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Lubricants
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Advances in Gear Tribology
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Advances in Gear Tribology

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (17 May 2024) | Viewed by 10844

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Xiangyang Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China
Interests: dynamics; gear

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gear transmission systems are widely used in all aspects of industrial equipment. The working performance of gears directly determines the working performance of most mechanical equipment. The long-term continuous friction between the tooth surfaces makes wear failure often become one of the main reasons for restricting gear life. It directly affects the transmission efficiency, stability, and reliability of the gear transmission system. Exploring advanced technologies to reduce gear friction and improve transmission efficiency has become a significant issue of universal concern in the industry and academia.

Over the past century, meaningful progress has been made in the theory of tooth contact states and the wear behavior characterization of gears during friction. However, the factors affecting the friction and wear of gears are many and complex, and in many cases, several factors are coupled to cause failure. It is difficult to accurately describe the friction behavior of gears based on a single mechanism. In addition, many studies have focused on improving the treatment process of gear materials and lubricating oil additive technology, which can effectively reduce friction.

This Special Issue aims to bring together the world's leading scientists who are curious and passionate about the advanced technology of gear friction in the fields of tribology, mechanical transmission system design, and materials. We aim to promote an “Integration” of knowledge in these fields, generate more creative inspiration, and deepen our understanding of the tribology of gear transmission systems. All scientists engaged in tribology, mechanical design, and materials-related fields are welcome to contribute.

Prof. Dr. Xiangyang Xu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • tribology and wear
  • gear transmission system
  • lubricants
  • efficiency of transmission
  • advance materials
  • numerical simulation
  • finite element analysis

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 5357 KiB  
Article
A Fractal Prediction Method for Contact Stiffness of Helical Gear Considering Asperity Lateral Contact and Interaction
by Xiangyang Xu, Lei Shi and Linfang Fan
Lubricants 2023, 11(12), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11120509 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1536
Abstract
The normal contact stiffness (NCS) on rough surfaces has a significant impact on the dynamic characteristics of helical gear. Aiming at the problem of inaccurate calculation of the NCS model under the traditional Hertz theory of smooth surfaces, a fractal prediction model of [...] Read more.
The normal contact stiffness (NCS) on rough surfaces has a significant impact on the dynamic characteristics of helical gear. Aiming at the problem of inaccurate calculation of the NCS model under the traditional Hertz theory of smooth surfaces, a fractal prediction model of helical gear contact stiffness considering asperity lateral contact and interaction between asperities is proposed in this paper. The variation formula of asperity and the correction coefficient of a tooth contact surface under asperity lateral contact and interaction are derived, and the influence of micro-elements on normal load and NCS is qualitatively analyzed. The results show that the NCS of considering the interaction and lateral contact of asperity is closer to the experimental results; the contact surface correction coefficient increases with the increase of curvature radius and load. The NCS of a tooth surface increases with the increase in fractal dimension D or the decrease in roughness amplitude G. The influence of asperity lateral contact and interaction decreases with the increase in D and the decrease in G. The NCS of the helical gear decreases under the lateral contact and interaction of the asperity, which is critical for exact estimation of the NCS of contact surfaces in gear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gear Tribology)
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17 pages, 4765 KiB  
Article
A New Experimental Methodology to Study Convective Heat Transfer in Oil Jet Lubricated Gear Units
by Thibaut Torres, Christophe Changenet, Thomas Touret and Bérengère Guilbert
Lubricants 2023, 11(9), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11090408 - 18 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1495
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to generate some experimental data associated with the thermal heat exchange between an oil jet flow and a rotating gear. To this end, a specific test bench was designed. The principle of this test bench is to [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study is to generate some experimental data associated with the thermal heat exchange between an oil jet flow and a rotating gear. To this end, a specific test bench was designed. The principle of this test bench is to inject oil heated to a temperature of about 80 °C onto a rotating test sample at ambient temperature. Temperature measurements of the oil via injection nozzles and the rotating component allow the determination of the heat flow between these elements using a numerical method developed to this end. This test rig enables the study of the parameters that may affect heat exchange, such as oil flow rate and injection temperature, nozzle geometry and position, gear rotational speed and tooth geometry, or oil characteristics. In this study, three of these parameters were investigated, namely the test sample rotational speed, the oil flow rate, and the oil jet velocity. The experiments were conducted on an aluminum disc and spur gear. Subsequently, the experimental results were compared with existing models that represent the convective exchanges between oil and a gear. Some discrepancies between existing models and experimental results appear at high rotational speeds, underlining that the convective heat transfer does not always increase with this parameter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gear Tribology)
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Graphical abstract

22 pages, 7065 KiB  
Article
Key Parameters and Experimental Study of High-Speed Rotating Meshing Gear Injection Lubrication Based on Moving Particle Semi-Implicit Method
by Tiangang Zou, Qingdong Yan, Tuo Sui, Zhenguo Zhao, Junye Li and Yuanyuan An
Lubricants 2023, 11(9), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11090366 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1376
Abstract
With the rapid development of China’s manufacturing industry, products are changing toward better energy efficiency and precision. Reducing transmission energy waste, enhancing transmission lubrication, and increasing transmission efficiency have all become critical concerns. The moving particle semi-implicit particle approach is utilized in this [...] Read more.
With the rapid development of China’s manufacturing industry, products are changing toward better energy efficiency and precision. Reducing transmission energy waste, enhancing transmission lubrication, and increasing transmission efficiency have all become critical concerns. The moving particle semi-implicit particle approach is utilized in this study to create a high-speed rotating meshing gear lubrication model and conduct a simulation analysis of transmission gears by studying the influence law of sensitive parameter injection diameter on lubrication. The oil distribution state on the gear surface, the gear tooth surface heat dissipation effect, and the degree of gear operating stability are all calculated by computing the gear surface fluid coverage and convective heat transfer coefficient. According to the numerical simulation results, increasing the liquid injection diameter can greatly enhance fluid coverage and convective heat transfer coefficient on the gear surface, hence improving lubrication. However, when the injection diameter reaches a critical value, the contact area between the liquid and the gear is maximized, and additional increases in the injection diameter will not improve the lubricating effect. Experiments have revealed that the liquid injection diameter is the most critical factor influencing gears. The gear torque dramatically increases as the liquid injection diameter increases. According to a rigorous analysis, the gear lubrication effect is optimal when the liquid injection diameter is 2.0 mm. This provides a theoretical foundation for transmission system lubrication design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gear Tribology)
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21 pages, 7379 KiB  
Article
Noise Prediction Study of Traction Arc Tooth Cylindrical Gears for New Generation High-Speed Electric Multiple Units
by Zhaoping Tang, Zhenyan Chen, Jianping Sun, Menghui Lu and Hui Liu
Lubricants 2023, 11(9), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11090357 - 23 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1442
Abstract
As the speed of the new generation of high-speed electric multiple units (EMU) increases, the requirements for vibration and noise reduction in traction gear trains are becoming higher and higher. Although most researchers have focused on the vibration mechanics analysis of gears, the [...] Read more.
As the speed of the new generation of high-speed electric multiple units (EMU) increases, the requirements for vibration and noise reduction in traction gear trains are becoming higher and higher. Although most researchers have focused on the vibration mechanics analysis of gears, the actual noise has the most direct impact on passenger experience and safety. To address this problem, a new type of curved cylindrical gear is proposed to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the gear pair and predict its radiated noise based on the acoustic-vibration coupling theory using the finite element-boundary element method. Parametric modeling of the gear pair using CREO and assembly motion analysis were performed. ANSYS was used to analyze the stress distribution, inherent frequency, and inherent vibration pattern of the gear pair, and harmonic response analysis was performed using the modal superposition method to solve the displacement frequency response curve and vibration characteristics. ACTRAN was used to construct the free-field model, create acoustic excitation based on the acoustic-vibration coupling equation, set the field points, and predict radiated noise. The research results show that the noise is mainly concentrated in the tooth meshing area, and the root mean square RMS range of its sound pressure level value is 91–100 dB. Its dynamic characteristics and noise values are in line with the traction requirements of high-speed EMU, providing a new idea for improving the noise prediction of traction gears for new generation high-speed EMU, which in turn strongly support the noise control of high-speed EMU stock and thus improve the passenger experience and driving environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gear Tribology)
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18 pages, 6157 KiB  
Article
Investigation on Tooth Surface Wear of Cycloid Drives Considering Tooth Profile Modifications
by Xuan Li, Haidong Yang, Weilong Niu, Ran Guo and Lining Sun
Lubricants 2023, 11(8), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11080323 - 30 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1564
Abstract
Cycloid drives are widely used in various mechanical systems due to their high reduction ratio, compact size, and high efficiency. Tooth surface wear is a major problem that affects the reliability and durability of cycloid drives. However, compared to the research on the [...] Read more.
Cycloid drives are widely used in various mechanical systems due to their high reduction ratio, compact size, and high efficiency. Tooth surface wear is a major problem that affects the reliability and durability of cycloid drives. However, compared to the research on the wear of involute gears, the prediction of tooth surface wear in cycloid drives is relatively limited and less extensive. To fill this gap, the theoretical wear model of the tooth surface of cycloid-pin gear pairs is proposed based on the Hertz contact theory and Archard’s formula, with consideration of tooth profile modifications. Firstly, the loaded tooth contact analysis model is established to determine the relative sliding velocity and tooth contact stress. Secondly, the calculation steps of single tooth surface wear are presented within one gear mesh cycle. With this, the effects of the tooth profile modifications, the operating conditions such as output torque, input speed, and the assembly eccentricity on the wear depth within one gear mesh cycle are investigated. This study gives a deeper understanding of the tooth surface wear mechanisms of cycloid drives and could be employed to assist gear design and to improve the wear resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gear Tribology)
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19 pages, 5823 KiB  
Article
A Data-Driven Approach to Estimate the Power Loss and Thermal Behaviour of Cylindrical Gearboxes under Transient Operating Conditions
by Matteo Autiero, Marco Cirelli, Giovanni Paoli and Pier Paolo Valentini
Lubricants 2023, 11(7), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11070303 - 20 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1985
Abstract
This paper proposes an innovative methodology to estimate the thermal behaviour of the cylindrical gearbox system, considering, as a thermal source, the power loss calculated under transient operating conditions. The power loss of the system in transient conditions is computed through several approaches: [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an innovative methodology to estimate the thermal behaviour of the cylindrical gearbox system, considering, as a thermal source, the power loss calculated under transient operating conditions. The power loss of the system in transient conditions is computed through several approaches: a partial elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication model (EHL) is adopted to estimate the friction coefficients of the gears, while analytical and semiempirical models are used to compute other power loss sources. Furthermore, considering a limited set of operating condition points as a training set, a reduced-order model for the evaluation of the power loss based on a neural network is developed. Using this method, it is possible to simulate thermal behaviour with high accuracy through a thermal network approach in all steady-state and transient operating conditions, reducing computational time. The results obtained by means of the proposed method have been compared and validated with the experimental results available in the literature. This methodology has been tested with the FZG rig test gearbox but can be extended to any transmission layout to predict the overall efficiency and component temperatures with a low computational burden. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gear Tribology)
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