panagiotopoulos

Magnetism 2023, 3(1), 61-70; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3010006 - 08 Mar 2023

Abstract

Microwave-assisted switching (MAS) is simulated for different CoPt and CoPt/Co₃Pt nanosrtuctures as a function of applied DC field and microwave frequency. In all the cases, the existence of microwave excitation can lower the switching field by more than 50%. However, this coercivity reduction comes at a cost in the required switching time. The optimal frequencies follow the trends of the ferromagnetic resonances predicted by the Kittel relations. This implies that: (a) when the DC field is applied along the easy axis, the coercivity reduction is proportional to the microwave frequency, whereas (b) when the coercivity is lowered by applying the DC field at an angle of 45° to the easy axis, extra MAS reduction requires the use of high frequencies. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Off-Diagonal Magnetoimpedance in Annealed Amorphous Microwires with Positive Magnetostriction: Effect of External Stresses

Nikita A. Buznikov

Magnetism 2023, 3(1), 45-60; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3010005 - 13 Feb 2023

Abstract

It was observed recently that the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect in Fe-rich glass-coated amorphous microwires with positive magnetostriction can be improved significantly by means of post-annealing. The increase in the GMI is attributed to the induced helical magnetic anisotropy in the surface layer of the microwire, which appears after the annealing. The application of external stresses to the microwire may result in changes in its magnetic structure and affect the GMI response. In this work, we study theoretically the influence of the tensile and torsional stresses on the off-diagonal magnetoimpedance in annealed amorphous microwires with positive magnetostriction. The static magnetization distribution is analyzed in terms of the core–shell magnetic structure. The surface impedance tensor is obtained taking into account the magnetoelastic anisotropy induced by the external stresses. It is shown that the off-diagonal magnetoimpedance response exhibits strong sensitivity to the magnitude of the applied stress. The obtained results may be useful for sensor applications of amorphous microwires. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Simulations of Temperature-Dependent Magnetization in Fe_xGd_100−x (20 ≤ x ≤ 80) Alloys

Oleksandr Pastukh

Dominika Kuźma

and

Svitlana Pastukh

Magnetism 2023, 3(1), 34-44; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3010004 - 23 Jan 2023

Abstract

Theoretical calculations of the temperature-dependent magnetization in FeGd alloys were done with the use of Heisenberg-type atomistic spin Hamiltonian and Monte Carlo algorithms. The random allocation of atoms in the desired crystal structure was used for simulations of magnetically amorphous alloys. Performed calculations for the two different crystal structures have shown an important role of coordination number on the observed critical temperature and compensation point. Moreover, the value of the exchange interaction between Fe and Gd sublattices plays a key role in the simulations—an increase in the Fe–Gd exchange constant provides an increase in critical temperature for each concentration of elements, which explains the higher temperature stabilization of Gd moments. It was shown that obtained temperature-dependent magnetization behavior is consistent with experimental observations, which confirms the applicability of the atomic model used to study FeGd or other magnetic alloy structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetism and Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Alloys)

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Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Magnetism in 2022

by Magnetism Editorial Office

Magnetism 2023, 3(1), 32-33; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3010003 - 17 Jan 2023

Abstract

High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...] Full article

Open AccessArticle

Numerically Stable and Computationally Efficient Expression for the Magnetic Field of a Current Loop

Michael Ortner

Peter Leitner

and

Florian Slanovc

Magnetism 2023, 3(1), 11-31; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3010002 - 30 Dec 2022

Abstract

In this work, it is demonstrated that straightforward implementations of the well-known textbook expressions of the off-axis magnetic field of a current loop are numerically unstable in a large region of interest. Specifically, close to the axis of symmetry and at large distances from the loop, complete loss of accuracy happens surprisingly fast. The origin of the instability is catastrophic numerical cancellation, which cannot be avoided with algebraic transformations. All exact expressions found in the literature exhibit similar instabilities. We propose a novel exact analytic expression, based on Bulirsch’s complete elliptic integral, which is numerically stable (15–16 significant figures in 64 bit floating point arithmetic) everywhere. Several field approximation methods (dipole, Taylor expansions, Binomial series) are studied in comparison with respect to accuracy, numerical stability and computation performance. In addition to its accuracy and global validity, the proposed method outperforms the classical solution, and even most approximation schemes in terms of computational efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modelling and Physical Applications of Magnetic Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Correlation of Light Polarization in the Magnetic Media with Non-Spherical Point-Like Inclusions

Ramil A. Niyazov

Venu Gopal Achanta

and

Vladimir I. Belotelov

Magnetism 2023, 3(1), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3010001 - 29 Dec 2022

Abstract

Light propagation through magnetic media with ellipsoidal inclusions much smaller than the light wavelength was investigated theoretically. It is assumed that the ellipsoidal inclusions have the same orientation but are randomly distributed inside the magnetic medium by the Gaussian law. The theoretical model is based on the multiple-scattering theory in the ladder approximation. A new type of electromagnetic field correlation is found to appear in this case, while it is absent in isotropic magnetic nanocomposites and nonmagnetic anisotropic composites. This feature allows for the precise control of light polarization in anisotropic magnetic media. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Simulation of a Hybrid Thermoelectric-Magnetocaloric Refrigerator with a Magnetocaloric Material Having a First-Order Transition

Elías Palacios

Jesús Francisco Beltrán

and

Ramón Burriel

Magnetism 2022, 2(4), 392-407; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism2040028 - 12 Dec 2022

Abstract

A simple hybrid thermoelectric-magnetocaloric (TE-MC) system is analytically and numerically simulated using the working parameters of commercial Peltier cells and the properties of a material with a first-order and low-hysteresis magneto-structural phase transition as La(Fe,Mn,Si)

_{13}

_{1.65}

. The need for a [...] Read more.

_{13}

_{1.65}

. The need for a new master equation of the heat diffusion is introduced to deal with these materials. The equation is solved by the Crank–Nicolson finite difference method. The results are compared with those corresponding to a pure TE system and a pure MC system with ideal thermal diodes. The MC material acts as a heat “elevator” to adapt its temperature to the cold or hot source making the TE system very efficient. The efficiency of the realistic hybrid system is improved by at least 30% over the pure Peltier system for the same current supply and is similar to the pure MC with ideal diodes for the same cooling power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetocaloric Effect: Theory and Experiment in Concert)

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Open AccessArticle

Quasi-Stable, Non-Magnetic, Toroidal Fluid Droplets in a Ferrofluid with Annular Magnetic Field

Alastair Radcliffe

Magnetism 2022, 2(4), 380-391; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism2040027 - 08 Dec 2022

Abstract

A relatively stable, non-magnetic, torus-shaped fluid droplet within a linearly magnetizable surrounding ferrofluid medium, and subject to the annular magnetic field induced by an electric current in a wire passing perpendicularly through its centre, has been found through the use of coupled finite [...] Read more.

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Open AccessArticle

Monopole Antenna Miniaturization with Magneto-Dielectric Material Loading Combined with Metal Parasitic Element

and

Magnetism 2022, 2(4), 368-379; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism2040026 - 10 Nov 2022

Abstract

In this paper is shown a new way to use Magneto-Dielectric Materials (MDM) in order to miniaturize monopole antennas. It is proposed to load an antenna with MDM to use the relative permeability to achieve the first 17% miniaturization rate. Then, in order to achieve better miniaturization, it is proposed to add metal parasitic plates on both sides of the material to use the relative permittivity to ensure capacitance useful to shift the antenna’s resonant frequency. By combining material loading, metallic plates’ capacitances and matching circuit designed with the real frequency technic, an antenna’s frequency shift from 350 MHz to 200 MHz is achieved corresponding to 43% of height reduction. A matching circuit has been designed to match the antenna at −5 dB. The obtained frequency bandwidth is 15% (185–215 MHz) with a realized gain of over −2.5 dBi. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

New Framework to Study Electromagnetic Turbulence

Mario J. Pinheiro

Magnetism 2022, 2(4), 356-367; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism2040025 - 26 Oct 2022

Abstract

Combining a current source involving vortical surface currents in the set of Maxwell’s equations offers a functional framework to address the complex phenomena of electromagnetic turbulence. The field structure equations exhibit fluid behavior with associated electromagnetic viscosity and reveal that the electromagnetic field, as a fluid, shows turbulent properties. This is an entirely new mechanism, investigated for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The fluidic–electromagnetic analogy implies that diffraction is the analog phenomenon of EM turbulence. The method clarifies the role of vortical surface currents in generating electromagnetic turbulence and classical fractal-like behavior in optical devices and suggests norms to design suitable plasmon circuity to control electromagnetic turbulence in stealth technology and propulsion machines. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Low-Frequency Dynamic Magnetic Susceptibility of Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles with Superparamagnetic Properties

Igor S. Poperechny

and

Yuriy L. Raikher

Magnetism 2022, 2(4), 340-355; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism2040024 - 10 Oct 2022

Abstract

As is known, the multi-sublattice structure of antiferromagnets (AFMs) entails that, under size diminution to the nanoscale, compensation of the sublattice magnetizations becomes incomplete. Due to that, the nanoparticles acquire small, but finite permanent magnetic moments. An AC field applied to such particles induces their magnetic response, the measurement of which is well within the sensitivity range of the experimental technique. Given the small size of the particles, their magnetodynamics is strongly affected by thermal fluctuations, so that their response bears a considerable superparamagnetic contribution. This specific feature is well-known, but usually is accounted for at the estimation accuracy level. Herein, a kinetic model is proposed to account for the magnetic relaxation of AFM nanoparticles, i.e., the processes that take place in the frequency domain well below the magnetic resonance band. Assuming that the particles possess uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, the expressions for the principal components of the both linear static and dynamic susceptibilities are derived, yielding simple analytical expressions, including those for the case of a random distribution of the particle axes. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Mössbauer Synchrotron and X-ray Studies of Ultrathin YFeO₃ Films

and

Magnetism 2022, 2(4), 328-339; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism2040023 - 29 Sep 2022

Abstract

The YFeO₃ orthoferrite is one of the most promising materials for antiferromagnetic (AFM) spintronics. Most studies have dealt with bulk samples, while the thin YFeO₃ films possess unusual and variable properties. Ultrathin (3–50 nm) YFeO₃ films have been prepared by [...] Read more.

1 \bar{1} 0 2

)-oriented Al₂O₃ substrates (r-Al₂O₃). Their characterization was undertaken by the Mössbauer reflectivity method using a Synchrotron Mössbauer Source and by X-ray diffraction (XRD) including grazing incidence diffraction (GI-XRD). For thin films with different thicknesses, the spin reorientation was detected under the application of the magnetic field of up to 3.5 T. Structural investigations revealed a predominant orthorhombic highly textured YFeO₃ phase with (00l) orientation for relatively thick (>10 nm) films. Some inclusions of the Y₃Fe₅O₁₂ garnet (YIG) phase as well as a small amount of the hexagonal YFeO₃ phase were detected in the Mössbauer reflectivity spectra and by XRD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Low-Dimensional Structures and Hybrid Materials)

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Open AccessArticle

Practical Study of Mixed-Core High Frequency Power Transformer

Arun Kumar Paul

Magnetism 2022, 2(3), 306-327; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetism2030022 - 01 Sep 2022

Cited by 1

Abstract

The design of medium- to high-frequency power electronics transformer aims not only to minimize the power loss in the windings and the core, but its heat removal features should also allow optimal use of both core and copper. The heat removal feature (e.g., thermal conduction) of a transformer is complex because there exist multiple loss centers. The bulk of total power loss is concentrated around a small segment of the core assembly where windings are overlaid. The primary winding is most constrained thermally. For superior use of core and copper, the temperature rise in different segments of the transformer should be well below their respective safe operating limits. In practice, cores of same soft-magnetic materials are traditionally used. To achieve superior temperature profile and for better long-term performance, this article proposes to use the mixed-core configuration. The new core(s) would replace the parent ones from the segment where windings are laid. The characteristic features of new cores would share increased burden of heat removal from the transformer. To obtain the qualitative insight of magnetic and thermal performance, the proposed mixed-core transformer would be thoroughly validated practically in two different high-power applications. In the first case, the core is always energized to its rated value, and in the second one, windings are always energized at respective rated current capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modelling and Physical Applications of Magnetic Systems)

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