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Cerebrovascular Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Current Treatment—Second Edition
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Cerebrovascular Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Current Treatment—Second Edition

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Neurology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 May 2026 | Viewed by 1957

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alba Scerrati

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Neurosurgery, S. Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
2. Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
Interests: skull-based surgery; neurovascular surgery; cerebrovascular diseases; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Giorgio Mantovani

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
1. Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
2. Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
Interests: cerebrovascular circulation; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics; functional neurosurgery for pain

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are delighted to launch the second edition of our Special Issue titled “Cerebrovascular Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Current Treatment—Second Edition”. We invite you to visit our website to access the first volume of this Special Issue, available at https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm/special_issues/8EDUBT5M00.

Cerebrovascular diseases are a group of conditions that affect blood flow and blood vessels in the brain. These can be caused by different types of alterations, including atherosclerosis, thrombosis and embolisms. We can categorize cerebrovascular disease as a stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), aneurysm or vascular malformation. Arteries are most commonly involved, but veins can also be affected in this type of disease.

The aim of this Special Issue is to showcase papers presenting new evidence and innovations in cerebrovascular disease, covering not only arterial diseases but also the less commonly reported venous diseases affecting the brain.

Dr. Alba Scerrati
Guest Editor

Dr. Giorgio Mantovani
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ischemic stroke
  • cerebral aneurysms
  • cerebral vascular malformation
  • cerebral venous disease
  • cerebral venous thrombosis

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 497 KB  
Article
Variability in Key Physiological Parameters in Neurocritical Stroke Patients: A Multicenter Observational Study
by Omar Alhaj Omar, Patrick Schramm, Tobias Frühwald, Stefan T. Gerner, Kilian Froehlich, Tobias Braun, Martin Juenemann, Heidrun H. Kraemer, Hagen B. Huttner, Anne Mrochen and IGNITE Study Group
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(7), 2674; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15072674 - 1 Apr 2026
Viewed by 392
Abstract
Background: Effective management of key physiological parameters, such as blood pressure, temperature, blood glucose, and gas exchange, is central to neurocritical care. However, the clinical impact of variability within guideline target ranges after an acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or subarachnoid hemorrhage [...] Read more.
Background: Effective management of key physiological parameters, such as blood pressure, temperature, blood glucose, and gas exchange, is central to neurocritical care. However, the clinical impact of variability within guideline target ranges after an acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or subarachnoid hemorrhage remains unclear. Methods: In this multicenter observational study of nine German neurocritical care units, we analyzed in-range measurements over 96 h. Of 524 screened patients, 281 met the predefined criteria for sufficient in-range data. Variability in systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, body temperature, blood glucose, partial arterial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide was quantified using the coefficient of variation. Associations between in-range variability of each physiological parameter and clinical outcomes including duration of mechanical ventilation, NIHSS score at discharge, and in-hospital mortality were evaluated using multivariable regression models. Results: Variability for all parameters peaked in the first 24 h and then remained largely stable; blood glucose showed a secondary rise after ~60 h. Greater in-range blood glucose variability was associated with in-hospital mortality in hemorrhagic stroke (adjusted OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.00–1.17; p = 0.04), while no other parameter’s variability was associated with the evaluated outcomes. Conclusions: Overall, in-range variability had limited short-term prognostic value, supporting current guideline-based management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cerebrovascular Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Current Treatment—Second Edition)
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11 pages, 838 KB  
Article
Calcification of the Internal Carotid Artery and Its Influence on the Severity of Cerebral Vasospasm in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
by Adrian Engel, Laurèl Rauschenbach, Argtim Rexhepi, Meltem Gümüs, Christoph Rieß, Jan Rodemerk, Li Song, Yan Li, Börge Schmidt, Yahya Ahmadipour, Philipp Dammann, Marvin Darkwah Oppong, Ulrich Sure and Ramazan Jabbarli
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010168 - 25 Dec 2025
Viewed by 518
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Cerebral vasospasm (CV) is a serious complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Carotid siphon calcification (CSC) has been associated with a reduced risk of CV. This study investigates the influence of CSC on the clinical and radiographic severity of CV and functional [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Cerebral vasospasm (CV) is a serious complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Carotid siphon calcification (CSC) has been associated with a reduced risk of CV. This study investigates the influence of CSC on the clinical and radiographic severity of CV and functional outcome of aSAH. Methods: A total of 475 patients with aSAH treated at the University Hospital Essen (2008–2016) were analyzed retrospectively. CSC was assessed using the Woodcock score. Study endpoints were the CV severity in digital subtraction angiography, presence of CV in transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultra-sonography, occurrence of delayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) and the functional outcome at 6 months measured with the modified Rankin scale. Results: CSC was confirmed as an independent predictor for the occurrence (aOR 0.76; 95% CI 0.60–0.97; p = 0.025) and severity (RC −0.14; 95% CI −0.24 to −0.04; p = 0.006) of angiographic CV and development of DIND (aOR 0.76; 95% CI 0.59–0.98; p = 0.034). Only the duration (in days: RC −0.43; 95% CI −0.77 to −0.10; p = 0.010) but not the presence (aOR 0.87; 95% CI 0.68 to 1.11; p = 0.265) and severity (cerebral blood flow, in cm/s: RC +1.57; 95% CI −7.45 to +10.58; p = 0.731) of TCD CV was associated with CSC. Finally, the increasing levels of CSC were related to poorer 6-month functional outcome (RC +0.12; 95% CI +0.05 to +0.18; p < 0.001). Conclusions: CSC appears to be protective against angiographic CV and DIND, but correlates with worse overall outcome, suggesting that atherosclerosis, represented by CSC, affects cerebrovascular regulation and overall prognosis. We suggest careful evaluation of primary imaging studies for markers of atherosclerosis to identify patients at risk for CV and patients with low risk for CV but still at high risk for poor outcome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cerebrovascular Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Current Treatment—Second Edition)
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12 pages, 822 KB  
Article
Analysis of Treatment Influence on Kidney Function and Brain Non-Contrast MRI Vascular Manifestations of Systemic ANCA-Associated Vasculitis with Renal Involvement
by Arkadiusz Lubas, Jacek Staszewski, Ksymena Leśniak, Grzegorz Spłocharski, Arkadiusz Zegadło, Artur Maliborski, Aleksander Dębiec, Julia Bryłowska, Tymoteusz Lubas and Stanisław Niemczyk
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010058 - 21 Dec 2025
Viewed by 723
Abstract
Background: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis (AAV) most often involves the kidneys, upper airways and lungs, and peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS, CNS). However, in contrast to PNS, the involvement of the CNS is rarely taken into account in the recognition [...] Read more.
Background: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis (AAV) most often involves the kidneys, upper airways and lungs, and peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS, CNS). However, in contrast to PNS, the involvement of the CNS is rarely taken into account in the recognition and assessment of systemic vasculitis, probably because of nonspecific symptoms such as headaches and dizziness, aphasia, memory disorders, or mood changes. In addition, it is not clear whether treatment of systemic vasculitides reduces cerebral vascular alterations. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of AAV treatment on vascular and vasogenic alterations in the brain in patients with acute vasculitis onset with renal involvement. Methods: Twenty-nine patients (17F, 12M, age 60.4 ± 9.8) with AAV relapse with renal involvement were included in the study. The initial baseline assessment and the second evaluation, performed 12.6 ± 2.5 months after the beginning of immunosuppressive treatment, included clinical, neurological, and renal function assessments, along with a brain MRI. Results: Compared with baseline, improvement in clinical, neurological, and renal function was observed during the second clinical evaluation. A significant reduction in the occurrence of vascular dilatation and narrowing in secondary (37.9% vs. 17.2%; p = 0.031) and tertiary (37.9% vs. 10.3%; p = 0.008) cerebral vascular branches was observed. However, the number of vasogenic cerebral white matter lesions detected on the FLAIR sequence increased significantly (36.0 vs. 48.0%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Intensive immunosuppressive treatment of acute-onset systemic AAV with renal involvement decreases disease activity, improves kidney function, and decreases central nervous system vascular but not vasogenic alterations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cerebrovascular Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Current Treatment—Second Edition)
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