Autoimmune Disorders: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutics

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Physiology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2026) | Viewed by 2565

Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit I-II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Interests: Graves’ disease; hyperthyroidism; GD extrathyroidal manifestations; thyroid autoimmunity; thyroid disease; Graves’ orbitopathy
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Guest Editor
1. Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
2. University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
Interests: thyroid disease; thyroid autoimmunity; Graves’ disease; Graves orbitopathy; immune check point inhibitors; bone disease; bone development

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Autoimmune disorders, characterized by the immune system's misguided recognition and attack on self-antigens, remain a significant challenge in medicine. These diseases, which include conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, and thyroid autoimmune disorders, namely autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves’ disease, affect millions worldwide and often lead to chronic disability. Among these conditions, polyglandular autoimmune syndromes (PASs) represent a particularly complex subset, involving the simultaneous dysfunction of multiple endocrine glands, which adds layers of clinical and therapeutic complexity. Despite remarkable progress in understanding the pathophysiology of autoimmunity, much remains to be explored, particularly in bridging the gap between molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications.

This Special Issue, “Autoimmune Disorders: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutics”, seeks to bring together cutting-edge research and expert reviews that delve into the intricate mechanisms driving autoimmunity and highlight innovative therapeutic strategies. We invite contributions that explore the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors influencing autoimmunity, novel biomarkers for diagnosis and disease monitoring, and state-of-the-art interventions, including biologics, small molecules, and immune-modulating therapies.

Our goal is to provide a platform for researchers and clinicians to share insights that advance the field, foster collaboration, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. By addressing both foundational and translational aspects of autoimmune disorders, this Special Issue aims to bridge the bench-to-bedside gap and pave the way for more effective and personalized treatment approaches.

We look forward to receiving your submissions and showcasing groundbreaking work in this critical field.

Dr. Giulia Lanzolla
Dr. Chiara Mura
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • autoimmunity
  • autoimmune diseases
  • polyglandular autoimmune syndromes
  • thyroid autoimmune disease
  • type 1 diabetes

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 734 KB  
Article
The Effectiveness of Janus Kinase Inhibitors for the Management of Relapsing Takayasu Arteritis: A Spanish Real-World Study and Comprehensive Review of the Literature
by Javier Loricera, Javier Narváez, Susana Romero-Yuste, Valentina Emperiale, Iván Ferraz-Amaro, Carmen Secada-Gómez, Adrián Martín-Gutiérrez and Ricardo Blanco
Life 2026, 16(6), 1028; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16061028 - 19 Jun 2026
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Abstract
Background: A significant proportion of individuals with Takayasu arteritis (TA) experience relapses notwithstanding standard treatment with glucocorticoids, and conventional synthetic or biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). As the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway contributes to the pathogenesis [...] Read more.
Background: A significant proportion of individuals with Takayasu arteritis (TA) experience relapses notwithstanding standard treatment with glucocorticoids, and conventional synthetic or biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). As the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of TA, JAK inhibitors (JAKi) could represent a viable therapeutic alternative. This study assessed the effectiveness of JAKi in patients with relapsing TA within a real-world setting in a country with a low incidence of TA such as Spain and included a comprehensive review of the literature. Methods: we conducted a retrospective analysis of TA patients managed with JAKi for recurrent disease across three Spanish centers. Evaluated outcomes comprised clinical remission, clinical and analytical remission, glucocorticoid-sparing effect, improvement in imaging techniques, and adverse events. A systematic literature search was performed to identify further cases of TA treated with JAKi. Results: six patients (83.3% females) with a mean age 48.5 years and relapsing TA received JAKi therapy: baricitinib (n = 2); tofacitinib (n = 2), and upadacitinib (n = 2). Before JAKi therapy, all (100%) patients had received conventional synthetic immunosuppressants, and four (66.7%) biologics. Clinical remission was achieved in 2/6 (33.3%), 3/5 (60%), 3/5 (60%), 2/3 (66.7%), and 2/2 (100%) patients at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months, respectively. Clinical + analytical remission was observed in 1/6 (16.7%), 2/5 (40%), 2/5 (40%), 2/3 (66.7%), and 2/2 (100%) patients, respectively. Two patients who underwent a follow-up PET/CT imaging showed partial improvement in both. After a median (IQR) follow-up of 9.5 (6.0–16.7) months, one (16.7%) patient discontinued the initial JAKi due to no improvement and one patient discontinued it because was diagnosed with tonsillar neoplasia. The literature search identified another 166 JAKi-treated TA cases with clinical improvement reported for the majority of them. Conclusions: this real-world analysis and literature review suggest that JAKi could be effective in the management of TA, including for those patients who have failed established glucocorticoid-sparing strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autoimmune Disorders: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutics)
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Review

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26 pages, 724 KB  
Review
B Cells and B Cell Depletion in Autoimmunity and Atherosclerosis
by Jenny Lue Solomon, Anjali Dubbaka, Ankita Srivastava, Elise Belilos, Joshua De Leon, Steven E. Carsons and Allison B. Reiss
Life 2026, 16(6), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16060923 - 30 May 2026
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Abstract
Although previously B cells had been underestimated in comparison to T cells in their role in autoimmunity, now, their impact is well established. Via secretion of autoantibodies, presentation of autoantigens, regulation of antigen processing and presentation, and release of inflammatory cytokines, B cells [...] Read more.
Although previously B cells had been underestimated in comparison to T cells in their role in autoimmunity, now, their impact is well established. Via secretion of autoantibodies, presentation of autoantigens, regulation of antigen processing and presentation, and release of inflammatory cytokines, B cells can mediate cytotoxicity and lead to organ damage. B cell depletion via CD20 targeting effectively eliminates B cells in the blood and primary lymph organs and has found an effective role in the treatment of both rheumatological and neurological diseases. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a key component of immune regulation that prevents IgG (produced by B cells) from degradation by lysosomes, sending it back into the extracellular compartment, thereby extending its half-life. This abundance of pathogenic IgG can lead to the development of autoimmune disease. The interplay between these two mechanisms of autoimmunity provides the great potential for combination therapy to reduce existent pathogenic IgG as well as prevent the production of new autoantibodies, though further investigation is needed to determine the risks, particularly of infection. This paper will explore existing B cell depleting treatments and FcRn inhibitors, and consider the potential impact for autoimmune disease as well as for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autoimmune Disorders: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutics)
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