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A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Ecology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 May 2023) | Viewed by 19865

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marco Uttieri

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Guest Editor

Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
Interests: zooplankton ecology; behaviour; numerical analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Ylenia Carotenuto

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Guest Editor

Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
Interests: copepod ecophysiology; prey-predator interaction; transcriptomic
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Iole Di Capua

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Guest Editor

Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
Interests: diversity, phylogeny, and ecology of zooplankton (especially copepods)

Dr. Vittoria Roncalli

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Guest Editor

Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
Interests: marine zooplankton ecology; molecular ecology; transcriptomics; metatranscriptomics; diapause; plankton community ecology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As Guest Editors, we are very pleased to announce the opening of the Special Issue “Ecology of Marine Zooplankton” in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. Zooplanktonic organisms sit in a crucial position of marine food webs, providing the link between primary producers and higher trophic levels, but also sustaining the vertical exchanges of matter and energy within deep-sea and benthic communities.

In this Special Issue, we aim to collect contributions focusing on different systems (lagoons, coastal areas, open sea, deep sea) and taxa (from copepods to fish larvae, from medusae to chaetognaths), reporting on the ecology of zooplanktonic organisms including, but not limiting to: taxonomy and morphology; distribution and patterns (biodiversity); interactions with the environment and other organisms (physiological ecology); feeding, development and reproduction; host-parasite relationships; taxonomy, morphology, and physiology; movement behaviour; non-indigenous species (NIS); ‘omics’ approaches, including single-organism studies and communities as a whole (meta-omics); and molecular ecology.

Contributions in the form of original research papers, reviews, notes, and commentaries are all equally welcome. This Special Issue will represent a virtual venue where trending topics and future perspectives can be presented, promoting the exchange of scientific knowledge and sustaining the development of future research lines, while deepening our present understanding of the role of zooplanktonic organisms in shaping and regulating the structure of marine ecosystems.

We appreciate your interest in the Special Issue “Ecology of Marine Zooplankton”, and we look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Marco Uttieri
Prof. Dr. Ylenia Carotenuto
Dr. Iole Di Capua
Dr. Vittoria Roncalli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

zooplankton
ecology
interactions
physiology
movement behaviour
molecular ecology
genomic, transcriptomic and meta-omics
integrated taxonomy

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 204 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Ecology of Marine Zooplankton

by Marco Uttieri, Ylenia Carotenuto, Iole Di Capua and Vittoria Roncalli

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101875 - 27 Sep 2023

Viewed by 967

Abstract

Marine ecosystems, from coastal areas to open waters, teem with a multitude of heterotrophic and mixotrophic organisms collectively forming the zooplankton, the animal component of the plankton [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

Research

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15 pages, 1787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Distribution of Ferritins in Marine Copepods

by Vittoria Roncalli, Marco Uttieri and Ylenia Carotenuto

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061187 - 07 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1155

Abstract

Iron is an essential element for the functioning of cellular processes. Ferritins, the major intracellular iron storage proteins, convert the free Fe²⁺ into the nontoxic Fe³⁺ which can be stored and transported where needed. To date, little is known about the iron metabolism in copepods; however, in these crustaceans, ferritins have been used as biomarkers of stress and diapause. A limiting factor of these studies has been the use of a single ferritin transcript as a biomarker. In this paper, we in silico mined the publicly available copepod transcriptomes to characterize the multiplicity of the ferritin transcripts in different orders and families. We also examined the expression of ferritin in three ecologically important copepods—Calanus finmarchicus, C. helgolandicus and Temora stylifera—during development and under stress conditions. A full-length transcript encoding ferritin heavy chain has been identified in all 27 mined transcriptomes, with 50% of the species possessing multiple transcripts. Ferritin expression increased in C. finmarchicus during the early–late development transition, and in T. stylifera females exposed to oxylipins at sea. Overall, our results suggest that copepod ferritins can be involved in iron storage, larval development and stress response, thus representing potential biomarker genes for ocean health status monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

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24 pages, 3438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical Drivers of Zooplankton Seasonal Variability in a West African Lagoon (Nokoué Lagoon, Benin)

by Alexis Chaigneau, François Talomonwo Ouinsou, Hervé Hotèkpo Akodogbo, Gauthier Dobigny, Thalasse Tchémangnihodé Avocegan, Fridolin Ubald Dossou-Sognon, Victor Olaègbè Okpeitcha, Metogbe Belfrid Djihouessi and Frédéric Azémar

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030556 - 06 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1503

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the seasonal variation of zooplankton diversity and abundance in the Nokoué Lagoon in southern Benin. Through extensive sampling, a total of 109 zooplanktonic taxa were identified and quantified. The average zooplankton abundance was found to be 60 individuals per liter, with copepods and rotifers being the most dominant groups, comprising 68.1% and 29.1% of the total abundance, respectively. The key factor identified as driving the structure of the zooplanktonic assemblages was salinity, which showed significant seasonal variation. The results revealed that during the high water period, when the lagoon was filled with fresh water, rotifers were dominant, zooplanktonic diversity was highest, and abundances were quite high. Conversely, during the low water period, when the lagoon was characterized by brackish water, diversity was minimal, and abundance decreased slightly. The study also found that some areas of the lagoon showed high abundances independent of salinity levels, suggesting that other factors such as riverine inputs or the presence of acadjas (home-made brush parks used as fish traps) may also have notable effects on the zooplankton community. Overall, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into the functioning of one of the most biologically productive lagoons in West Africa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

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14 pages, 3892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cold Dome Affects Mesozooplankton Communities during the Southwest Monsoon Period in the Southeast East China Sea

by Yan-Guo Wang, Li-Chun Tseng, Xiao-Yin Chen, Rou-Xin Sun, Peng Xiang, Bing-Peng Xing, Chun-Guang Wang and Jiang-Shiou Hwang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030508 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 984

Abstract

In order to better understand the cold dome influence on zooplankton community structure, zooplankton samples were collected during the southwest monsoon prevailing period from the southeast waters of the East China Sea. To reduce the bias caused by different sampling months, the samples were collected in June 2018 and in June 2019. An obvious cold dome activity was proven by images of remote sensing satellites during the June 2018 cruise. In contrast, the research area was much affected by open sea high temperature and water masses during the June 2019 cruise. Significant differences in water conditions were demonstrated by surface seawater temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen concentrations between the two cruises. Nevertheless, no significant differences were observed concerning mesozooplankton in general, copepods, large crustaceans, other crustaceans, and pelagic molluscs between the June 2018 and June 2019 cruises. However, the mean abundance of gelatinous plankton was significantly different with 1213.08 ± 850.46 (ind./m³) and 2955.93 ± 1904.42 (ind./m³) in June 2018 and June 2019, respectively. Noteworthy, a significantly lower mean abundance of meroplankton, with 60.78 ± 47.32 (ind./m³), was identified in June 2018 compared to 464.45 ± 292.80 (ind./m³) in June 2019. Pearson’s correlation analysis also showed a highly positive correlation of gelatinous plankton and meroplankton with sea surface temperature (p < 0.01). The variation of salinity showed a significant negative correlation with gelatinous plankton abundance (p < 0.05), and a highly significant negative correlation with the abundance of meroplankton (p < 0.01). Only the abundance of meroplankton showed a positive correlation with dissolved oxygen concentrations (p < 0.05). The copepod communities were separated in two groups which were consistent with sampling cruises in 2018 and 2019. Based on the specificity and occupancy of copepods, Macrosetella gracilis, Oithona rigida, Cosmocalanus darwinii, Paracalanus parvus, and Calocalanus pavo were selected as indicator species for the cold dome effect in the study area during June 2018, whereas the indicator species of warm water impact in the open sea were Calanopia elliptica, Subeucalanus pileatus, Paracalanus aculeatus, and Acrocalanus gibber during the June 2019 cruise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

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22 pages, 4217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecosystem Variability along the Estuarine Salinity Gradient: A Case Study of Hooghly River Estuary, West Bengal, India

by Diwakar Prakash, Chandra Bhushan Tiwary and Ram Kumar

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010088 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3409

Abstract

Hooghly River, a ~460 km long distributary of the Ganga River, passes through a highly industrialized Metropolis-Kolkata in West Bengal, India, and eventually empties into the Bay of Bengal at Gangasagar. To determine the patterns and drivers of planktonic community, spatiotemporal variations in water quality and micronutrient content and planktic prokaryotic and microeukaryotic abundance and diversity across the salinity gradient (0.1 to 24.6 PSU) in the Hooghly River estuary (HRE) were studied. Plankton and water samples were collected at six sites during October 2017, February 2018, and June 2018. The biotic parameters—phytoplankton (Chlorophyll a), total bacterial abundance (cfu), and copepods—were significantly higher in the downstream estuarine sites than in the upstream riparian sites; conversely, rotifer and cladoceran abundances were significantly higher at upstream stations. The most culturable bacterial strains were isolated from the two freshwater sites and one at the confluence (estuarine) and are characterized as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas songnenesis, and Exiguobacterium aurantiacum. Among zooplankton, rotifers (0.09 ± 0.14 ind L⁻¹) and cladocerans (5.4 ± 8.87 ind L⁻¹) were recorded in higher abundance and negatively correlated with bacterial concentrations at upstream stations. On the temporal scale, February samples recorded lower proportions of bacterivorous zooplankton at the three upstream stations. Cluster analysis separated samples on the basis of seasons and water mass movement. The February samples showed distinct spatial characteristics, as three freshwater (FW) stations grouped together and segregated at second 2nd hierarchical level, whereas the three estuarine stations formed a separate cluster at the 50% similarity level. Samples collected in October 2017 and June 2018 exhibited mixed attributes. June samples recorded higher influence of freshwater discharge. The zooplankton abundance showed significant negative correlation with Chl a. Our results demonstrate the relative role of river continuum, land-driven lateral discharge, and seawater intrusion in shaping community structure, which needs to be considered in management and conservation planning of aquatic ecosystems, especially in highly productive and overexploited HRE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

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19 pages, 4893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of the Black Sea Zooplankton to the Marine Heat Wave 2010: Case of the Sevastopol Bay

by Alexandra Gubanova, Katerina Goubanova, Olga Krivenko, Kremena Stefanova, Oksana Garbazey, Vladimir Belokopytov, Tatiana Liashko and Elitsa Stefanova

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(12), 1933; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121933 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1683

Abstract

Global warming is increasing the frequency and severity of the marine heat waves, which poses a serious threat to the marine ecosystem. This study analyzes seasonal and interannual dynamics in the abundance and structure of the mesozooplankton community in Sevastopol Bay based on bi-monthly routine observations over 2003–2014. The focus is on the impact of the summer 2010 marine heat wave (MHW2010) on crustaceans belonging to different ecological groups. As a response to the MHW2010, three warm-water species (O. davisae, A. tonsa and P. avirostris) exhibiting the maximum seasonal density in latter summer showed a sharp increase in the annual abundance and their share in the mesozooplankton community. The increase in the annual abundance in 2010 of the eurythermal species P. parvus and P. polyphemoides exhibiting seasonal peaks in spring and autumn is not related to the MHW2010 but can be explained by a rise of temperature in the first part of the year. O. davisae and A. tonsa showed the most pronounced response among the species to the MHW2010, confirming that non-native species exhibited great flexibility as an adaptive response to environmental changes, especially in the case of climate warming. Among crustaceans observed in this study, O. davisae can be considered as an indicator of the environmental conditions associated with the warming of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean basin as a whole. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

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9 pages, 2145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Infection of Paracalanid Copepods by the Alveolate Parasite Ellobiopsis chattoni Caullery, 1910 in a Subtropical Coastal Area

by José E. Martinelli Filho, Felipe Gusmão, Flavio A. Alves-Júnior and Rubens M. Lopes

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(12), 1816; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121816 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1381

Abstract

Paracalanid copepods, common in tropical zooplankton communities, are known hosts for a variety of parasites. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the prevalence and consequences of parasitism in these copepods. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between two paracalanid copepods, Parvocalanus crassirostris and Paracalanus spp., with a common parasite, the alveolate protist Ellobiopsis chattoni, in a subtropical environment on the south-east Brazilian coast. We assessed the frequency and abundance of parasites in juveniles and adult male and female copepods. We observed that 22 out of 4014 Paracalanus spp. (0.55%) and 98 out of 3920 P. crassirostris were infected (2.5%). E. chattoni were rarely found in other taxa (about 0.05% for Oithona spp. and Acartia lilljeborgii). The parasites were most frequently attached to cephalosome appendages (73.6%), with up to four cells per copepod. The parasites were more prevalent in adults than juveniles, and adult females were more frequently infected than males. E. chattoni had a likely negative impact on copepod growth because the infected females were smaller than the non-infected females (p < 0.001). Females are usually bigger and live longer than males, which could account for their high frequency of infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

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22 pages, 2516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Copepod Feeding Responses to Changes in Coccolithophore Size and Carbon Content

by Jordan Toullec, Alice Delegrange, Adélaïde Perruchon, Gwendoline Duong, Vincent Cornille, Laurent Brutier and Michaël Hermoso

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(12), 1807; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121807 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1895

Abstract

Phytoplankton stoichiometry and cell size could result from both phenology and environmental change. Zooplankton graze on primary producers, and this drives both the balance of the ecosystem and the biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we performed incubations with copepods and coccolithophores including different prey sizes and particulate carbon contents by considering phytoplankton biovolume concentration instead of chlorophyll a level (Chl a) as is usually performed in such studies. The egestion of fecal pellet and ingestion rates were estimated based on a gut fluorescence method. The latter was calibrated through the relationship between prey Chl a level and the biovolume of the cell. Chl a/biovolume ratio in phytopkanton has to be considered in the copepod gut fluorescent content method. Both coccolithophore biovolume and particulate inorganic/organic carbon ratios affect the food foraging by copepods. Finally, we observed a non-linear relationship between ingestion rates and fecal pellet egestion, due to the presence of calcite inside the copepod’s gut. These results illustrate that both prey size and stoichiometry need to be considered in copepod feeding dynamics, specifically regarding the process leading to the formation of fecal pellets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

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11 pages, 2114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Predation of Doliolids (Tunicata, Thaliacea) on calanoid Copepods

by Marion Köster and Gustav-Adolf Paffenhöfer

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091293 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1078

Abstract

The main goal of this contribution was to determine the effect of predation of the often abundant to dominant doliolid Dolioletta gegenbauri (Tunicata, Thaliacea) on the abundance of co-occurring planktonic copepods by feeding on their eggs. Previous oceanographic investigations revealed that doliolids had ingested eggs of small calanoid copepods. The ecological significance of such feeding could not be quantified completely because the environmental abundance of such eggs was not known. In this study, the eggs and nauplii of the neritic calanoid Paracalanus quasimodo (Crustacea, Copepoda) were offered to gonozooids and phorozooids of D. gegenbauri with a 6–6.5 mm length together with three species of phytoplankton; i.e., simulating diet conditions on the shelf. We hypothesized that copepod eggs of a similar size as food particles would be readily ingested whereas small nauplii, which could escape, would hardly be eaten by the doliolids. Our results revealed that doliolids have the potential to control small calanoids by ingesting their eggs at high rates but not their nauplii or later stages. Late copepodid stages and adults of co-occurring calanoid species could cause less mortality because they prey less on such eggs than doliolids of a similar weight. However, certain abundant omnivorous calanoid species with pronounced perception and/or capture abilities can prey successfully on the nauplii of small calanoids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

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20 pages, 2356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Black Sea Zooplankton Mortality, Decomposition, and Sedimentation Measurements Using Vital Dye and Short-Term Sediment Traps

by Daria Litvinyuk, Vladimir Mukhanov and Vladislav Evstigneev

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(8), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081031 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1502

Abstract

The principal objectives of this research are to measure the non-consumptive mortality rate of marine copepod zooplankton and the sedimentation rate of copepod carcasses, using short-term sediment traps, and to reveal a correlation between the rates of the two competitive processes—sedimentation and degradation of the carcasses under turbulent mixing conditions. The traps were moored in Sevastopol Bay and adjacent coastal waters (the Black Sea) during summer and autumn seasons. A simulation model was developed to describe a wide range of processes in the trap and the water column above it and to interpret the results obtained with the sediment traps. Significant changes in the abundance of copepod carcasses (from 280 to 12,443 ind. m⁻³) and their fraction in the total zooplankton abundance (53 to 81%) were observed in the waters over short time periods, indicating a high variability of zooplankton mortality, sedimentation, and decomposition rates. Despite the high concentrations of copepod carcasses in the water column, the rates of their accumulation in the traps proved to be extremely low, which could be due to intense turbulent mixing of the waters. The carcass sedimentation rate and the flow of swimmers (motile copepods) into the traps were significantly higher in waters subjected to weaker turbulent mixing. The obtained estimates of the sedimentation rate of copepod carcasses (0.012 to 0.39 d⁻¹) were comparable in value with the rate of their microbial decomposition (0.13 and 0.05 d⁻¹ in the bay and adjacent waters, respectively). This confirmed the hypothesis on microbial decomposition as one of the key controls of the fraction of live zooplankton organisms in zooplankton. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

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Review

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20 pages, 3857 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Distribution of Pseudodiaptomus marinus in European and Neighbouring Waters—A Rolling Review

by Marco Uttieri, Olga Anadoli, Elisa Banchi, Marco Battuello, Şengül Beşiktepe, Ylenia Carotenuto, Sónia Cotrim Marques, Alessandra de Olazabal, Iole Di Capua, Kirsten Engell-Sørensen, Alenka Goruppi, Tamar Guy-Haim, Marijana Hure, Polyxeni Kourkoutmani, Davor Lučić, Maria Grazia Mazzocchi, Evangelia Michaloudi, Arseniy R. Morov, Tuba Terbıyık Kurt, Valentina Tirelli, Jessica Vannini, Ximena Velasquez, Olja Vidjak and Marianne Wootton Show full author list Hide full author list

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061238 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1943

Abstract

Among non-native copepods, the calanoid Pseudodiaptomus marinus Sato, 1913 is the species probably spreading at the fastest pace in European and neighbouring waters since its first record in the Adriatic Sea in 2007. In this contribution, we provide an update on the distribution of P. marinus in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, along the Atlantic coasts of Europe, in the English Channel and in the southern North Sea. Starting from a previous distribution overview, we include here original and recently (2019–2023) published data to show the novel introduction of this species in different geographical areas, and its secondary spreading in already colonised regions. The picture drawn in this work confirms the strong ability of P. marinus to settle in environments characterised by extremely diverse abiotic conditions, and to take advantage of different vectors of introduction. The data presented allow speculations on realistic future introductions of P. marinus and on the potential extension of its distribution range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

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Other

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5 pages, 225 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Can Marine Hydrothermal Vents Be Used as Natural Laboratories to Study Global Change Effects on Zooplankton in a Future Ocean?

by Hans-Uwe Dahms, Subramani Thirunavukkarasu and Jiang-Shiou Hwang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010163 - 09 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1118

Abstract

It is claimed that oceanic hydrothermal vents (HVs), particularly the shallow water ones, offer particular advantages to better understand the effects of future climate and other global change on oceanic biota. Marine hydrothermal vents (HVs) are extreme oceanic environments that are similar to projected climate changes of the earth system ocean (e.g., changes of circulation patterns, elevated temperature, low pH, increased turbidity, increased bioavailability of toxic compounds. Studies on hydrothermal vent organisms may fill knowledge gaps of environmental and evolutionary adaptations to this extreme oceanic environment. In the present contribution we evaluate whether hydrothermal vents can be used as natural laboratories for a better understanding of zooplankton ecology under a global change scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Marine Zooplankton)

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