Eco-Sensitive Areas: Ecosystem Services, Protected Lands, and Current Challenges (Third Edition)

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Landscape Ecology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 August 2026 | Viewed by 2316

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
College of Public Administration, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: landscape planning; spatial analysis; ecosystem services; ecosystem management for poverty alleviation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There are many eco-sensitive areas around the world, covering a sizeable portion of the world’s terrestrial surface. Examples include mountain regions (e.g., the Tibetan Plateau) and transitional zones (e.g., farming–pastoral zones). These regions provide products and services to large amounts, if not all, of the world's population, with benefits including freshwater, food, and recreation, etc. However, due to excessive human land use activities and climate change, these regions are currently facing numerous challenges that affect the structure, quality, and ability of these ecosystems to provide services and products. In response to these challenges, many policies have been implemented, including designating protected land areas and providing ecological compensation, in order to balance the relationship between ecological protection and socio-economic development. These interventions must be supported by the government at different levels to ensure that these ecosystems are able to sustainably provide their services. Because of this, studies related to ecosystem services should play an essential role in managing and conserving eco-sensitive areas and protected land. However, it is still unclear how studies on ecosystem services can support the conservation of biodiversity under present conditions and in future scenarios.

This Special Issue aims to address critical knowledge gaps in our basic understanding of land use/cover change, ecosystem services, how they have changed in eco-sensitive areas, and societal trends in and outside of eco-sensitive areas in terms of dealing with future challenges. A particular focus is placed on studies on protected land and research into the management and preservation of biodiversity and landscapes in these areas.

For this Special Issue of Land, we invite authors to submit theoretical considerations and descriptions of practical case studies, discussing ecosystem services and protected lands in eco-sensitive areas. Both review and research articles are welcome. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following areas:

  • The mapping, quantification, and assessment of ecosystem services and their dynamics;
  • The assessment of the effectiveness of protected lands after protection and restoration;
  • The optimization of the layout of protected lands to enhance the delivery of ecosystem services;
  • The identification of eco-sensitive areas from the perspective of ecosystem services and remote sensing;
  • Land use and the trade-offs of ecosystem services;
  • The identification of external threats to eco-sensitive areas.

Dr. Shicheng Li
Dr. Lanhui Li
Dr. Mingjie Song
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ecosystem services
  • protected lands
  • eco-sensitive areas
  • Tibetan Plateau
  • land use/cover change
  • ecological compensation
  • anthropogenic activities
  • ecosystem restoration
  • ecosystem services trade-off

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2353 KB  
Article
Effectiveness of Alpine Protected Areas: An Evaluation of the Three-River-Source Nature Reserve Through Human Footprint Measurements
by Shicheng Li, Qiuyan Liang, Fei Xu and Jiangmin Li
Land 2026, 15(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030475 - 16 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 438
Abstract
Protected areas play a critical role in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services, yet their effectiveness in mitigating anthropogenic pressures, particularly in fragile alpine ecosystems like the Three-River-Source region of the Qinghai Plateau—a vital water tower for Asia—requires long-term and rigorous assessment. This study [...] Read more.
Protected areas play a critical role in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services, yet their effectiveness in mitigating anthropogenic pressures, particularly in fragile alpine ecosystems like the Three-River-Source region of the Qinghai Plateau—a vital water tower for Asia—requires long-term and rigorous assessment. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Three-River-Source Nature Reserve by analyzing spatiotemporal changes in the human footprint from 2000 to 2024. Utilizing a globally consistent human footprint dataset refined with high-resolution grazing intensity data for the Qinghai Plateau, we compared human footprint dynamics inside and outside the reserve and across its three functional zones (core, buffer, experimental). To isolate the policy effect, we employed a propensity score matching (PSM) approach to control for confounding geographical and socio-economic factors. Results indicate that while human pressure increased overall, the nature reserve was partially effective. The PSM-based comparison revealed that the increase in human footprint inside the nature reserve was lower than in matched external control areas. This effect was spatially heterogeneous and positively correlated with management intensity: it was most pronounced in the core zone, moderate in the buffer zone, and negligible in the experimental zone. The conservation outcomes showed notable improvement following policy enhancements, particularly after the national park’s formal establishment. The findings confirm the value of strict internal protection and functional zoning but highlight the challenge of intensifying peripheral pressures, underscoring the need for integrated landscape-level management strategies beyond the reserve’s boundaries to ensure long-term ecological integrity. Full article
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20 pages, 21225 KB  
Article
Construction and Optimization of an Ecological Network Based on Circuit Theory and Complex Network Analysis: A Case of Anyang City, China
by Zhichao Zhang, Xiao Wang, Chaohui Yin, Qian Wen, Yue Yang and Xinwei Lu
Land 2026, 15(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030469 - 15 Mar 2026
Viewed by 422
Abstract
Assessing and optimizing regional ecological networks is critical for mitigating fragmentation-driven ecological risks and informing evidence-based territorial spatial planning in China. In this study, we developed a comprehensive evaluation framework integrating ecosystem services, ecological sensitivity, and landscape connectivity to identify ecological sources in [...] Read more.
Assessing and optimizing regional ecological networks is critical for mitigating fragmentation-driven ecological risks and informing evidence-based territorial spatial planning in China. In this study, we developed a comprehensive evaluation framework integrating ecosystem services, ecological sensitivity, and landscape connectivity to identify ecological sources in Anyang City, China. We then extracted ecological corridors and nodes using circuit theory and constructed the city’s ecological network. Notably, we applied complex network theory combined with topological robustness analysis for optimization to enhance network stability. The analysis identified 43 ecological sources (820.72 km2; 11.16% of the region), predominantly distributed in western Anyang. A total of 82 corridors (460.35 km), 62 pinch points, and 120 barrier points were mapped—primarily in the west, revealing critical connectivity deficits. Network optimization through the addition of 10 strategic corridors significantly enhanced structural balance and functionality, with average degree, closeness centrality, clustering coefficient, eigenvector centrality, and graph density increasing by 5.55–12.19%, and their standard deviations decreasing by an average of 19.32%. Global efficiency (+8.74%), the largest connected component ratio (+0.73%), and node/edge recovery robustness (+17.44%/+18.08%) also improved markedly, confirming greater connectivity and resilience. Our methodology comprehensively integrates ecosystem functional services, disturbance resistance, and spatial structural stability, providing a practical reference for the construction and optimization of regional ecological networks in mountainous–plain transition zones of China. Full article
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29 pages, 3932 KB  
Article
Dynamic Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ecological Environment in the Yellow River Basin in 2000–2024 and the Driving Mechanisms
by Yinan Wang, Lu Yuan, Yanli Zhou and Xiangchao Qin
Land 2025, 14(10), 1958; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14101958 - 28 Sep 2025
Viewed by 926
Abstract
The Yellow River Basin (YRB), a pivotal ecoregion in China, has long been plagued by a range of ecological problems, including water loss, soil erosion, and ecological degradation. Despite previous reports on the ecological environment of YRB, systematic studies on the multi-factor driving [...] Read more.
The Yellow River Basin (YRB), a pivotal ecoregion in China, has long been plagued by a range of ecological problems, including water loss, soil erosion, and ecological degradation. Despite previous reports on the ecological environment of YRB, systematic studies on the multi-factor driving mechanism and the coupling between the ecological and hydrological systems remain scarce. In this study, with multi-source remote-sensing imagery and measured hydrological data, the random forest (RF) model and the geographical detector (GD) technique were employed to quantify the dynamic spatiotemporal changes in the ecological environment of YRB in 2000–2024 and identify the driving factors. The variables analyzed in this study included gross primary productivity (GPP), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), land use and cover change (LUCC), meteorological statistics, as well as runoff and sediment data measured at hydrological stations in YRB. The main findings are as follows: first, the GPP and FVC increased significantly by 37.9% and 18.0%, respectively, in YRB in 2000–2024; second, LUCC was the strongest driver of spatiotemporal changes in the ecological environment of YRB; third, precipitation and runoff contributed positively to vegetation growth, whereas the sediment played a contrary role, and the response of ecological variables to the hydrological processes exhibited a time lag of 1–2 years. This study is expected to provide scientific insights into ecological conservation and water resources management in YRB, and offer a decision-making basis for the design of sustainability policies and eco-restoration initiatives. Full article
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