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Innovations in Neurorehabilitation—2nd Edition
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Innovations in Neurorehabilitation—2nd Edition

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Rehabilitation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2026 | Viewed by 3127

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Syoichi Tashiro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
Interests: rehabilitation; electrophysiology; physical rehabilitation; neurorehabilitation; stroke rehabilitation; regenerative rehabilitation; spinal cord injury rehabilitation; non-invasive brain stimulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I am pleased to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue, titled “Innovations in Neurorehabilitation—2nd Edition”. For more details on the first volumes, in which we published more than 10 papers, respectively, please visit https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm/special_issues/1NE92043GJ

Now that the era of neurorehabilitation is coming, researchers have determined that physical and neurological functioning form the basis of our physical and neurological system and induce plastic change. As will become apparent, none of the ground-breaking treatment innovations, as represented by regenerative medicine or gene treatment, can stand alone without rehabilitation, as long as the treatment requires the reorganization or maturation of the patients’ neural system. In addition, upon the evolution in a variety of fields, as represented by brain science, robotics, virtual reality, and neuroengineering, researchers all around the world are establishing new treatment modalities even today. Rehabilitation is a source of hope for persons with neurological diseases and injuries.

In this Special Issue, we will have neurorehabilitative studies and methodology reports, as well as review papers from both clinical and preclinical fields.

Dr. Syoichi Tashiro
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • clinical neurophysiology
  • neuroengineering
  • robotics
  • non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation
  • spinal stimula-tion
  • regenerative rehabilitation
  • neuroimaging
  • brain–computer interface
  • brain-spinal interface
  • virtual reality
  • higher-level cognitive functions
  • vision rehabilitation

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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17 pages, 1167 KB  
Systematic Review
Effectiveness of Immersive and Non-Immersive Virtual Reality Interventions on Cognitive Function in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review
by Roberto López-Andaur, Edgar Vásquez-Carrasco, Luisa Guerra-Labbé, Jordan Hernandez-Martinez, Pablo Valdés-Badilla, Cristian Sandoval-Vásquez, Eduardo Carmine-Peña, Constanza Lorca and Ana Belén Calvo-Vera
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(12), 4534; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15124534 - 11 Jun 2026
Viewed by 147
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disorder affecting more than 2.8 million individuals worldwide and is commonly associated with cognitive deficits that compromise independence and quality of life. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an innovative rehabilitation strategy, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disorder affecting more than 2.8 million individuals worldwide and is commonly associated with cognitive deficits that compromise independence and quality of life. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an innovative rehabilitation strategy, offering immersive and engaging environments that promote neuroplasticity and enhance patient motivation. To evaluate the effectiveness of immersive and non-immersive VR-based interventions in improving cognitive performance among adults diagnosed with MS. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO registration: CRD420251103762). Comprehensive searches were carried out across seven international databases up to October 2025, including only randomized controlled trials assessing cognitive outcomes after VR-based rehabilitation programs. Results: From 1948 records screened, 13 studies comprising 649 participants met the inclusion criteria. Intervention durations ranged between 6 and 17 weeks, with sessions lasting 30–60 min. The interventions involved treadmill training with VR, exergaming, and cognitive stimulation protocols. Most studies demonstrated significant improvements in processing speed, visuospatial and verbal memory, and executive functioning (p < 0.05). Adherence rates were above 80%, and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: VR-based rehabilitation appears to be a safe, feasible, and effective approach for enhancing cognitive abilities in individuals with MS, particularly in processing speed and visuospatial memory. Nonetheless, the heterogeneity of methodologies underscores the need for standardized intervention frameworks and large-scale multicenter randomized trials to establish optimal parameters and confirm sustained long-term benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Neurorehabilitation—2nd Edition)
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30 pages, 814 KB  
Systematic Review
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Spasticity in Stroke and Other Neuromotor Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
by Michele Iacona, Rosario Ferlito, Rita Bella, Mariagiovanna Cantone, Raffaele Ferri, Francesco Fisicaro, Salvatore Giunta, Pietro Marano, Maria P. Mogavero, Vito Pavone, Manuela Pennisi, Gianluca Testa, Davide N. Tringali and Giuseppe Lanza
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(5), 1932; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15051932 - 4 Mar 2026
Viewed by 907
Abstract
Background: Spasticity is a common and disabling feature of several neuromotor disorders. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been proposed as a non-invasive approach to modulate corticospinal excitability and reduce spasticity, although its clinical effectiveness remains debated. This systematic review evaluated the [...] Read more.
Background: Spasticity is a common and disabling feature of several neuromotor disorders. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been proposed as a non-invasive approach to modulate corticospinal excitability and reduce spasticity, although its clinical effectiveness remains debated. This systematic review evaluated the efficacy and safety of rTMS in reducing spasticity in stroke and other neuromotor conditions. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library was conducted up to June 2025 in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing rTMS with sham stimulation or conventional therapy and assessing spasticity using validated scales, primarily the Modified Ashworth Scale. Included populations comprised patients with stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and hereditary spastic paraplegia. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2.0 tool, and certainty of evidence was evaluated with GRADE. Results: Twenty-six RCTs were included, mainly involving stroke patients. Most studies reported a significant reduction in spasticity with rTMS compared with control interventions. Low-frequency stimulation was commonly used after stroke, while excitatory protocols predominated in other conditions. Benefits generally persisted for up to 12 weeks. Evidence quality was moderate, and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: rTMS appears to be a safe and promising adjunctive treatment for spasticity across neuromotor disorders. However, protocol heterogeneity and small sample sizes limit definitive clinical recommendations, highlighting the need for standardized, larger-scale studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Neurorehabilitation—2nd Edition)
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76 pages, 1079 KB  
Systematic Review
Mapping Executive Function Performance Based on Resting-State EEG in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic and Mechanistic Review
by James Chmiel and Donata Kurpas
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031306 - 6 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1659
Abstract
Introduction: Resting-state EEG (rsEEG) is a scalable window onto trait-like “executive readiness,” but findings have been fragmented by task impurity on the executive-function (EF) side and heterogeneous EEG pipelines. This review synthesizes rsEEG features that reliably track EF in healthy samples across [...] Read more.
Introduction: Resting-state EEG (rsEEG) is a scalable window onto trait-like “executive readiness,” but findings have been fragmented by task impurity on the executive-function (EF) side and heterogeneous EEG pipelines. This review synthesizes rsEEG features that reliably track EF in healthy samples across development and aging and evaluates moderators such as cognitive reserve. Materials and methods: Following PRISMA 2020, we defined PECOS-based eligibility (human participants; eyes-closed/eyes-open rsEEG; spectral, aperiodic, connectivity, topology, microstate, and LRTC features; behavioral EF outcomes) and searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore from inception to 30 August 2025. Two reviewers were screened/double-extracted; the risk of bias in non-randomized studies was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. Sixty-three studies met criteria (plus citation tracking), spanning from childhood to old age. Results: Across domains, tempo, noise, and wiring jointly explained EF differences. Faster individual/peak alpha frequency (IAF/PAF) related most consistently to manipulation-heavy working may and interference control/vigilance in aging; alpha power was less informative once periodic and aperiodic components were separated. Aperiodic 1/f parameters (slope/offset) indexed domain-general efficiency (processing speed, executive composites) with education-dependent sign flips in later life. Connectivity/topology outperformed local power: efficient, small-world-like alpha networks predicted faster, more consistent decisions and higher WM accuracy, whereas globally heightened alpha/gamma synchrony—and rigid high-beta organization—were behaviorally sluggish. Within-frontal beta/gamma coherence supported span maintenance/sequencing, but excessive fronto-posterior theta coherence selectively undermined WM manipulation/updating. A higher frontal theta/beta ratio forecasts riskier, less adaptive choices and poorer reversal learning for decision policy. Age and reserve consistently moderated effects (e.g., child frontal theta supportive for WM; older-adult slow power often detrimental; stronger EO ↔ EC connectivity modulation and faster alpha with higher reserve). Boundary conditions were common: low-load tasks and homogeneous young samples usually yielded nulls. Conclusions: RsEEG does not diagnose EF independently; single-band metrics or simple ratios lack specificity and can be confounded by age/reserve. Instead, a multi-feature signature—faster alpha pace, steeper 1/f slope with appropriate offset, efficient/flexible alpha-band topology with limited global over-synchrony (especially avoiding long-range theta lock), and supportive within-frontal fast-band coherence—best captures individual differences in executive speed, interference control, stability, and WM manipulation. For reproducible applications, recordings should include ≥5–6 min eyes-closed (plus eyes-open), ≥32 channels, vigilant artifact/drowsiness control, periodic–aperiodic decomposition, lag-insensitive connectivity, and graph metrics; analyses must separate speed from accuracy and distinguish WM maintenance vs. manipulation. Clinical translation should prioritize stratification and monitoring (not diagnosis), interpreted through the lenses of development, aging, and cognitive reserve. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Neurorehabilitation—2nd Edition)
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