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Life
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Biomarker Analysis for Sports Performance and Health
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Biomarker Analysis for Sports Performance and Health

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Physiology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 2032

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Domenico Martone

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Guest Editor
Department of Economics, Law, Cybersecurity and Sports Sciences, University Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy
Interests: exercise physiology
Prof. Dr. Johnny Padulo

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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
Interests: public health; maturation; physical activity; sport science; kinesiology
Prof. Dr. Luca Paolo Ardigò

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Guest Editor
Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, 0166 Oslo, Norway
Interests: bio-mechanics & -energetics of natural human/comparative movement/locomotion; bio-mechanics & -energetics of assisted human movement/locomotion; portable devices for measuring physical activity; metabolic expenditure; research methods issues
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on analyzing biomarkers and their physiological roles in human performance in exercise, sports, and health. Recent research has identified biomarkers that can be used to assess athletic performance, monitor health statuses, and prevent injuries during exercise and training. Additionally, biomarker analysis in sports offers valuable insights into an athlete's nutritional and physiological statuses.

Topics of interest for this Special Issue include exercise physiology, bioenergetics, biology, human locomotion, performance analysis, sports sciences, and training optimization. We encourage contributions that adopt an integrated approach to biomarker analysis, providing strategies for personalized health and performance optimization across various high-performance samples and genders.

We welcome submissions utilizing diverse methodologies, such as randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, longitudinal studies, and narrative reviews authored by experts in their fields.

Prof. Dr. Domenico Martone
Prof. Dr. Johnny Padulo
Prof. Dr. Luca Paolo Ardigò
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Life is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • exercise physiology
  • bioenergetics
  • biology
  • human locomotion
  • performance analysis
  • sports sciences
  • training optimization

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

34 pages, 5529 KiB  
Review
The 4Rs Framework of Sports Nutrition: An Update with Recommendations to Evaluate Allostatic Load in Athletes
by Diego A. Bonilla, Jeffrey R. Stout, Michael Gleeson, Bill I. Campbell, Guillermo Escalante, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Jorge L. Petro, Richard B. Kreider and Adrián Odriozola-Martínez
Life 2025, 15(6), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15060867 - 27 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1578
Abstract
The 4Rs of sports nutrition were proposed in recent years as an evidence-based framework to optimize post-exercise recovery within the context of allostasis. Under this paradigm, it is important to consider that each R represents a factor with a tremendous influence on the [...] Read more.
The 4Rs of sports nutrition were proposed in recent years as an evidence-based framework to optimize post-exercise recovery within the context of allostasis. Under this paradigm, it is important to consider that each R represents a factor with a tremendous influence on the allostatic response and improves individual components of the allostatic load (AL), which will positively impact the exercise-induced adaptations and the athlete’s recovery. The 4Rs correspond to the following. (i) Rehydration—This is necessary to guarantee the post-exercise consumption of at least 150% of the body mass lost during the exercise accompanied by sodium (if faster replacement is required). (ii) Refuel—Carbohydrate intake (~1.2 g/kg body mass per hour for up to 4 h post-exercise) is essential not only in restoring glycogen reserves but also in supporting the energy needs of the immune system and facilitating tissue repair. Despite changes in substrate utilization, a ketogenic diet generally has neutral or negative effects on athletic performance compared to carbohydrate-rich diets. (iii) Repair—The ingestion of high-quality protein stimulates post-exercise net muscle protein anabolism and might contribute to faster tissue growth and repair. The use of certain supplements, such as creatine monohydrate, might help to enhance recovery, while tart cherry, omega-3 fatty acids, and dietary nitrate (e.g., Beta vulgaris, Amaranthus L.), as well as other herbal extracts containing flavonoid-rich polyphenols, deserve further clinical research. (iv) Recuperate—Pre-sleep nutrition (casein- or protein-rich meal with slow digestion rate) has a restorative effect, facilitating the recovery of the musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. In this article, we update the 4Rs framework, delve deeper into the allostasis paradigm, and offer theoretical foundations and practical recommendations (the 4Rs app) for the assessment of AL in athletes. We cautiously propose an AL index (ALindex) for physique competitors and elite athletes to evaluate the cumulative physiological stress induced by exercise and, thereby, to adjust exercise and nutrition interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarker Analysis for Sports Performance and Health)
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