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Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative
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Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Anesthesiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 42387

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Krzysztof Laudanski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Interests: sepsis; outcome; recovery; epigenetic; post-ICU syndrome; extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation; immunoparalysis; anergy; behavioral economic; medical decision making; intensive care; medicine in austere settings
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Anesthesia is often considered as the service delivered during surgery or procedure. This simplification obscures an important role of anesthesiologists as chaperones of patient safety with the sole goal of providing precise care at the right moment and in the right way in order to ensure the most optimal outcome for the patients. This holistic and well-rooted tradition of the practice is resurging as the future of anesthesiology practice.

Peri-operative care encompasses pre- and post-anesthesia care delivery. Pre-operative care entails qualification of the patient for the procedure, risk/benefit analysis for performing surgery, optimization of the patient health status, and optimum timing for procedure. Digital technology, electronic medical records, comprehensive data analysis, and genomic data play an increasing role in these determinations. Adequate patient preparation for procedure stresses physical, cognitive, and behavioral pre-conditioning. Post-operative care involves the rehabilitation process or other forms of support tailored to patient recovery and outcome and is often modeled on ERAS structures.

This Special Issue focuses on the optimization of care delivery before and after an anesthesia event. The collection focuses on the medical and operational aspects of the preparation of patients before anesthesia. Additionally, post-operative care with special respect for augmented recovery, digital technologies, and long-term outcomes of anesthesia in terms of cognitive and physical outcomes are complementary interests of this collection.

We welcome original research, points of view, case reports, and a limited number of reviews.

Prof. Krzysztof Laudanski
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • peri-operative care
  • surgery outcomes
  • ERAS
  • healthcare delivery
  • anesthesiology

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

13 pages, 1024 KiB  
Editorial
Quo Vadis Anesthesiologist? The Value Proposition of Future Anesthesiologists Lies in Preserving or Restoring Presurgical Health after Surgical Insult
by Krzysztof Laudanski
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(4), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11041135 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2107
Abstract
This Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine is devoted to anesthesia and perioperative care [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 1133 KiB  
Article
Introduction of a Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit in a Teaching Hospital Is Associated with a Reduced Length of Hospital Stay in Noncardiac Surgery: A Single-Centre Interrupted Time Series Analysis
by Nick J. Koning, Joost L. C. Lokin, Lian Roovers, Jan Willem Kallewaard, Wim H. van Harten, Cor J. Kalkman and Benedikt Preckel
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(2), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020534 - 17 Jan 2024
Viewed by 964
Abstract
Background: A post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) may improve postoperative care compared with intermediate care units (IMCU) due to its dedication to operative care and an individualized duration of postoperative stay. The effects of transition from IMCU to PACU for postoperative care following intermediate [...] Read more.
Background: A post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) may improve postoperative care compared with intermediate care units (IMCU) due to its dedication to operative care and an individualized duration of postoperative stay. The effects of transition from IMCU to PACU for postoperative care following intermediate to high-risk noncardiac surgery on length of hospital stay, intensive care unit (ICU) utilization, and postoperative complications were investigated. Methods: This single-centre interrupted time series analysis included patients undergoing eleven different noncardiac surgical procedures associated with frequent postoperative admissions to an IMCU or PACU between January 2018 and March 2019 (IMCU episode) and between October 2019 and December 2020 (PACU episode). Primary outcome was hospital length of stay, secondary outcomes included postoperative complications and ICU admissions. Results: In total, 3300 patients were included. The hospital length of stay was lower following PACU admission compared to IMCU admission (IMCU 7.2 days [4.2–12.0] vs. PACU 6.0 days [3.6–9.1]; p < 0.001). Segmented regression analysis demonstrated that the introduction of the PACU was associated with a decrease in hospital length of stay (GMR 0.77 [95% CI 0.66–0.91]; p = 0.002). No differences between episodes were detected in the number of postoperative complications or postoperative ICU admissions. Conclusions: The introduction of a PACU for postoperative care of patients undergoing intermediate to high-risk noncardiac surgery was associated with a reduction in the length of stay at the hospital, without increasing postoperative complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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9 pages, 4003 KiB  
Article
Preoperative Anxiety in the Surgical Transfer and Waiting Area: A Cross-Sectional Mixed Method Study
by Mikhail Dziadzko, Tessa Mazard, Myriam Bonhomme, Mahé Raffin, Pierre Pradat, Jean-Marc Forcione, Raphael Minjard and Frederic Aubrun
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(9), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092668 - 09 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2587
Abstract
Severe preoperative anxiety (SPA) in surgical patients may have clinical consequences and worsen satisfaction. Some institutions have a surgical transfer and waiting area (TWA) for patient reception/dispatch to operating rooms. We measured the frequency of SPA, investigated predicting factors, and quantified the effect [...] Read more.
Severe preoperative anxiety (SPA) in surgical patients may have clinical consequences and worsen satisfaction. Some institutions have a surgical transfer and waiting area (TWA) for patient reception/dispatch to operating rooms. We measured the frequency of SPA, investigated predicting factors, and quantified the effect of the TWA stay on anxiety levels in a single centre cross-sectional study. Preoperative anxiety was assessed using three scales. Patients’ perceptions/suggestions were studied by a psychoanalyst. A total of 933 adult patients, undergoing elective procedures, were interviewed. SPA was detected in 24.7%, non-modified by anxiolytic premedication. Patients’ median stay was 9 min, and anxiety level was decreasing in those with SPA. In multivariable analysis, female sex, inpatient settings, and pain before the procedure were predictive for SPA. Previous operating room experience, and a supine arrival position were associated with less SPA. Patients complained about a lack of information, and an uncomfortable environment in the waiting area. To reduce anxiety, they mainly asked for warm blankets/music (physical/sound barriers), and extra sedative agents. The holding area may be a place to measure patients’ anxiety by paramedical staff, and to apply simple non-pharmacological interventions. The psychological concept of psychical envelopes may be useful for the development and investigation of such interventions in improving patients’ experience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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8 pages, 254 KiB  
Article
InTrathecal mORphine, traNsversus Abdominis Plane Block, and tramaDOl Infusion for Catheter-Related Bladder Discomfort in Patients Undergoing Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy (TORNADO): A Pilot Prospective Controlled Study
by Andrea Russo, Bruno Romanò, Domenico Papanice, Andrea Cataldo, Carlo Gandi, Luigi Vaccarella, Angelo Totaro, Emilio Sacco, Pierfrancesco Bassi, Paola Aceto and Liliana Sollazzi
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(8), 2136; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11082136 - 11 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1511
Abstract
Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD), affecting surgical patients requiring large catheters, is often intolerable. In this prospective controlled study, we compared the efficacy of three analgesic approaches in the management of CRBD. Here, 33 patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) were allocated to the [...] Read more.
Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD), affecting surgical patients requiring large catheters, is often intolerable. In this prospective controlled study, we compared the efficacy of three analgesic approaches in the management of CRBD. Here, 33 patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) were allocated to the following three groups: intrathecal morphine (IM), transversus abdominis plane block (TAP), and tramadol intravenous infusion (TI). The primary outcome was CRBD assessed at admission in the recovery room (RR) (T0), and 1 h (T1), 12 h (T2), and 24 h (T3) after surgery. The secondary outcomes included the following: Aldrete score; postoperative pain, measured with a numerical rate scale (NRS) at T0, T1, T2, and T3; postoperative opioid consumption; and flatus. The patients of the IM group showed significantly lower CRBD values over time compared to the patients of the TI group (p = 0.006). Similarly, NRS values decreased significantly over time in patients receiving IM compared to patients treated with TI (p < 0.0001). Postoperative nausea and vomiting did not differ among the three groups. Postoperative opioid consumption was significantly lower in the IM group compared to the other two groups. Most patients of the IM group (9 of 11) had flatus on the first postoperative day. In conclusion, IM may prevent CRBD and reduce pain perception and postoperative opioid consumption and expedite bowel function recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
10 pages, 1002 KiB  
Article
Incidence of Post-Operative Complications and Factors Influencing Their Occurrence in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in a Low-Income Country: A Case Study of Cameroon
by Dominique Djomo Tamchom, Charlotte Eposse Ekoube, Basile Essola, Serge Nga Nomo, Fleur Samantha Benghiat and Luc Van Obbergh
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(3), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030780 - 31 Jan 2022
Viewed by 2348
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse post-operative complications and possible factors influencing their occurrence in the management of patients with sickle cell disease in a low-income country. We prospectively collected data regarding the management of patients with sickle cell disease requiring anesthesia for surgery [...] Read more.
This study aimed to analyse post-operative complications and possible factors influencing their occurrence in the management of patients with sickle cell disease in a low-income country. We prospectively collected data regarding the management of patients with sickle cell disease requiring anesthesia for surgery in 11 Cameroonian hospitals from 1 May 2019 to 30 April 2021. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression was used to determine the dependence between the variables. A total of 124 patients with sickle cell disease were enrolled; 64 were male and 60 female, giving a sex ratio of 0.93. The rate of post-operative complications was 23.4% (29/124) and the death rate was 3.2% (4/124). The female subjects had more complications than the male subjects p < 0.05. The number of vaso-occlusive crises experienced per year showed a significant impact on the occurrence of post-operative complications p < 0.05. Laparoscopic surgery had fewer post-operative complications 5/46 (10.9%) than laparotomy 14/43 (32.5%). The surgical technique for the abdominal procedures had a significant impact on the occurrence of post-operative complications p < 0.05. The type of surgery (p = 0.198) and the anaesthesia technique (p = 0.225) did not show a significant impact on the occurrence of post-operative complications. Particular attention should be paid to female patients with sickle cell disease as they are more likely to experience post-operative complications, as well as to the frequency of vaso-occlusive crises, which are also predictive of post-operative complications. Opting for laparoscopic surgery whenever possible would help to reduce post-operative complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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11 pages, 2888 KiB  
Article
The Rapid Implementation of Ad Hoc Tele-Critical Care Respiratory Therapy (eRT) Service in the Wake of the COVID-19 Surge
by Margarete Pierce, Steven W. Gudowski, Karsten J. Roberts, Anthony Jackominic, Karen K. Zumstein, Amanda Shuttleworth, Joshua Ho, Phillip Susser, Alomi Parikh, John M. Chandler, Ann Marie Huffenberger, Michael J. Scott, C. William Hanson III and Krzysztof Laudanski
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(3), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030718 - 29 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3742
Abstract
A 24/7 telemedicine respiratory therapist (eRT) service was set up as part of the established University of Pennsylvania teleICU (PENN E-LERT®) service during the COVID-19 pandemic, serving five hospitals and 320 critical care beds to deliver effective remote care in lieu [...] Read more.
A 24/7 telemedicine respiratory therapist (eRT) service was set up as part of the established University of Pennsylvania teleICU (PENN E-LERT®) service during the COVID-19 pandemic, serving five hospitals and 320 critical care beds to deliver effective remote care in lieu of a unit-based RT. The eRT interventions were components of an evidence-based care bundle and included ventilator liberation protocols, low tidal volume protocols, tube patency, and an extubation checklist. In addition, the proactive rounding of patients, including ventilator checks, was included. A standardized data collection sheet was used to facilitate the review of medical records, direct audio–visual inspection, or direct interactions with staff. In May 2020, a total of 1548 interventions took place, 93.86% of which were coded as “routine” based on established workflows, 4.71% as “urgent”, 0.26% “emergent”, and 1.17% were missing descriptors. Based on the number of coded interventions, we tracked the number of COVID-19 patients in the system. The average intervention took 6.1 ± 3.79 min. In 16% of all the interactions, no communication with the bedside team took place. The eRT connected with the in-house respiratory therapist (RT) in 66.6% of all the interventions, followed by house staff (9.8%), advanced practice providers (APP; 2.8%), and RN (2.6%). Most of the interaction took place over the telephone (88%), secure text message (16%), or audio-video telemedicine ICU platform (1.7%). A total of 5115 minutes were spent on tasks that a bedside clinician would have otherwise executed, reducing their exposure to COVID-19. The eRT service was instrumental in several emergent and urgent critical interventions. This study shows that an eRT service can support the bedside RT providers, effectively monitor best practice bundles, and carry out patient–ventilator assessments. It was effective in certain emergent situations and reduced the exposure of RTs to COVID-19. We plan to continue the service as part of an integrated RT service and hope to provide a framework for developing similar services in other facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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15 pages, 287 KiB  
Article
“Compoundless Anaesthesia”, Controlled Administration, and Post-Operative Recovery Acceleration: Musings on Theoretical Nanomedicine Applications
by Tyler Lance Jaynes
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(1), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010256 - 04 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1746
Abstract
Much research has been conducted on how patients may be served through new advances in perioperative anaesthetic care. However, adaptations of standardised care methodologies can only provide so many novel solutions for patients and caregivers alike. Similarly, unique methods such as nanoscopic liposomal [...] Read more.
Much research has been conducted on how patients may be served through new advances in perioperative anaesthetic care. However, adaptations of standardised care methodologies can only provide so many novel solutions for patients and caregivers alike. Similarly, unique methods such as nanoscopic liposomal package delivery for analgesics and affective numbing agents pose a similar issue—specifically that we are still left with the dilemma of patients for whom analgesics and numbing agents are ineffective or harmful. An examination of the potential gains that may result from the targeted development of nanorobotics for anaesthesia in perioperative care will be presented in this essay to help resolve this pending conflict for the research community. This examination should therefore serve as a “call to action” for such research and a “primer” for those for whom the method’s implementation would most directly impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
9 pages, 260 KiB  
Article
Metoclopramide and Propofol to Prevent Nausea and Vomiting during Cesarean Section under Spinal Anesthesia: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial
by Zhirajr Mokini, Valentina Genocchio, Patrice Forget and Flavia Petrini
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010110 - 26 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2839
Abstract
Background: Intra-operative nausea, vomiting and retching (NVR) are frequently associated with subarachnoid anesthesia (SA) in women undergoing cesarean section (CS). In this study performed in women undergoing CS under SA with a risk factor control strategy, we compared saline (placebo), propofol, metoclopramide and [...] Read more.
Background: Intra-operative nausea, vomiting and retching (NVR) are frequently associated with subarachnoid anesthesia (SA) in women undergoing cesarean section (CS). In this study performed in women undergoing CS under SA with a risk factor control strategy, we compared saline (placebo), propofol, metoclopramide and both drugs to prevent NVR. Methods: We recorded NVR events in 110 women undergoing CS who were randomized after umbilical cord clamping to receive saline (S; n = 27), metoclopramide 10 mg (M; n = 28), propofol 1 mg/kg/h (P; n = 27) or both drugs (PM; n = 28). Results: The proportion of women with intra-operative nausea was: S: 17/27 (63%); P: 15/27 (56%); M: 13/28 (46%); PM: 6/28 (21%) (p = 0.012, Cramér’s V = 0.31 (large effect). The proportion of women with intra-operative vomiting/retching was: S: 9/27 (33%); M: 7/27 (25%); P: 3/28 (11%); PM 2/28 (7%) (p = 0.049, Cramér’s V = 0.26 (medium effect). Post-hoc multiple comparisons revealed a significant reduction in NVR episodes and NRS scores between the PM group and control. Sedation scores did not differ among groups. Conclusion: In women undergoing CS under SA with a risk factor control strategy, combined propofol and metoclopramide reduce nausea and vomiting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
8 pages, 843 KiB  
Article
How Does Tube Size Affect Patients’ Experiences of Postoperative Sore Throat and Hoarseness? A Randomised Controlled Blinded Study
by Pia Christiansen, Caroline Hornnes Pedersen, Hansjörg Selter, Lillian Odder, Jette Præstholm Riisager, Kjeld Damgaard, Signe Westmark, Niels Henrik Bruun and Dorte Melgaard
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(24), 5846; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245846 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2142
Abstract
Sore throat (POST) and hoarseness (PH) are common complaints after endotracheal intubation (EI). The aim of this study was to investigate whether tube size impacts the experiences of POST and PH after EI in patients undergoing elective surgery, as well as to document [...] Read more.
Sore throat (POST) and hoarseness (PH) are common complaints after endotracheal intubation (EI). The aim of this study was to investigate whether tube size impacts the experiences of POST and PH after EI in patients undergoing elective surgery, as well as to document a possible role of gender. This randomised, controlled, blinded study was conducted at Aalborg University Hospital, Thisted, Denmark or North Denmark Regional Hospital, Denmark. A total of 236 patients (53.4% female, mean age 50.9 years (SD 14.0)) were enrolled from the departments of gynaecology, parenchyma and orthopaedics. The patients were randomised to a tube size of 8.0 or 7.0 for males and 7.0 or 6.0 for females. Tube sizes were known to the anaesthesia staff but blinded for patients, researchers and staff at the postoperative care unit. POST and/or PH was reported 30–60 min before anaesthesia, at 30 min and at 2, 5, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after anaesthesia. Both female and male patients experienced significantly lower levels of POST and PH after intubation with the smallest tube size. This study demonstrates that a smaller size of tube results in a reduction in POST and PH after EI for both male and female patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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12 pages, 2093 KiB  
Article
Awareness and Perspectives among Asian Anesthesiologists on Postoperative Delirium: A Multinational Survey
by Hyungmook Lee, Jeongmin Kim, Ki-Young Lee, Tong J. Gan, Varinee Lekprasert, Prok Laosuwan, Sophia Tsong Huey Chew, Edwin Seet, Vera Lim and Lian Kah Ti
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(24), 5769; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245769 - 09 Dec 2021
Viewed by 2179
Abstract
Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common perioperative complication. Although POD is preventable in up to 40% of patients, it is frequently overlooked. The objective of the survey is to determine the level of knowledge and clinical practices related to POD among anesthesiologists in [...] Read more.
Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common perioperative complication. Although POD is preventable in up to 40% of patients, it is frequently overlooked. The objective of the survey is to determine the level of knowledge and clinical practices related to POD among anesthesiologists in different Asian countries. A questionnaire of 22 questions was designed by members of the Asian focus group for the study of POD, and it was sent to anesthesiologists in Singapore, Thailand, and South Korea from 1 April 2019 through 17 September 2019. In total, 531 anesthesiologists (Singapore: 224, Thailand: 124, Korea: 183) responded to the survey. Half the respondents estimated the incidence of POD to be 11–30% and believed that it typically occurs in the first 48 h after surgery. Among eight important postoperative complications, POD was ranked fifth. While 51.4% did not perform any test for POD, only 13.7% monitored the depth of anesthesia in all their patients. However, 83.8% preferred depth of anesthesia monitoring if they underwent surgery themselves. The results suggest that Asian anesthesiologists underestimate the incidence and relevance of POD. Because it increases perioperative mortality and morbidity, there is an urgent need to educate anesthesiologists regarding the recognition, prevention, detection, and management of POD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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12 pages, 7957 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Modified Pectoral Nerve Blocks Type II (PECS II) for Vascular Access Port Implantation Using Cephalic Vein Venesection
by Jarosław Janc, Marek Szamborski, Artur Milnerowicz, Lidia Łysenko and Patrycja Leśnik
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(24), 5759; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245759 - 09 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2420
Abstract
The vascular access port implantation procedure can be performed using the venesection method by inserting a catheter into the cephalic vein in the region of the deltopectoral groove. This method eliminates the need for catheter tunneling. An alternative method to infiltration anaesthesia for [...] Read more.
The vascular access port implantation procedure can be performed using the venesection method by inserting a catheter into the cephalic vein in the region of the deltopectoral groove. This method eliminates the need for catheter tunneling. An alternative method to infiltration anaesthesia for port implantation may be a modified pectoral nerve block type II (PECS II). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of modified PECS II for vascular access port implantation using cephalic vein venesection. This retrospective observational study was conducted at the 4th Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland. A group of 114 patients underwent the modified PECS II block and additional cutaneous infiltration anesthesia at the incision line. Pain intensity was assessed on the NRS scale measured intraoperatively at four points. The QoR-15 questionnaire was used to assess patient satisfaction during the first 24 h after surgery. The operator’s condition assessment score was used to assess surgical conditions and operator comfort. The analysis showed that the median pain intensity during vascular port implantation was 0. A statistically significant difference in pain intensity was demonstrated between the specialist’s group and the resident’s group at the second and third measurement points (p < 0.008; p < 0.012). The mean value on the QoR-15 scale was 132. There was a significant difference between the pain scores of the groups. The mean score in the pain position in the specialist’s group was 18 points and in the resident’s group, it was 19 points (p < 0.029). In conclusion, the present study revealed that the modified PECS II block is an effective and safe method of anesthesia for Port-A-Cath implantation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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10 pages, 443 KiB  
Article
Effect of Adding Midazolam to Dual Prophylaxis for Preventing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
by Jiyoung Lee, In Kyong Yi, Jung Youn Han, Eun Duc Na, Chunghyun Park and Jong Yeop Kim
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(21), 4857; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214857 - 22 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1957
Abstract
Multimodal prophylaxis for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) has been recommended, even in low-risk patients. Midazolam is known to have antiemetic properties. We researched the effects of adding midazolam to the dual prophylaxis of ondansetron and dexamethasone on PONV after gynecologic laparoscopy. In [...] Read more.
Multimodal prophylaxis for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) has been recommended, even in low-risk patients. Midazolam is known to have antiemetic properties. We researched the effects of adding midazolam to the dual prophylaxis of ondansetron and dexamethasone on PONV after gynecologic laparoscopy. In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial, 144 patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery under sevoflurane anesthesia were randomized to receive either normal saline (control group, n = 72) or midazolam 0.05 mg/kg (midazolam group, n = 72) intravenously at pre-induction. All patients were administered dexamethasone 4 mg at induction and ondansetron 4 mg at the completion of the laparoscopy, intravenously. The primary outcome was the incidence of complete response, which implied the absence of PONV without rescue antiemetic requirement until 24 h post-surgery. The complete response during the 24 h following laparoscopy was similar between the two groups: 41 patients (59%) in the control group and 48 patients (72%) in the midazolam group (p = 0.11). The incidence of nausea, severe nausea, retching/vomiting, and administration of rescue antiemetic was comparable between the two groups. The addition of 0.05 mg/kg midazolam at pre-induction to the dual prophylaxis had no additive preventive effect on PONV after gynecologic laparoscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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20 pages, 4876 KiB  
Article
A Survey of Regional Anesthesia Use in Greece and the Impact of a Structured Regional Anesthesia Course on Regional Techniques Knowledge and Practice
by Kassiani Theodoraki, Eleni Moka, Alexandros Makris, Evmorfia Stavropoulou and on behalf of ESRA Hellas Working Group
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(21), 4814; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214814 - 20 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1765
Abstract
Background: Due to the growing interest in regional anesthesia (RA) techniques and the realization of the need for formalized education in them, the Greek Chapter of the European Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Therapy (ESRA-Hellas) has established a structured hands-on training course [...] Read more.
Background: Due to the growing interest in regional anesthesia (RA) techniques and the realization of the need for formalized education in them, the Greek Chapter of the European Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Therapy (ESRA-Hellas) has established a structured hands-on training course held annually since 2009, which is quite popular in the community of Greek anesthesiologists. The aim of the current survey was twofold: first, to provide an overview of the current practice of RA in Greece; secondly, to evaluate the effect the aforementioned training course has on participants’ knowledge and attitude towards RA. Methods: An electronic questionnaire was uploaded on SurveyMonkey and a link giving access to the questionnaire was forwarded via email to a mailing list of 825 practicing Greek anesthesiologists held in the electronic database of ESRA Hellas. The survey was totally anonymous and no identifying information was collected throughout. It contained questions relating to the anesthesiologists’ demographic characteristics, their RA practice, and information pertaining to the RA training course. Results: A total of 424 fully completed questionnaires were received, representing an overall response rate of 51.4%. Attendants of the course are more familiar than non-attendants with the performance of peripheral nerve blocks with neurostimulation and/or ultrasound guidance (p < 0.001). Attendants are also less likely to practice exclusively general anesthesia, more likely to use peripheral blocks for lower limb surgery, and more likely to consider taking the European Diploma of RA in comparison to non-attendants (p < 0.001, p = 0.018 and p = 0.002, respectively). Both cohorts consider the course of value and agree that the main reason to use regional techniques is to ensure optimal postoperative analgesia, while the main hindrance to RA practice is the lack of relevant education in the techniques, especially those under ultrasound guidance. Regarding improvement of the course, most participants suggested devoting ampler time in hands-on ultrasound practice and application. Conclusion: Greek anesthesiologists seek educational activities in the field of RA and the course seems to fulfil the majority of attendants’ expectations. There will be further effort by the organizers to improve weaknesses of the current course and undertake further educational initiatives in the field of RA according to international recommendations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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15 pages, 1376 KiB  
Article
The Prognostic Role of Right Ventricular Stroke Work Index during Liver Transplantation
by Young Hyun Jeong, Seong-Mi Yang, Hyeyeon Cho, Jae-Woo Ju, Hwan Suk Jang, Ho-Jin Lee and Won Ho Kim
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(17), 4022; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10174022 - 06 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1698
Abstract
Right heart-associated hemodynamic parameters including intraoperative pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were reported to be associated with patient survival after liver transplantation. We investigated whether intraoperative stroke work indexes of both ventricles could have a better prognostic value than PVR. We reviewed 683 cases [...] Read more.
Right heart-associated hemodynamic parameters including intraoperative pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were reported to be associated with patient survival after liver transplantation. We investigated whether intraoperative stroke work indexes of both ventricles could have a better prognostic value than PVR. We reviewed 683 cases at a tertiary care academic medical center. We collected intraoperative variables of baseline central venous pressure, baseline right ventricle end-diastolic volume, mixed venous oxygen saturation, intraoperative PVR and right and left ventricular stroke work indexes. Time-weighted means or area under the curve of intraoperative right and left ventricular stroke work indexes were calculated as exposure variables. One-year all-cause mortality or graft failure was our primary outcome. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between exposure variables and one-year all-cause mortality or graft failure. Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis of our primary outcome was performed for different time-weighted mean ventricular stroke work index groups. Cubic spline curve analysis was performed to evaluate the linear relationship between our exposure variables and primary outcome. Time-weighted mean right ventricular stroke work index was significantly associated with one-year all-cause mortality or graft failure (hazard ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–1.36, p < 0.001). However, there was no significant association between time-weighted mean left ventricular stroke work index, time-weighted mean PVR, PVR at the end of surgery and one-year mortality. Area under the curve of right ventricular stroke work index was also significantly associated with one-year mortality or graft failure (hazard ratio 1.24, 95% CI 1.15–1.37, p < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis showed a significant difference in the survival between different mean right ventricular stroke work index groups (Log-rank test: p = 0.002). Cubic spline function curve showed the gradual increase in the risk of mortality with a positive slope with time-weighted mean right ventricular stroke work index. In conclusion, intraoperative elevated right ventricular stroke work index was significantly associated with poor patient or graft survival after liver transplantation. Intraoperative right ventricular stroke work index could be an intraoperative hemodynamic goal and prognostic marker for mortality after liver transplantation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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13 pages, 1255 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Ventilation with Individualized Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Postoperative Atelectasis in Patients Undergoing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Hyun-Kyu Yoon, Bo Rim Kim, Susie Yoon, Young Hyun Jeong, Ja Hyeon Ku and Won Ho Kim
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(4), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040850 - 19 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1989
Abstract
For patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, the pneumoperitoneum with a steep Trendelenburg position could worsen intraoperative respiratory mechanics and result in postoperative atelectasis. We investigated the effects of individualized positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on postoperative atelectasis, evaluated using lung ultrasonography. Sixty patients undergoing [...] Read more.
For patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, the pneumoperitoneum with a steep Trendelenburg position could worsen intraoperative respiratory mechanics and result in postoperative atelectasis. We investigated the effects of individualized positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on postoperative atelectasis, evaluated using lung ultrasonography. Sixty patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy were randomly allocated into two groups. Individualized groups (n = 30) received individualized PEEP determined by a decremental PEEP trial using 20 to 7 cm H2O, aiming at maximizing respiratory compliance, whereas standardized groups (n = 30) received a standardized PEEP of 7 cm H2O during the pneumoperitoneum. Ultrasound examination was performed on 12 sections of thorax, and the lung ultrasound score was measured as 0–3 by considering the number of B lines and the degree of subpleural consolidation. The primary outcome was the difference between the lung ultrasound scores measured before anesthesia induction and just after extubation in the operating room. An increase in the difference means the development of atelectasis. The optimal PEEP in the individualized group was determined as the median (interquartile range) 14 (12–18) cm H2O. Compared with the standardized group, the difference in the lung ultrasound scores was significantly smaller in the individualized group (−0.5 ± 2.7 vs. 6.0 ± 2.9, mean difference −6.53, 95% confidence interval (−8.00 to −5.07), p < 0.001), which means that individualized PEEP was effective to reduce atelectasis. The lung ultrasound score measured after surgery was significantly lower in the individualized group than the standardized group (8.1 ± 5.7 vs. 12.2 ± 4.2, mean difference −4.13, 95% confidence interval (−6.74 to −1.53), p = 0.002). However, the arterial partial pressure of the oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen levels during the surgery showed no significant time-group interaction between the two groups in repeated-measures analysis of variance (p = 0.145). The incidence of a composite of postoperative respiratory complications was comparable between the two groups. Individualized PEEP determined by maximal respiratory compliance during the pneumoperitoneum and steep Trendelenburg position significantly reduced postoperative atelectasis, as evaluated using lung ultrasonography. However, the clinical significance of this finding should be evaluated by a larger clinical trial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

36 pages, 1855 KiB  
Review
Considerations for Cannabinoids in Perioperative Care by Anesthesiologists
by Krzysztof Laudanski and Justin Wain
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(3), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030558 - 22 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6070
Abstract
Increased usage of recreational and medically indicated cannabinoid compounds has been an undeniable reality for anesthesiologists in recent years. These compounds’ complicated pharmacology, composition, and biological effects result in challenging issues for anesthesiologists during different phases of perioperative care. Here, we review the [...] Read more.
Increased usage of recreational and medically indicated cannabinoid compounds has been an undeniable reality for anesthesiologists in recent years. These compounds’ complicated pharmacology, composition, and biological effects result in challenging issues for anesthesiologists during different phases of perioperative care. Here, we review the existing formulation of cannabinoids and their biological activity to put them into the context of the anesthesia plan execution. Perioperative considerations should include a way to gauge the patient’s intake of cannabinoids, the ability to gain consent properly, and vigilance to the increased risk of pulmonary and airway problems. Intraoperative management in individuals with cannabinoid use is complicated by the effects cannabinoids have on general anesthetics and depth of anesthesia monitoring while simultaneously increasing the potential occurrence of intraoperative hemodynamic instability. Postoperative planning should involve higher vigilance to the risk of postoperative strokes and acute coronary syndromes. However, most of the data are not up to date, rending definite conclusions on the importance of perioperative cannabinoid intake on anesthesia management difficult. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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10 pages, 271 KiB  
Review
Does Preoperative Cognitive Optimization Improve Postoperative Outcomes in the Elderly?
by Yumiko Ishizawa
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(2), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11020445 - 15 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2343
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a growing concern, affecting several million elderly patients each year in the United States, but strategies for its effective prevention have not yet been established. Humeidan et al. recently demonstrated that preoperative brain exercise resulted in a decrease [...] Read more.
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a growing concern, affecting several million elderly patients each year in the United States, but strategies for its effective prevention have not yet been established. Humeidan et al. recently demonstrated that preoperative brain exercise resulted in a decrease in postoperative delirium incidence in elderly surgical patients, suggesting the potential of presurgical cognitive optimization to improve postoperative cognitive outcomes. This brief review summarizes the current knowledge regarding preoperative cognitive optimization and highlights landmark studies, as well as current ongoing studies, as the field is rapidly growing. This review further discusses the benefit of cognitive training in non-surgical elderly populations and the role of cognitive training in patients with preexisting cognitive impairment or dementia. The review also examines preclinical evidence in support of cognitive training, which can facilitate understanding of brain plasticity and the pathophysiology of PND. The literature suggests positive impacts of presurgical cognitive optimization, but further studies are encouraged to establish effective cognitive training programs for elderly presurgical patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivery of Anesthesia: Pre-Operative and Post-Operative)
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